Munthu wamba ku UK amadya nyama zopitilira 11 pamoyo wawo. Chilichonse mwa nyama zoŵetedwa zimenezi chimafuna malo ochuluka, mafuta ndi madzi. Ndi nthawi yoti tiganizire osati za ife tokha, komanso za chilengedwe chozungulira ife. Ngati tikufunadi kuchepetsa kukhudzidwa kwa anthu pa chilengedwe, njira yosavuta (komanso yotsika mtengo) yochitira izi ndi kudya nyama yochepa.
Ng'ombe ndi nkhuku patebulo lanu ndizowonongeka modabwitsa, kuwononga nthaka ndi mphamvu, kuwononga nkhalango, kuwononga nyanja, nyanja ndi mitsinje. Kuweta nyama pamafakitale masiku ano kukuzindikiridwa ndi UN monga chifukwa chachikulu cha kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe, komwe kumabweretsa mulu wonse wazovuta zachilengedwe komanso zovuta za anthu. Pazaka 50 zikubwerazi, chiŵerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi chidzafika pa 3 biliyoni, ndiyeno tidzangoyenera kuganiziranso mmene timaonera nyama. Kotero, apa pali zifukwa khumi zoganizira za izo mwamsanga.
1. Kutentha padziko lapansi
Munthu amadya matani 230 a nyama pachaka: kawiri kuposa zaka 30 zapitazo. Kuchuluka kwa chakudya ndi madzi kumafunika kuti pakhale nkhuku, ng'ombe ndi nkhumba zambiri. Komanso ndi mapiri a zinyalala… Ndi mfundo yovomerezeka kale kuti malonda a nyama amatulutsa mpweya wambiri wa CO2 mumlengalenga.
Malinga ndi lipoti lodabwitsa la 2006 la United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), ziweto zimapanga 18% ya mpweya woipa wokhudzana ndi anthu, kuposa njira zonse zoyendera pamodzi. Kutulutsa kumeneku kumalumikizidwa, choyamba, ndi machitidwe azaulimi owonjezera mphamvu pakukulitsa chakudya: kugwiritsa ntchito feteleza ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo, zida zam'munda, ulimi wothirira, zoyendera, ndi zina zotero.
Kukula kwa chakudya kumalumikizidwa osati ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zokha, komanso kudula mitengo mwachisawawa: 60% ya nkhalango zomwe zidawonongedwa mu 2000-2005 mumtsinje wa Amazon, womwe, m'malo mwake, ukhoza kuyamwa mpweya woipa kuchokera mumlengalenga, unadulidwa kuti ukhale msipu. yotsalayo - yobzala soya ndi chimanga chodyera ziweto. Ndipo ng'ombe, kudyetsedwa, zimatulutsa, tinene, methane. Ng’ombe imodzi masana imatulutsa pafupifupi malita 500 a methane, omwe mphamvu yake yotenthetsa mpweya imakhala yochuluka kuŵirikiza ka 23 kuposa ya carbon dioxide. Zoweta zoweta zimapanga 65% ya mpweya wa nitrous oxide, womwe ndi wokwera 2 kuposa CO296 malinga ndi kutentha kwa kutentha, makamaka kuchokera ku manyowa.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku amene anachitika ku Japan chaka chatha, mpweya wokwana makilogalamu 4550 umalowa m’mlengalenga pa nthawi ya moyo wa ng’ombe imodzi (ndiko kuti, nthawi imene amaweta ziweto m’mafakitale). Ng'ombe iyi, pamodzi ndi anzake, iyenera kutengedwa kupita kumalo ophera nyama, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti mpweya woipa wa carbon dioxide umagwirizana ndi kayendetsedwe ka malo ophera nyama ndi mafakitale opangira nyama, mayendedwe ndi kuzizira. Kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa kudya nyama kungathandize kwambiri polimbana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo. Mwachibadwa, zakudya zamasamba ndizothandiza kwambiri pankhaniyi: zimatha kuchepetsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha kwa chakudya ndi tani imodzi ndi theka pa munthu pachaka.
Kukhudza komaliza: chiwerengero chimenecho cha 18% chidasinthidwanso mu 2009 mpaka 51%.
2. Ndipo dziko lapansi silikukwanira…
Chiwerengero cha anthu padziko lapansi posachedwa chifika pa anthu 3 biliyoni ... M'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene, akuyesera kuti agwirizane ndi Ulaya malinga ndi chikhalidwe cha ogula - ayambanso kudya nyama yambiri. Kudya nyama kumatchedwa "godmother" wavuto lazakudya lomwe tatsala pang'ono kukumana nalo, popeza odya nyama amafunikira malo ochulukirapo kuposa omwe amadya zamasamba. Ngati ku Bangladesh komweko banja limene chakudya chake chachikulu ndi mpunga, nyemba, zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba, ekala imodzi ya nthaka ndi yokwanira (kapena yocheperapo), ndiye kuti munthu wamba wa ku America, amene amadya pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 270 a nyama pachaka, amafunikira kuwirikiza ka 20. .
