Chidule chachidule ndi mfundo zazikulu.
Pambuyo pa Industrial Revolution. Nyama imadyedwa pang'ono paliponse (poyerekeza ndi masiku ano). 1900-1960 Kudya nyama kwakwera kwambiri Kumadzulo monga mayendedwe ndi firiji zakhala zosavuta 1971 - Buku la Diet for a Small Planet lolembedwa ndi Francis Moore Lappe likuyambitsa kayendetsedwe ka zamasamba ku US, koma mwatsoka limapereka nthano yakuti odya zamasamba amafunika "kuphatikiza" mapuloteni kuti apeze mapuloteni "athunthu". 1975 - Kufalitsidwa kwa Animal Liberation ndi pulofesa wa chikhalidwe cha ku Australia Peter Singer kumapereka chilimbikitso ku kubadwa kwa kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama ku United States ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa gulu la PETA, ochirikiza achangu a zakudya zamasamba. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1970 - Magazini ya Vegetarian Times ikuyamba kusindikizidwa. 1983 - Buku loyamba la veganism limafalitsidwa ndi dokotala wovomerezeka waku Western, Dr. John McDougall, The McDougall Plan. 1987 Zakudya za John Robbins za New America zidalimbikitsa gulu la vegan ku US. Gulu la vegan labwerera. 1990-e Umboni wachipatala wa ubwino wa zakudya zamasamba ukupezeka paliponse. Zamasamba zimavomerezedwa mwalamulo ndi American Dietetic Association, ndipo mabuku a madokotala otchuka amalimbikitsa kudya zakudya zamagulu ochepa kwambiri zamafuta ochepa kwambiri kapena zamasamba (mwachitsanzo, The McDougall Program ndi Dr. Dean Ornish's Heart Disease Program). Boma la US pomalizira pake likulowetsa m'malo mwa Four Food Groups omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kale komanso mkaka ndi mkaka ndi Piramidi Yatsopano ya Chakudya yomwe imasonyeza kuti zakudya za anthu ziyenera kutengera mbewu, masamba, nyemba ndi zipatso.
Pamaso pa maonekedwe olembedwa magwero.
Zamasamba zimachokera ku nthawi zakutali asanawonekere magwero olembedwa. Anthropologists ambiri amakhulupirira kuti anthu akale makamaka ankadya zomera zakudya, anali osonkhanitsa kwambiri kuposa alenje. (Onani nkhani za David Popovich ndi Derek Wall.) Lingaliro limeneli likuchirikizidwa ndi chenicheni chakuti dongosolo la m’mimba la munthu liri lofanana ndi la nyama yodya udzu kuposa nyama yodya nyama. (Iwalaninso mafanga—nyama zodya udzu zili nawonso, koma nyama zodya nyama zilibe mano otafuna, mosiyana ndi anthu ndi nyama zina zodya udzu.) Mfundo inanso yakuti anthu oyambirira anali odya zamasamba n’njakuti anthu amene amadya nyama amadwala kwambiri matenda a mtima ndi khansa. kuposa osadya zamasamba.
Zoonadi, anthu anayamba kudya nyama kalekale asanalembedwe, koma chifukwa chakuti, mosiyana ndi zinyama, amatha kuyesa zoterezi. Komabe, nthawi yayifupi iyi yodya nyama sikokwanira kuti ikhale yofunika kusinthika: mwachitsanzo, nyama zimachulukitsa cholesterol m'thupi la munthu, pomwe ngati mudyetsa galu ndodo ya batala, kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'thupi. thupi lake silidzasintha.
osadya masamba oyambilira.
Katswiri wina wa masamu wachigiriki dzina lake Pythagoras anali wosadya zamasamba, ndipo odya zamasamba nthawi zambiri ankatchedwa Pythagoras mawuwa asanatulukidwe. (Liwu lakuti “zamasamba” linapangidwa ndi British Vegetarian Society chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1800. Muzu wa mawuwa mu Chilatini umatanthauza gwero la moyo.) Leonardo da Vinci, Benjamin Franklin, Albert Einstein, ndi George Bernard Shaw analinso odya zamasamba. (Nthano yamakono imanena kuti Hitler anali wodya zamasamba, koma izi sizowona, osati mwachikhalidwe cha mawuwo.)
