Zamkatimu
Kufotokozera
Mowa - chakumwa choledzeretsa, chopangidwa ndi kuthiritsa mchere wa malt ndi yisiti ndi hop. Njere za chimera zofala kwambiri ndi barele. Kutengera zakumwa zoledzeretsa, mphamvu zakumwa zimatha kusiyanasiyana kuyambira 3 mpaka 14.
Chakumwa chimenechi ndi chimodzi mwa zakumwa zoledzeretsa chotchuka kwambiri ndipo chili pa nambala wachitatu padziko lonse lapansi. Pamndandanda wambiri wa zakumwa, umangotsatira madzi ndi tiyi. Pali mitundu yoposa 1000 ya mowa. Amasiyana mitundu, kulawa, zakumwa zoledzeretsa, zosakaniza zoyambirira, ndi miyambo yophika m'maiko osiyanasiyana.
Kupanga mowa
Opanga mowa kwambiri ndi Germany, Ireland, Czech Republic, Brazil, Austria, Japan, Russia, Finland, Poland.
Chiyambi cha akatswiri a zakumwazo chimanena za chiyambi cha kulima mbewu zambewu - pafupifupi 9500 BC. Akatswiri ena ofukula zinthu zakale amaona kuti anthu anayamba kulima mbewu osati zopangira buledi, koma zopangira moŵa. Zotsalira zakale kwambiri za zakumwazo zidapezeka ku Iran, kuyambira zaka 3.5-3.1 BC. Mowa umatchulidwanso m'mabuku akale a ku Mesopotamiya ndi ku Egypt. Chakumwa chinali chodziwika ku Ancient China, Roma Yakale, mafuko a Vikings, Celts, Germany. M'masiku amenewo, luso lokonzekera chakumwa linali lachikale kwambiri, ndipo amasunga chakumwacho kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kupititsa patsogolo luso la kupanga moŵa kunachitika m'zaka za m'ma 8 chifukwa cha amonke a ku Ulaya omwe anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito hop ngati mankhwala osungira. Kwa nthawi yaitali, mowa unali chakumwa cha anthu osauka. Choncho, inali ndi udindo wochepa. Kuti mukhalebe mwanjira ina, eni ake a Breweries akufanana ndi kupanga zakumwa zazikulu zomwe zimatulutsidwa ndi cider. Komabe, chifukwa cha kafukufuku wa Emil Christian Hansen wochotsa mtundu wa yisiti wopangira moŵa, bizinesiyo idayamba kukula mwachangu, motero kubweretsa moŵa pagulu latsopano.
Mitundu ya mowa
Kugawika mofanana kwa mowa kulibe. Olemba aku America ndi ku Europe ali ndi mawonekedwe awoawo, omwe adapanga gululo. Chifukwa chake mowa umagawidwa ndi:
- Chakudya. Mowa umapangidwa potengera barele, tirigu, rye, mpunga, chimanga, nthochi, mkaka, kusonkhanitsa zitsamba, mbatata, ndi masamba ena, komanso kuphatikiza zinthu zingapo.
- Zojambula. Mowawo umakhala wowala, woyera, wofiira, komanso wakuda kwambiri.
- Tekinoloje yaukadaulo ya must fermentation. Kusiyanitsa ndi pansi-chotupitsa. Poyamba, kuthirira kumachitika pa kutentha kochepa (5-15 ° C) ndipo yachiwiri papamwamba (15-25 ° C).
- mphamvu. Mwa njira zachikhalidwe zopangira moŵa, mphamvu ya chakumwa sichimafika pafupifupi 14. Ambiri mwa Beers ali ndi mphamvu 3-5,5. - kuwala ndi za 6-8. - wamphamvu. Palinso moŵa wopanda moŵa. Komabe, kuti muchotseretu mowa, simungathe, kotero mphamvu ya zakumwa izi zimachokera ku 0.2 - 1.0 vol.
- Zosiyanasiyana kunja kwa gulu. Mitundu yotereyi ikuphatikizapo Pilsner, porter, lager, Dunkel, kölsch, altbier, lambic, root mowa, Bock-bier ndi ena.
Ndondomeko ya mowa
Njira yofulira moŵa ndi yovuta kwambiri ndipo imakhala ndi magawo ambiri. Yaikulu ndi:
- Kukonzekera kwa chimera (tirigu) pomeretsa, kuyanika, ndi kuyeretsa majeremusi.
- Kuphwanya chimera ndi kuwonjezera madzi kwa izo.
- Kupatukana kwa wort posefa tirigu watha ndi wort nonhopped wort.
- Kuphika wort ndi hops kwa maola 1-2.
