Kumanga kwa Moscow Oceanarium: Kumasula akaidi a VDNKh!

Omenyera ufulu wa nyama akufuna kubweza anamgumi opha ku chilengedwe, ndikugwiritsa ntchito dziweli kukhala bwalo loyamba lamasewera pansi pamadzi komanso malo ophunzitsira osambira aulere.

Nkhani ya zinsomba zakupha, zomwe zabisika mu akasinja pafupi ndi Moscow Oceanarium yomwe ikumangidwa kwa chaka choposa, ili ndi mphekesera ndi malingaliro otsutsana. Mfundo yakuti mabungwe oteteza zinyama ndi akatswiri odziimira okha sanaloledwe kulowa m'malo amenewa kumabweretsa maganizo omvetsa chisoni. Utsogoleri wa VDNKh umati zonse ziri mu dongosolo ndi zinsomba zakupha komanso kuti mikhalidwe yoyenera yapangidwira iwo. Koma kodi n'zotheka kunja kwa nyanja? Kodi nyama zazikulu zisanu kapena khumi, zomwe zimasambira m'chilengedwe kuposa 150 km patsiku, zimatha kukhala mu ukapolo? Nanga n’cifukwa ciani padziko lonse pali cizoloŵezi cofuna kutsekedwa kwa mabwalo acisangalalo apanyanja?

Koma zinthu zoyamba choyamba.

Nkhani ya "Moscow" wakupha anamgumi: nthawi

Disembala 2 ndi chaka kuyambira pomwe anamgumi awiri opha anthu omwe adagwidwa ku Far East kupita ku Moscow Oceanarium yomwe ikumangidwa akuzunzika m'nyumba ziwiri zozungulira zomwe zidakutidwa ndi chowulungika chokwera pamwamba. Nyamazo zinaperekedwa paulendo wapadera wa maola 10 kuchokera ku Vladivostok kupita ku Moscow ndi kuyimitsa ku Krasnoyarsk, ndipo zonsezi mwachinsinsi kwambiri. Malinga ndi malipoti atolankhani, nyama yachitatu idabweretsedwa ku Moscow kuchokera ku Sochi sabata imodzi yapitayo.

Mfundo yakuti phokoso lachilendo limamveka kuchokera ku hangar ya VDNKh ndiloyamba kuyankhula ndi anthu a m'deralo ndi alendo obwera kuwonetsero. Mutuwu unayamba kukambidwa m'malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, zopempha kwa mabungwe oteteza zinyama kunagwa mvula. Pa February 19, utsogoleri wa All-Russian Exhibition Center panthawiyo (chiwonetserocho chinatchedwanso VDNKh patangopita nthawi yochepa) adalandira pempho kuchokera kwa mtolankhani kumufunsa kuti afotokoze zomwe ogwira ntchito akubisala mu akasinja. February 27, iye analandira yankho kuti akasinja kutumikira cholinga madzi a All-Russian Exhibition Center.

Miyezi ingapo inadutsa, mphekesera ndi zongoganiza (monga momwe zinakhalira pambuyo pake, mopanda maziko) zinangokulirakulira. Pa Seputembara 10, Marat Khusnullin, wachiwiri kwa meya wa likulu la malamulo amatauni ndi zomangamanga, adati anamgumi a oceanarium omwe akumangidwawo adagulidwa, koma ali ku Far East.

Pambuyo pake, Vita Animal Rights Protection Center inapeza zambiri pa mawebusaiti a nyuzipepala za boma za Krasnoyarsk Territory kuti anamgumi opha ananyamulidwa ndi ndege ya IL kupita ku likulu mu December 2013 ndipo anaperekedwa bwino ku VDNKh. Omenyera ufulu wa zinyama ndi mtolankhani yemwe adatembenukira ku All-Russian Exhibition Center ndi pempho adalemba mawu kwa apolisi, omwe patatha masiku 10 adalandira yankho lotsimikizira kulondola kwawo. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, mlandu wochitira nkhanza nyama "Vita" unakanidwa, popeza eni ake a namgumi akupha mu umboni wawo adanena kuti zinthu zonse zoyenera kusunga nyama zidapangidwa. Zotsatira za kusanthula ndi ziganizo za veterinarians ndi akatswiri sizinaperekedwe, osatchulapo makonzedwe a malo.

Pa Okutobala 23, Vita adakonza zofalitsa zomwe zidayambitsa chipongwe chenicheni. Atolankhani anaukira kwenikweni mpanda, kuyesera kuchotsa akaidi, koma alonda sanalole aliyense kulowa, akupitiriza monyoza kutsutsa zoonekeratu.

Oimira mabungwe awiri a anthu, pamodzi ndi njira zisanu ndi zitatu zofalitsa nkhani, adapempha ndemanga kuchokera kwa oyang'anira a VDNKh. Poyankha, nthumwi za anthu zinaletsedwa kupeza anamgumi opha anthu. Madzulo a tsiku lomwelo, atolankhani a VDNKh adatumiza makanema ndi zithunzi kwa atolankhani, zomwe zimatsimikizira momwe nyamazo zilili bwino:

Irina Novozhilova, pulezidenti wa Vita Animal Welfare Center, anati: "Zithunzizo zinatengedwa ndi kamera yaikulu, yomwe imapangitsa kale kupanga ndege kuchokera ku udzudzu. - Umu ndi momwe amawombera zithunzi zamabuku ophika mukafuna kuwonetsa nyanja. Chikho chimatengedwa, chomera cham'nyumba chimakhala kumbuyo, pamwamba pamadzi chimachotsedwa pakona yosinthidwa bwino. Tsiku lotsatira, nkhani zazikulu zidatuluka m'ma TV ambiri, zotamanda bwalo la nyanja. Olembera ena akuwoneka kuti aiwala kuti palibe amene adaloledwa kulowamo, ndipo palibe zotsatira za mayeso otheka.