Kuchulukitsa kudya nyama m'zaka za m'ma 1900.
Chapakati pa zaka za m’ma 1900 chisanafike, anthu a ku America ankadya nyama yochepa kwambiri kuposa mmene amachitira panopa. Nyama inali yokwera mtengo kwambiri, mafiriji sanali ofala ndiponso kugaŵira nyama kunali vuto. Chotsatira cha Industrial Revolution chinali chakuti nyama inakhala yotsika mtengo, yosavuta kusunga ndi kugawa. Izi zitachitika, kudya nyama kunakula kwambiri, monganso matenda osachiritsika monga khansa, matenda a mtima, ndi matenda a shuga. Monga Dean Ornish akulemba:
Zaka za zana lino zisanafike, zakudya za anthu a ku America zinali zochepa m’zanyama, mafuta, mafuta m’thupi, mchere, ndi shuga, koma zakudya zopatsa thanzi, ndiwo zamasamba, ndi fiber zambiri . . . , makina a ulimi, ndi chuma chopita patsogolo, zakudya za ku America ndi moyo zinayamba kusintha kwambiri. Pakali pano, zakudya za anthu ambiri ku United States n’zambiri za nyama, mafuta, mafuta a m’thupi, mchere, shuga, ndiponso zakudya zopanda chakudya, masamba, ndi fiber.” (“Idyani zambiri ndi kuchepetsa thupi”; 1993; reissue 2001; p. 22)
Chiyambi cha zamasamba ku United States.
Kudya zamasamba sikunali kofala kwambiri ku US mpaka 1971, pomwe Frances Moore Lappé adagulitsa kwambiri Diet for a Small Planet.
Mbadwa ya ku Fort Worth, Lappe adasiya sukulu yomaliza maphunziro a UC Berkeley kuti ayambe kafukufuku wake panjala yapadziko lonse lapansi. Lappe anadabwa kumva kuti nyamayo imadya tirigu wambiri kuwirikiza ka 14 kuposa mmene imapangira nyama - kuwononga kwakukulu kwa chuma. (Ng'ombe zimadya zoposa 80% ya mbewu zonse ku US. Ngati Amereka adula kudya nyama ndi 10%, pakanakhala tirigu wokwanira kudyetsa anjala onse padziko lapansi.) Ali ndi zaka 26, Lappe analemba Diet for a Small. Planet kulimbikitsa anthu sadya nyama, potero kusiya kudya zinyalala.
Ngakhale kuti zaka za m'ma 60 zinkagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma hippies ndi ma hippies ndi zamasamba, kwenikweni, zamasamba sizinali zofala kwambiri m'ma 60s. Choyambira chinali Diet for a Small Planet mu 1971.
Lingaliro la kuphatikiza mapuloteni.
Koma Amereka ankawona zamasamba mwanjira yosiyana kwambiri ndi momwe amachitira lero. Masiku ano, pali madokotala ambiri omwe amalimbikitsa kuchepetsa kapena kuthetsa kudya nyama, komanso zotsatira za othamanga opambana ndi anthu otchuka omwe amatsimikizira ubwino wa zamasamba. Mu 1971 zinthu zinali zosiyana. Chikhulupiriro chofala chinali chakuti kudya zamasamba sikunali kokha kopanda thanzi, kuti kunali kosatheka kukhala ndi moyo ndi zakudya zamasamba. Lappe ankadziwa kuti bukhu lake lidzapeza ndemanga zosakanikirana, choncho adachita kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zakudya zamasamba, ndipo pochita izi adalakwitsa kwambiri zomwe zinasintha mbiri ya anthu osadya zamasamba. Lappe anapeza maphunziro omwe anachitika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makoswe omwe amasonyeza kuti makoswe amakula mofulumira pamene amadyetsedwa zakudya zosakaniza za zomera zomwe zimafanana ndi zakudya za nyama mu amino acid. Lappe anali ndi chida chodabwitsa chokhutiritsa anthu kuti atha kupanga zakudya zamasamba kukhala “zabwino” ngati nyama.