- Kufotokozera polekanitsa zotsalira za hop ndi mbewu zomwe sizinasungunuke.
- Kuziziritsa kwa akasinja nayonso mphamvu.
- Fermentation mukawonjezera yisiti.
- Kusefa zotsalira za yisiti.
- Pasteurization imachitika popanga mitundu ina ya mowa kuti muwonjezere moyo wa alumali.
Chakumwa chokonzekera amabotolo m'matumba, zitsulo, magalasi ndi mabotolo apulasitiki, ndi zitini.
Ubwino wa mowa
Mowa m'nthawi zakale, anthu ankawona kuti ndi chakumwa chochiritsa matenda ambiri. Koma chithandizo chachikulu chamankhwala chakumwa chinali chifukwa cha Pulofesa waku Germany Robert Koch, yemwe adawulula choyambitsa cha kolera ndi chikoka choyipa cha chakumwacho. Masiku amenewo, kolera inali matenda ofala ku Ulaya, makamaka m’mizinda ikuluikulu kumene kumwa madzi sikunali kopambana. Kukhala ndi thanzi labwino komanso kotetezeka kunali kumwa mowa kuposa madzi.
Chifukwa mowa umapangidwa makamaka kuchokera ku chimanga ndi nayonso mphamvu, umakhala ndi mavitamini ndi michere yomwe imabadwa mu njerezo. Chifukwa chake lili ndi mavitamini B1, B2, B6, H, C, K, nicotinic, citric, folic, Pantothenic acid; mchere - potaziyamu, magnesium, phosphorous, sulfure, silicon, calcium.
Kumwa pang'ono mowa kumathandizira pakuchepetsa kagayidwe kachakudya, kumachepetsa kufooka kwa zilonda zam'mimba ndi matenda amtima, komanso kumawonetsera mchere wa aluminiyamu, wochulukirapo m'thupi womwe ungayambitse matenda a Alzheimer's.
M'nyengo yotentha, mowa umathetsa ludzu. Komanso, ma Mowa ena amakhala ndi alkaline, zinthu zomwe zimawononga miyala ya impso. Mowa umathandiza kubwezeretsa zomera zam'mimba pambuyo pa chithandizo cha nthawi yayitali ndi maantibayotiki.
Kudumphira mu mowa kumakhala kotonthoza komanso kokhazika mtima pansi, kumayambitsa zotupa zam'mimba zam'mimba, ndikuletsa kukula kwa mabakiteriya a putrefactive m'matumbo.
chithandizo
M'maphikidwe azachipatala, ndimatenda am'mero ndi ma bronchial machubu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mowa wambiri (200 g) wokhala ndi uchi wosungunuka (1 tbsp). Imwani chakumwa ichi musanagone pang'ono pang'ono kuti madziwo azitsika pakhosi, ndikuwotha moto ndikuphimba.
Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mavitamini a b, zimakhudza khungu.
Kugwiritsa ntchito masks opangidwa ndi mowa kumachepetsa kuchuluka kwa makwinya ndikupangitsa khungu kukhala losalala, lotanuka komanso losalala. Mask imalimbitsa pores, imachotsa Shine, imawonjezera kufalikira kwa magazi.
Mu kusamba anatsanulira pa miyala, mowa amapanga nthunzi kupuma, amene angathe kuthetsa chifuwa ndi kupewa chimfine.
Mutha kugwiritsa ntchito mowa ngati chowongolera tsitsi. Idzapatsa tsitsi kufewa, Kuwala ndikuchotsa zizindikiro zoyamba za dandruff.
Zowopsa ndi zotsutsana
Kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kungayambitse zomwe zimatchedwa "uchidakwa".
Komanso, kugwiritsira ntchito mwadongosolo moŵa wochuluka kumabweretsa katundu wowonjezereka pamitsempha, kuchititsa mtima kuyamba kugwira ntchito mopambanitsa. Pambuyo pake, izi zingayambitse kutambasula kwa minofu ya mtima ndikukankhira kunja kwa ventricular magazi.
Mowa uli ndi zinthu zomwe zimalimbikitsa kupanga mahomoni ogonana achikazi, zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwamawonekedwe a amuna pamawere akugwedezeka ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ntchafu.
Ndi kumwa mowa mosalekeza, munthu amalephera kumasuka komanso kukhazika mtima pansi. Izi ndichifukwa cha kukhazika mtima pansi kwa ma hops.
Sitikulimbikitsidwa kumwa mowa kwa amayi apakati, amayi oyamwitsa, ndi ana osakwana zaka 18.
Zothandiza komanso zoopsa zakumwa zina: