Anthu ena amaoneka achikulire kuposa msinkhu wawo, pamene ena satero. N’chifukwa chiyani zimenezi zikuchitika? Asayansi ochokera ku China adanenanso zotsatira za kafukufuku wosonyeza kugwirizana kwa jini inayake ndi kukalamba msanga. Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa jini iyi, mtundu wakuda umapangidwa m'thupi. Amakhulupirira kuti mtundu wa Caucasus wokhala ndi khungu loyera udawonekera chifukwa cha iye. Pachifukwa ichi, m'pofunika kuganizira mwatsatanetsatane ubale pakati pa ukalamba ndi masinthidwe a anthu oyera a ku Ulaya.
Ambiri aife timafuna kuoneka achichepere kuposa msinkhu wathu, chifukwa ndife otsimikiza kuti ndi paunyamata, monga pagalasi, kuti thanzi la munthu limawonekera. Ndipotu, monga zatsimikiziridwa ndi kafukufuku wa asayansi odziwika ochokera ku Denmark ndi UK, zaka zakunja za munthu zimathandiza kudziwa kutalika kwa moyo wake. Izi zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kukhalapo kwa mgwirizano pakati pa kutalika kwa telomere, yomwe ndi chizindikiro cha biomolecular, ndi zaka zakunja. Akatswiri a zaukalamba, omwe amatchedwanso akatswiri a ukalamba padziko lonse lapansi, amanena kuti njira zimene zimatsimikizira kusintha kwakukulu kwa maonekedwe ziyenera kufufuzidwa mosamala. Izi zimathandiza kupanga njira zamakono zotsitsimutsa. Koma masiku ano, nthawi ndi chuma chochepa kwambiri chimaperekedwa ku kafukufuku wotero.
Posachedwapa, kafukufuku wamkulu anachitidwa ndi gulu la asayansi achi China, Dutch, British ndi Germany omwe ndi antchito a mabungwe akuluakulu a sayansi. Cholinga chake chinali kupeza mayanjano a genome-wide kuti agwirizanitse zaka zakunja ndi majini. Makamaka, izi zinakhudza kuopsa kwa makwinya a nkhope. Kuti achite izi, ma genomes a anthu okalamba pafupifupi 2000 ku UK adawerengedwa mosamala. Ophunzirawo anali nawo mu Phunziro la Rotterdam, lomwe limachitidwa kuti lifotokoze zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ena mwa anthu okalamba. Pafupifupi 8 miliyoni single nucleotide polymorphisms, kapena ma SNPs chabe, adayesedwa kuti adziwe ngati panali ubale wokhudzana ndi zaka.
Maonekedwe a snip amapezeka posintha ma nucleotide pazigawo za DNA kapena mwachindunji mu jini. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi masinthidwe omwe amapanga allele, kapena zosiyana za jini. Ma Allele amasiyana wina ndi mzake muzojambula zingapo. Zotsirizirazi zilibe mphamvu yapadera pa chilichonse, popeza sizingakhudze zigawo zofunika kwambiri za DNA. Pankhaniyi, kusinthaku kungakhale kopindulitsa kapena kovulaza, komwe kumagwiranso ntchito kufulumizitsa kapena kuchepetsa ukalamba wa khungu pa nkhope. Chifukwa chake, funso limabuka lopeza masinthidwe enieni. Kuti tipeze mgwirizano wofunikira mu genome, kunali koyenera kugawanitsa maphunzirowo m'magulu kuti adziwe ma nucleotide amodzi omwe akugwirizana ndi magulu enaake. Mapangidwe a maguluwa anachitika malinga ndi momwe khungu liri pa nkhope za ophunzira.
Kudumpha kamodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zimachitika nthawi zambiri ziyenera kukhala mu jini yomwe imayang'anira zaka zakunja. Akatswiri anachita kafukufuku pa 2693 anthu kupeza snips kuti anatsimikiza nkhope kukalamba khungu, kusintha mawonekedwe a nkhope ndi khungu, ndi kukhalapo kwa makwinya. Ngakhale kuti ofufuzawo sanathe kudziwa kugwirizana bwino ndi makwinya ndi zaka, zinapezeka kuti ma nucleotide amodzi amatha kupezeka mu MC1R yomwe ili pa chromosome yachisanu ndi chimodzi. Koma ngati tiganizira za jenda ndi zaka, ndiye kuti pali mgwirizano pakati pa ma alleles a jini iyi. Anthu onse ali ndi magulu awiri a ma chromosome, choncho pali makope awiri a jini iliyonse. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, ndi MC1R yachibadwa komanso yosinthika, munthu adzawoneka wamkulu ndi chaka chimodzi, ndipo ali ndi majini awiri osinthika, ndi zaka 2. Ndikoyenera kudziwa kuti jini yomwe imatengedwa kuti yasinthidwa ndi allele yomwe sichitha kupanga mapuloteni abwinobwino.
Kuti ayese zotsatira zawo, asayansi adagwiritsa ntchito zambiri za okalamba pafupifupi 600 okhala ku Denmark, zotengedwa kuchokera pazotsatira za kuyesa komwe cholinga chake chinali kuyesa makwinya ndi zaka zakunja kuchokera pa chithunzi. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, asayansi anadziwitsidwa pasadakhale zaka za nkhanizo. Zotsatira zake, zinali zotheka kukhazikitsa mgwirizano ndi ma snips omwe ali pafupi kwambiri ndi MC1R kapena mwachindunji mkati mwake. Izi sizinaimitse ofufuzawo, ndipo adaganiza zoyeseranso ndi kutenga nawo gawo kwa 1173 azungu. Pa nthawi yomweyo, 99% ya maphunziro anali akazi. Monga kale, zaka zinkalumikizidwa ndi MC1R.
Funso likubuka: chodabwitsa ndi chiyani pamtundu wa MC1R? Zatsimikiziridwa mobwerezabwereza kuti zimatha kuyika mtundu wa 1 melanocortin receptor, womwe umakhudzidwa ndi machitidwe ena osayina. Zotsatira zake, eumelanin imapangidwa, yomwe ndi mtundu wakuda. Kafukufuku wam'mbuyomu adatsimikizira kuti 80% ya anthu omwe ali ndi khungu loyera kapena tsitsi lofiira ali ndi mutated MC1R. Kukhalapo kwa spins mmenemo kumakhudza maonekedwe a mawanga a zaka. Zinapezekanso kuti mtundu wa khungu ukhoza, pamlingo wina, kukhudza ubale wapakati pa zaka ndi alleles. Ubale umenewu umawonekera kwambiri mwa omwe ali ndi khungu lotuwa. Kuyanjana kochepa kwambiri kunawonedwa mwa anthu omwe khungu lawo linali la azitona.
Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti MC1R imakhudza mawonekedwe azaka, mosasamala kanthu za mawanga azaka. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kugwirizana kungakhale chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ena a nkhope. Dzuwa lingakhalenso lodziŵika bwino chifukwa chakuti matupi osinthasintha amayambitsa mitundu yofiira ndi yachikasu yomwe imalephera kuteteza khungu ku cheza cha ultraviolet. Ngakhale zili choncho, palibe kukayikira za mphamvu ya mayanjano. Malinga ndi ofufuza ambiri, MC1R imatha kuyanjana ndi majini ena omwe amakhudzidwa ndi oxidative ndi kutupa. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka akufunika kuti apeze njira zamamolekyu ndi biochemical zomwe zimatsimikizira kukalamba kwa khungu.