Zamkatimu
Groupers ndi mtundu waukulu wa nsomba, kuphatikizapo pafupifupi 100 mitundu. Iwo ndi a banja la rock perch. Kawirikawiri, banjali limaphatikizapo mibadwo 50 ndi mitundu 400. Magulu ambiri amakhala kudera la Indo-Pacific (mitundu yopitilira 50). Nsomba zamtunduwu zimatha kutchedwa mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, merow kapena zakuda. Magulu, ngakhale amafanana, amasiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu ndi kukula kwake. Kusiyanasiyana kwa mtundu kumadalira osati pa zamoyo zokha, komanso zomwe zimakhalapo. Nsomba nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa "mabwinja a m'nyanja". Makhalidwe: mutu waukulu wokhala ndi kamwa lalikulu, nsagwada yapansi imakankhidwira kutsogolo, thupi lalikulu, lopindika. Pansagwada pali mano onga ngati bristle ndi mano angapo akuluakulu ooneka ngati galu. Nsomba zikagwidwa, siziyenera kugwidwa ndi magill. Gill rakers yokutidwa ndi lakuthwa appendages, kotero pali ngozi kuvulazidwa. Kukula kumasiyana kwambiri pakati pa mitundu. M'litali, anthu ena amafika kupitirira 2.5 m, ngakhale ena amakula osapitirira 20 cm. Gulu lalikulu (Red Sea ndi Indian Ocean) limakula kuposa 400 kg. Opanga magulu ndi ankhanza, anthu ena amatha kukhala owopsa kwa osambira. Mwachidziwikire, amawona munthu ngati wowopsa kapena wopikisana naye. Onse omwe ali m'magulu, kuyambira ali aang'ono, amakhala adani achangu, kulibe zizolowezi zazakudya. Nsombazo zimayamwa nyama zomwe zimadya nyamazo, ndipo zimachititsa kuti pakhale malo opanda mpweya pozungulira chinthucho, n’kutsegula pakamwa pake patali ngati chozungulira. Amalimbana ndi nsomba zing'onozing'ono kapena zamoyo zopanda msana, komanso, mwachitsanzo, akamba am'nyanja. Khalidwe losaka limakhalanso losiyana. Imakhala mozama mosiyanasiyana pafupi ndi matanthwe osiyanasiyana, komwe imasunga malo okhala, imadikirira nyama kapena imayang'anira pansi pafupi ndi miyala kapena zomera zam'madzi. Sapanga magulu akuluakulu, amatha kufika pafupi ndi gombe, ngakhale kuti nthawi zambiri amakhala mozama kwambiri, pafupifupi mamita 100 kapena kuposerapo.
Njira zophera nsomba
Nsomba ndi zadyera komanso zosusuka. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi usodzi wa amateur wa nyambo zopota. Kuphatikiza pa zida zachikhalidwe zopota, kupondaponda, kuyendetsa ndi zina zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Njira yophera nsomba ndi zida sizitengera zomwe amakonda asodzi, komanso pamikhalidwe ya usodzi. Nthawi zambiri, usodzi umachitika mozama kwambiri pafupi ndi pansi kapena pafupi ndi miyala yovuta. Ndi njira iliyonse yophera nsomba, nyambo zolemera kapena zozama zapadera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, monga momwe zimakhalira popondaponda. Posankha zida, muyenera kudziwa kukula kwa zikho zomwe zingatheke.
Kugwira magulu popota
Njira yayikulu yopha nsomba ndi zida zopota ndikugwedeza. Usodzi, nthawi zambiri, umapezeka kuchokera ku mabwato amagulu osiyanasiyana. Kuti agwire, popota nsomba za m'nyanja, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi trolling, chofunika kwambiri ndi kudalirika. Ma reel ayenera kukhala ndi chingwe chophatikizira cha nsomba kapena chingwe. Kuphatikiza pa dongosolo lopanda vuto la braking, koyiloyo iyenera kutetezedwa kumadzi amchere. Usodzi wopota kuchokera m'chombo ukhoza kusiyana ndi mfundo zopezera nyambo. Mumitundu yambiri ya zida zophera nsomba m'nyanja, mawaya othamanga kwambiri amafunikira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti kuchuluka kwa zida zomangira. Malinga ndi mfundo yogwirira ntchito, ma coils amatha kukhala ochulutsa komanso opanda inertial. Chifukwa chake, ndodo zimasankhidwa malinga ndi dongosolo la reel. Mukawedza ndi nsomba zam'madzi zopota, njira yopha nsomba ndiyofunika kwambiri. Kuti musankhe mawaya olondola, muyenera kufunsa ang'onoting'ono am'deralo kapena owongolera.