Lappe adapereka theka la buku lake ku lingaliro la "kuphatikiza mapuloteni" kapena "kumaliza mapuloteni" -monga momwe angagwiritsire ntchito nyemba ndi mpunga kuti apeze mapuloteni "okwanira". Lingaliro la kuphatikizika linali lopatsirana, likuwoneka m'buku lililonse lofalitsidwa ndi wolemba zamasamba aliyense kuyambira pamenepo, komanso kulowa m'masukulu, ma encyclopedias, ndi malingaliro aku America. Tsoka ilo, lingaliro ili linali lolakwika.
Vuto loyamba: chiphunzitso cha kuphatikiza mapuloteni chinali chiphunzitso chokha. Maphunziro a anthu sanachitidwepo. Unali tsankho kwambiri kuposa sayansi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti makoswe anakula mosiyana ndi anthu, chifukwa makoswe amafunika mapuloteni ochulukirapo kakhumi pa calorie kuposa anthu (mkaka wa makoswe uli ndi mapuloteni 50%, pamene mkaka waumunthu uli ndi 5% yokha). nkhumba ndi nkhuku, zomwe zimadya tirigu ndi zomera zokha, zimapeza mapuloteni? Kodi sizodabwitsa kuti timadya nyama kuti tipeze mapuloteni ndipo iwo amadya zomera zokha? Pomaliza, zakudya zakubzala sizikhala "zosowa" mu amino acid monga momwe Lappe amaganizira.
Monga momwe Dr. McDougall analembera, “Mwamwayi, kafukufuku wasayansi watsutsa nthano yododometsa imeneyi. Chilengedwe chinapanga chakudya chathu chokhala ndi michere yambiri isanakwane patebulo la chakudya chamadzulo. Ma amino acid onse ofunikira komanso osafunikira amapezeka muzakudya zopanda mafuta monga mpunga, chimanga, tirigu ndi mbatata, mumiyeso yomwe ili yoposa kufunikira kwa anthu, ngakhale titalankhula za othamanga kapena onyamula zitsulo. Kuganiza bwino kumanena kuti zimenezi n’zoona, popeza kuti anthu apulumuka pa dziko lapansili. M’mbiri yonse, anthu opezera mabanja awo chakudya akhala akuyang’ana kwambiri mpunga ndi mbatata kuti mabanja awo azipeza. Kusakaniza mpunga ndi nyemba sikunali vuto lawo. Ndikofunikira kwa ife kukhutitsa njala yathu; sitiyenera kuuzidwa kusakaniza magwero mapuloteni kukwaniritsa kwambiri wathunthu amino asidi mbiri. Izi sizofunikira, chifukwa n'zosatheka kupanga mapuloteni abwino kwambiri ndi ma amino acid kusiyana ndi zakudya zachilengedwe. ”(Pulogalamu ya McDougall; 1990; Dr. John A. McDougall; p. 45. – Zambiri: The McDougall Plan; 1983; Dr. John A. MacDougall; pp. 96-100)
Diet for a Small Planet mwamsanga inakhala yogulitsa kwambiri, kupangitsa Lappe kutchuka. Chotero zinali zodabwitsa—ndi zaulemu—kuti anavomereza kulakwa m’zimene zinampangitsa kutchuka. Mu kope la 1981 la Diets for a Small Planet, Lappe anavomereza poyera cholakwikacho ndipo anafotokoza:
“Mu 1971, ndinagogomezera kwambiri za maproteni owonjezera chifukwa ndinalingalira kuti njira yokhayo yopezera zomanga thupi zokwanira ndiyo kupanga puloteni yomwe imagayidwa mofanana ndi mapuloteni a nyama. Polimbana ndi nthano yakuti nyama ndi yokhayo yomwe imakhala ndi mapuloteni apamwamba, ndinapanga nthano ina. Ndikunena izi, kuti mupeze mapuloteni okwanira opanda nyama, muyenera kusankha chakudya chanu mosamala. Ndipotu, zonse zimakhala zosavuta.