Pafupifupi 30% ya malo opanda madzi oundana padziko lapansi pano ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poweta ziweto - makamaka kulima chakudya cha nyamazi. Anthu biliyoni imodzi padziko lapansi akuvutika ndi njala, pomwe chiwerengero chachikulu cha mbewu zathu chimadyedwa ndi nyama. Kuchokera pamalingaliro akusintha mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga chakudya kukhala mphamvu yosungidwa muzogulitsa zomaliza, mwachitsanzo, nyama, kuweta kwa ziweto m'mafakitale ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mosayenera. Mwachitsanzo, nkhuku zowetedwa kuti ziphedwe zimadya chakudya chokwana makilogalamu 5-11 pa kilogalamu iliyonse ya kulemera kwake. Nkhumba zambiri zimafuna 8-12 kg ya chakudya.
Simukuyenera kukhala wasayansi kuti muwerenge: ngati njere iyi imadyetsedwa osati kwa nyama, koma kwa njala, ndiye kuti chiwerengero chawo padziko lapansi chidzachepa kwambiri. Choipa kwambiri n’chakuti, kudya udzu wa nyama kulikonse kumene kuli kotheka kwachititsa kukokoloka kwa nthaka kwadzaoneni, ndipo chifukwa cha chimenecho, nthakayo yasanduka chipululu. Kudya msipu kum’mwera kwa Great Britain, m’mapiri a Nepal, m’mapiri a Ethiopia, kumapangitsa kuti nthaka yachonde kwambiri iwonongeke. Mwachilungamo, ndi bwino kutchula: m'mayiko a Kumadzulo, nyama zimawetedwa kuti zikhale nyama, kuyesera kuti zizichita mu nthawi yaifupi kwambiri. Kula ndipo nthawi yomweyo kupha. Koma m’mayiko osauka, makamaka ku Asia kouma, kuweta ng’ombe n’kofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu ndiponso chikhalidwe cha anthu. Izi nthawi zambiri zimakhala gwero lokha la chakudya ndi ndalama kwa anthu zikwi mazana ambiri omwe amatchedwa "mayiko a ziweto". Anthuwa amangoyendayenda, zomwe zimapatsa nthaka ndi zomera zomwe zili pamenepo nthawi yochira. Iyi ndi njira yoyendetsera bwino zachilengedwe komanso yolingalira bwino, koma tili ndi mayiko ochepa "anzeru" otere.
3. Kuweta ziweto kumafuna madzi ambiri akumwa
Kudya nyama yankhumba kapena nkhuku ndi chakudya chosagwira ntchito kwambiri potengera madzi padziko lapansi. Pamafunika malita 450 a madzi kuti apange kilogalamu imodzi (pafupifupi magalamu 27) a tirigu. Pamafunika 2 malita a madzi kuti apange kilogalamu imodzi ya nyama. Ulimi, womwe ndi 500% ya madzi onse abwino, walowa kale mpikisano wowopsa ndi anthu opeza madzi. Koma, pamene kufunikira kwa nyama kumangowonjezereka, zikutanthauza kuti m’maiko ena madzi adzakhala osafikirika kwenikweni kuti amwe. Saudi Arabia, Libya, maiko a Gulf States omwe alibe madzi akuganiza zobwereketsa mahekitala mamiliyoni ambiri ku Ethiopia ndi mayiko ena kuti apatse dziko lawo chakudya. Iwo mwanjira ina ali ndi madzi okwanira pa zosowa zawo, sangathe kugawana nawo ndi ulimi.
4. Kutha kwa nkhalango padziko lapansi
Bizinesi yayikulu komanso yoyipa yakhala ikutembenukira kunkhalango kwazaka 30, osati matabwa okha, komanso malo omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito podyera. Mamiliyoni a mitengo adulidwa kuti apereke ma hamburger ku United States ndikudyetsa mafamu a ziweto ku Europe, China ndi Japan. Malinga ndi kuyerekezera kwaposachedwa, dera lofanana ndi dera la Latvia imodzi kapena Belgium ziwiri limachotsedwa nkhalango padziko lapansi chaka chilichonse. Ndipo ma Belgium awiriwa - makamaka - amaperekedwa ku ziweto zoweta kapena kulima mbewu kuti azidyetsa.
5. Kuzunza Dziko Lapansi
Mafamu omwe amagwira ntchito pamafakitale amawononga zinyalala ngati mzinda wokhala ndi anthu ambiri. Pa kilogalamu iliyonse ya ng'ombe, pali ma kilogalamu 40 a zinyalala ( manyowa). Ndipo pamene zikwizikwi za kilogalamu za zinyalala ziikidwa m’malo amodzi, zotulukapo za chilengedwe zingakhale zazikulu kwambiri. Ma Cesspools pafupi ndi minda ya ziweto pazifukwa zina nthawi zambiri amasefukira, akutuluka kuchokera kwa iwo, omwe amawononga madzi apansi.