Kugwira magulu poyenda
Magulu, chifukwa cha kukula kwawo ndi chikhalidwe chawo, amaonedwa kuti ndi otsutsa kwambiri poyenda. Kuti muwagwire, mufunika nsonga yoopsa kwambiri. Kuyenda panyanja ndi njira yopha nsomba mothandizidwa ndi galimoto yoyenda, monga bwato kapena bwato. Kupha nsomba m'malo otseguka a nyanja ndi nyanja, zombo zapadera zomwe zimakhala ndi zida zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zomwe zili zazikulu ndizonyamula ndodo, kuwonjezera apo, mabwato ali ndi mipando yochitira nsomba, tebulo lopangira nyambo, zomveka zamphamvu za echo ndi zina. Ndodo zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mwapadera, zopangidwa ndi fiberglass ndi ma polima ena okhala ndi zida zapadera. Coils ntchito multiplier, pazipita mphamvu. Chipangizo cha trolling reels chimatengera lingaliro lalikulu la zida zotere - mphamvu. Mzere wa mono, mpaka 4 mm wandiweyani kapena kupitirirapo, umayesedwa, ndi nsomba zotere, mu makilomita. Pali zida zambiri zothandizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutengera momwe nsomba zimakhalira: kukulitsa zida, kuyika nyambo pamalo osodza, kumangirira nyambo, ndi zina zambiri, kuphatikiza zida zambiri. Pankhani yogwira magulu, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pazida ndi masinki osiyanasiyana (oboola). Nsomba zimagwidwa, nthawi zambiri, zikuyenda m'mphepete mwa miyala yamitundu yosiyanasiyana, kuponya nyambo pafupi ndi malo oima nsomba. Trolling, makamaka posaka zimphona zam'nyanja, ndi gulu la gulu la usodzi. Monga lamulo, ndodo zingapo zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pankhani ya kuluma, kuti mugwire bwino, kugwirizana kwa gulu ndikofunika. Pamaso pa ulendo, ndi bwino kupeza malamulo a nsomba m'dera. Nthawi zambiri, kusodza kumachitika ndi akatswiri omwe ali ndi udindo wonse pazochitikazo. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti kufunafuna chikhomo panyanja kapena m'nyanja kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi maola ambiri akudikirira kuluma, nthawi zina osapambana.
Kugwira magulu poyenda
Kusodza m'magulu pogwiritsa ntchito kuyandama kumaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mabwato okhala ndi zida zapadera kapena maboti okhala ndi ndodo. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti kukula kwa zikho kungakhale kofunika kwambiri, zomwe zimafuna maphunziro apadera kuchokera kwa okonza nsomba. Kusodza kumachitika mothandizidwa ndi ndodo zam'madzi zomwe zimakhala ndi nyambo zachilengedwe. "Kusuntha" komweko kumachitika chifukwa cha mafunde am'nyanja kapena mphepo. Nthawi zambiri, kusodza kumachitika ndi kukopa zilombo ndi nyambo zosiyanasiyana za nyama. Pazitsulo, ang'onoting'ono ena amagwiritsa ntchito ma alarm akuluakulu a bobber. Kuyenda pang'onopang'ono kwa chombo kumawonjezera malo osodza ndipo kumapanga kutsanzira kayendedwe ka nyambo.
Nyambo
Kuti agwire magulu omwe ali ndi zida za amateur, amagwiritsa ntchito nyambo zosiyanasiyana, zopangira komanso zachilengedwe ndi ma nozzles. Pakati pa zachilengedwe, ndi bwino kuzindikira nsomba zazing'ono zamoyo, mwachitsanzo, barracudas achinyamata, sardines. Kuphatikiza apo, ma cephalopods ang'onoang'ono amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pakuwedza pa kupota, kuponyera kapena kupondaponda, ma wobblers osiyanasiyana ndi zojambula za silicone zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Malo ausodzi ndi malo okhala
Magulu amapezeka pafupifupi m'madzi onse otentha a World Ocean ndi nyanja zake. Monga tanenera kale, mitundu yambiri yamagulu imakhala ku Pacific ndi Indian Ocean. Ku Atlantic, mitundu ingapo imakhala ku Caribbean, komanso nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi Black Sea. Kufupi ndi gombe la ku America, nsomba zimakhala m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nsomba zazikulu zamagulu ochokera kugombe la West Africa.
Kuswana
Kwa oimira banja la Serranidae, omwe ali ndi magulu, chinthu china ndi chodziwika mu njira yoberekera. Mitundu yambiri ndi hermaphrodites. M'moyo wonse, amasintha jenda. Kwa magulu ambiri, ma metamorphoses oterewa amatha kuchitika kangapo m'moyo wonse, mbali imodzi kapena ina. Panthawi yobereketsa, amapanga magulu akuluakulu, omwe amabala mazira mamiliyoni ambiri, koma ambiri a iwo sakhala ndi moyo. Amakhulupirira kuti panthawi yobereketsa, nsomba zimakhala ndi zhor wamphamvu. Ku Gulf of Mexico, panthawi yoberekera, pali nsomba zambiri zomwe zili ndi maukonde ndi mbedza, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri chiwerengero cha nsombazi.