“Kupatulapo zinthu zitatu zofunika kwambiri, chiwopsezo cha kuchepa kwa mapuloteni pazakudya zochokera ku mbewu ndi chochepa kwambiri. Kupatulapo ndi zakudya zomwe zimadalira kwambiri zipatso, ma tubers monga mbatata kapena chinangwa, ndi zakudya zopanda thanzi (ufa woyengedwa, shuga, ndi mafuta). Mwamwayi, anthu ochepa amakhala ndi zakudya zimene zakudya zimenezi pafupifupi magwero okha zopatsa mphamvu. M’zakudya zina zonse, ngati anthu apeza zopatsa mphamvu zokwanira, amapeza zomanga thupi zokwanira.” (Diet for a Small Planet; Edition 10th Anniversary Edition; Frances Moore Lappe; p. 162)
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 70
Ngakhale kuti Lappe sanathetse njala yapadziko lonse yekha, komanso pambali pa malingaliro ophatikiza mapuloteni, Diet for a Small Planet inali yopambana mosayenerera, kugulitsa makope mamiliyoni ambiri. Zinagwira ntchito ngati chilimbikitso cha chitukuko cha zamasamba ku United States. Mabuku ophika odyetsera zamasamba, malo odyera, ma cooperatives ndi ma communes adayamba kuwonekera modzidzimutsa. Nthawi zambiri timagwirizanitsa zaka za m'ma 60 ndi ma hippies, ndi ma hippies ndi odya zamasamba, koma kwenikweni, zamasamba sizinali zofala kwambiri mpaka kutulutsidwa kwa Diet for a Small Planet mu 1971.
Chaka chomwecho, ma hippies a San Francisco adakhazikitsa malo odyetserako zamasamba ku Tennessee, omwe amangowatcha "Famu." Famuyo inali yayikulu komanso yopambana ndipo idathandizira kufotokozera bwino za "commune". "Famu" inathandizanso kwambiri chikhalidwe. Iwo adalengeza malonda a soya ku US, makamaka tofu, omwe sankadziwika ku America mpaka Farm Cookbook, yomwe inali ndi maphikidwe a soya ndi njira yopangira tofu. Bukuli linasindikizidwa ndi nyumba yosindikizira ya The Farm yotchedwa The Farm Publishing Company. (Iwo alinso ndi kalozera wamakalata amene dzina lake mungalingalire.) Famuyo inalankhulanso za kubadwa kwa makolo ku America, ndipo inadzutsa mbadwo watsopano wa azamba. Pomaliza, anthu a The Farm akwaniritsa njira zakulera zachilengedwe (ndipo, zowonadi, adalemba mabuku okhudza izi).
Mu 1975, pulofesa wa chikhalidwe cha ku Australia a Peter Singer analemba Kumasulidwa kwa Zinyama, yomwe inali ntchito yoyamba yaukatswiri yopereka mfundo zamakhalidwe abwino mokomera kudana ndi nyama komanso kuyesa nyama. Bukhu lolimbikitsali linali lothandizira bwino la Diet for a Small Planet, lomwe makamaka linali losadya nyama. Zomwe Diet for a Small Planet zidachitira zamasamba, Ufulu wa Zinyama udachita zaufulu wa nyama, ndikuyambitsa kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama usiku umodzi ku US. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 80, magulu omenyera ufulu wa zinyama anayamba kuonekera kulikonse, kuphatikizapo PETA (People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals). (PETA idalipira kope lowonjezera la Animal Liberation ndikuligawa kwa mamembala atsopano.)
Chakumapeto kwa 80s: Zakudya za New America ndi Kukula kwa Veganism.
Diet for a Small Planet inayambitsa masewera okonda zamasamba m'zaka za m'ma 70s, koma pofika pakati pa zaka za m'ma 80 nthano zina zokhudzana ndi zamasamba zinali zikuyendabe. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi lingaliro loperekedwa m'buku lenilenilo, nthano yophatikiza mapuloteni. Anthu ambiri omwe akuganiza zopita ku vegan asiya chifukwa amayenera kukonzekera bwino zakudya zawo. Nthano ina ndi yoti mkaka ndi mazira ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi ndipo odya zamasamba amafunikira kudya mokwanira kuti asafe. Nthano ina: N'zotheka kukhala wathanzi pokhala wodya zamasamba, koma palibe phindu lapadera la thanzi (ndipo, ndithudi, kudya nyama sikunagwirizane ndi vuto lililonse). Pomaliza, anthu ambiri sankadziwa chilichonse chokhudza ulimi wa m’mafakitale komanso mmene ulimi wa ziweto umakhudzira chilengedwe.