Makumi a zikwi za makilomita a mitsinje ku United States, Europe ndi Asia amaipitsidwa chaka chilichonse. Kutayika kumodzi kuchokera ku famu ya ziweto ku North Carolina mu 1995 kunali kokwanira kupha nsomba pafupifupi 10 miliyoni ndikutseka pafupifupi mahekitala 364 a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Iwo ali ndi poizoni mopanda chiyembekezo. Kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe anthu amaweta kuti azingofuna kudya zikuwopseza kuteteza zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansi. Malo opitilira gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a madera otetezedwa padziko lonse lapansi omwe bungwe la World Wildlife Fund lasankha ali pachiwopsezo cha kutha chifukwa cha zinyalala zamafakitale.
6.Kuwonongeka kwa nyanja Tsoka lenileni ndi kutayika kwa mafuta ku Gulf of Mexico ndi kutali ndi loyamba ndipo, mwatsoka, osati lomaliza. "Madera akufa" m'mitsinje ndi nyanja zimachitika pamene zinyalala zambiri za nyama, minda ya nkhuku, zimbudzi, zotsalira za feteleza zimagwera mmenemo. Amatenga okosijeni m'madzi - mpaka kuti palibe chomwe chingakhale m'madzi awa. Tsopano pali pafupifupi 400 "zigawo zakufa" padziko lapansi - kuyambira 70 mpaka XNUMX ma kilomita lalikulu.
Pali "zigawo zakufa" m'mapiri a ku Scandinavia ndi ku South China Sea. Zoonadi, wolakwa wa maderawa si ziweto zokha - koma ndizoyamba.
7. Kuipitsa mpweya
Amene ali ndi "mwayi" wokhala pafupi ndi famu yaikulu ya ziweto amadziwa kuti ndi fungo loipa. Kuphatikiza pa mpweya wa methane wochokera ku ng'ombe ndi nkhumba, pali mulu wonse wa mpweya wina woipitsa pakupanga kumeneku. Ziwerengero sizinapezekebe, koma pafupifupi magawo awiri mwa atatu a mpweya wa sulfure mumlengalenga - chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu za mvula ya asidi - ndi chifukwa cha ulimi wa ziweto za mafakitale. Kuonjezera apo, ulimi umathandizira kuti mpweya wa ozoni ukhale wochepa kwambiri.
8. Matenda osiyanasiyana
Zinyalala za nyama zimakhala ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda (salmonella, E. coli). Kuphatikiza apo, ma miliyoni mapaundi a maantibayotiki amawonjezedwa ku chakudya cha ziweto kuti alimbikitse kukula. Zomwe, ndithudi, sizingakhale zothandiza kwa anthu. 9. Kuwonongeka kwa nkhokwe zamafuta padziko lonse lapansi Ubwino wachuma cha ziweto zaku Western umachokera ku mafuta. N’chifukwa chake m’mayiko 23 padziko lonse pankachitika zipolowe za chakudya pamene mtengo wa mafuta unafika pachimake mu 2008.
Kulumikizana kulikonse m’njira yopangira mphamvu yopangira nyama imeneyi—kuyambira pa kupanga feteleza wa malo kumene chakudya chimalimidwa, mpaka popopa madzi m’mitsinje ndi m’mitsinje yapansi panthaka kupita ku mafuta ofunikira kutumiza nyama ku masitolo akuluakulu—zonsezi zimawononga ndalama zambiri. Malinga ndi kafukufuku wina, gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mafuta omwe amapangidwa ku US tsopano akupanga zoweta.
10. Nyama ndi yodula, m’njira zambiri.
Malingaliro a anthu akuwonetsa kuti 5-6% ya anthu samadya konse nyama. Anthu enanso mamiliyoni angapo amachepetsa mwadala kuchuluka kwa nyama yomwe amadya m'zakudya zawo, amadya nthawi ndi nthawi. Mu 2009, tinadya nyama yocheperapo ndi 5% poyerekeza ndi 2005. Ziwerengerozi zidawonekera, mwa zina, chifukwa cha kampeni yachidziwitso yomwe ikuchitika padziko lapansi za kuopsa kwa kudya nyama padziko lapansi.
Koma ndichedwa kwambiri kuti tisangalale: kuchuluka kwa nyama yomwe imadyedwa ikadali yodabwitsa. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zoperekedwa ndi British Vegetarian Society, anthu ambiri odya nyama ku Britain amadya nyama zoposa 11 pa moyo wake: tsekwe mmodzi, kalulu mmodzi, ng'ombe 4, nkhumba 18, 23 nkhosa, 28 abakha, 39 turkeys, 1158 nkhuku, 3593 nkhono ndi 6182 nsomba.
Odya zamasamba akunena zoona ponena kuti: amene amadya nyama amawonjezera mwayi wawo wogwidwa ndi khansa, matenda a mtima, kunenepa kwambiri, komanso kukhala ndi bowo m'thumba. Chakudya cha nyama, monga lamulo, chimawononga nthawi 2-3 kuposa chakudya chamasamba.