Nthano zonsezi zinatsutsidwa m’buku la 1987 la Diet for a New America lolembedwa ndi John Robbins. Ntchito ya Robbins, kwenikweni, inali ndi chidziwitso chatsopano komanso choyambirira - malingaliro ambiri anali atasindikizidwa kale kwinakwake, koma mobalalika. Ubwino wa Robbins ndi woti anatenga chidziwitso chochuluka ndikuchipanga kukhala voliyumu imodzi yayikulu, yopangidwa mwaluso, ndikuwonjezera kusanthula kwake, komwe kumaperekedwa m'njira yofikirika kwambiri komanso yopanda tsankho. Gawo loyamba la Diet for a New America linali ndi zoopsa za ulimi wa fakitale. Gawo lachiwiri linasonyeza motsimikizika kuvulaza koopsa kwa zakudya za nyama komanso ubwino wodziwikiratu wa zamasamba (komanso zamasamba) - panjira, ndikutsutsa nthano yophatikiza mapuloteni. Gawo lachitatu linanena za zotsatira zodabwitsa za kuweta nyama, zomwe ngakhale odya zamasamba ambiri sankadziwa za bukuli lisanatulutsidwe.
Zakudya za New America "zinayambitsanso" kayendedwe ka zamasamba ku US poyambitsa kayendedwe ka zamasamba, linali bukuli lomwe linathandizira kufotokoza mawu oti "vegan" mu lexicon yaku America. Mkati mwa zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene buku la Robbins linasindikizidwa, pafupifupi magulu khumi a zamasamba anapangidwa ku Texas.
1990s: Umboni wodabwitsa wachipatala.
Dr. John McDougall anayamba kusindikiza mabuku angapo olimbikitsa kudya kwa vegan pofuna kuchiza matenda aakulu, ndipo adapindula kwambiri mu 1990 ndi The McDougall Program. Chaka chomwecho chinatulutsidwa kwa Dr. Dean Ornish's Heart Disease Program, momwe Ornish anatsimikizira kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti matenda a mtima akhoza kusinthidwa. Mwachilengedwe, kuchuluka kwa pulogalamu ya Ornish ndi chakudya chamafuta ochepa, pafupifupi zakudya zamasamba.
Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, bungwe la American Dietetic Association linasindikiza zolemba pazakudya zamasamba, ndipo chithandizo cha veganism chinayamba kuonekera m'magulu azachipatala. Boma la US potsiriza lasintha m'malo mwa Four Food Groups omwe adagwiritsidwa ntchito kale komanso mkaka ndi mkaka ndi Pyramid yatsopano ya Chakudya, yomwe imasonyeza kuti zakudya za anthu ziyenera kutengera mbewu, masamba, nyemba ndi zipatso.
Masiku ano, oimira mankhwala ndi anthu wamba amakonda zamasamba kuposa kale lonse. Nthano zikadalipo, koma kusintha kwakukulu kwa malingaliro okhudzana ndi zamasamba kuyambira 80s ndizodabwitsa! Pokhala wodya zamasamba kuyambira 1985 komanso wamasamba kuyambira 1989, uku ndikusintha kolandirika!
Malemba: McDougall Program, Dr. John A. McDougall, 1990 The McDougall Plan, Dr. John A. McDougall, 1983 Diet for a New America, John Robbins, 1987 Diet for a Small Planet, Frances Moore Lappe, zolemba zosiyanasiyana 1971-1991
Zina Zowonjezera: Woyambitsa za veganism yamakono komanso wolemba mawu akuti "vegan", Donald Watson, anamwalira mu December 2005 ali ndi zaka 95.