Miyezi ina iwiri yadutsa ndipo zinthu sizinasinthe. Koma adatha kutsutsa Vita LLC Sochi Dolphinarium (nthambi yake ikumangidwa ku likulu - ed.). Mlanduwu ukunena kuti bungweli lidanyozetsa ulemu ndi ulemu wa oimira oceanarium. Mlanduwu sukuchitika ku Moscow, koma ku Anapa (pamalo olembetsa woimba mlandu), chifukwa wolemba mabulogu wina wochokera ku Anapa adayang'ana zokambirana ndi Vita pa imodzi mwa njirazo ndipo adayambitsa vidiyoyi ndi ndemanga yake yokhudza tsokalo. za killer whales.

"Tsopano nkhaniyi ndi yovuta, mpaka kutsekedwa kwa bungwe," akupitiriza Irina Novozhilova. "Talandila kale ziwopsezo, maimelo athu adabedwa, ndipo makalata amkati adziwika. Pamaziko a zidziwitso zopezedwa mosaloledwa, nkhani zopitilira khumi ndi ziwiri "zonyoza" zidasindikizidwa. Ziyenera kumveka kuti chitsanzo choopsa chikukhazikitsidwa. Ngati akatswiri a zinyama zam'madzi akhala chete, ndipo atolankhani samayesa kuwunika momwe zinthu ziliri, osayang'ana malo ovomerezeka a okhudzidwa, komanso zochitika zapadziko lonse pankhaniyi, nkhaniyi idzaphatikiza kusayeruzika ndi chiwawa.

Zomwe tafotokozazi zikusonyeza kuti ife, omenyera ufulu wa zinyama ku Russia, tinalowa m’gawo limenelo la kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa zinyama pamene tinayamba kuonekera. Gulu lathu likuwononga kwambiri malonda a nyama. Ndipo tsopano tiyenera kudutsa gawo la makhothi.

Killer whales amapenga akagwidwa

Mwa mitundu yonse ya zamoyo zomwe munthu amayesa kusunga mu ukapolo, ndi ma cetaceans omwe amapirira moyipa kwambiri. Choyamba, chifukwa chakuti ndi nyama zamagulu komanso zanzeru zomwe zimafunikira kulumikizana kosalekeza komanso chakudya chamalingaliro.

Kachiwiri, zadziwika kale kuti ma cetaceans amagwiritsa ntchito echolocation kuyenda mumlengalenga ndikufufuza chakudya. Kuti zifufuze mmene zinthu zilili, nyama zimatumiza zizindikiro zimene zimaonekera pamalo olimba. Ngati awa ndi makoma a konkire olimbikitsidwa a dziwe, ndiye kuti kudzakhala phokoso lopanda malire, zowonetsera zopanda tanthauzo.

- Kodi mukudziwa momwe ma dolphin amathera nthawi yawo ku dolphinarium ataphunzitsidwa ndi kuchita? – Iye amalankhula woyang'anira polojekiti ya Center for the Protection of Animal Rights "Vita" Konstantin Sabinin. - Zimaundana m’malo mwake mphuno zawo zili pakhoma ndipo sizitulutsa mawu chifukwa zimakhala zopanikizika nthawi zonse. Tsopano taganizirani zomwe kuombera kwa omvera ndi ma dolphin ndi zinsomba zakupha? Cetaceans omwe agwira ntchito ku ukapolo kwa zaka zingapo nthawi zambiri amapenga kapena amangokhala ogontha.

Chachitatu, ukadaulo womwewo wopangira madzi a m'nyanja ndi wowononga nyama. Pachikhalidwe, sodium hypochlorite imawonjezeredwa kumadzi wamba ndipo electrolyzer imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pophatikizana ndi madzi, hypochlorite imapanga hypochlorous acid, ikaphatikizidwa ndi ndowe zanyama, imapanga mankhwala owopsa a organochlorine, omwe amatsogolera kusintha. Amawotcha mucous nembanemba wa nyama, kuyambitsa dysbacteriosis. Ma dolphin ndi anamgumi akupha amayamba kuthandizidwa ndi maantibayotiki, kupereka mankhwala kuti atsitsimutse microflora. Koma chifukwa cha izi, chiwindi chimalephera mwatsoka. Mapeto ake ndi amodzi - ziro zochepa zoyembekeza kukhala ndi moyo.

- kuti kufa kwa zinsomba zakupha m'ma dolphinariums ndizokwera kawiri ndi theka kuposa zizindikiro zachilengedwe, - mamembala a gulu loyambira kuwonetsa ku Russia filimu "Blackfish" *. - Sakhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka 30 (nthawi zambiri amakhala kuthengo ndi zaka 40-50 kwa amuna ndi zaka 60-80 kwa akazi). Zaka zodziwika bwino za nangumi wakupha kuthengo ndi pafupifupi zaka 100.

Choipa kwambiri ndi chakuti mu ukapolo wakupha anamgumi amakonda kusonyeza modzidzimutsa kuchita mwaukali kwa anthu. pa milandu yopitilira 120 yamakhalidwe aukali a anamgumi akupha ali mu ukapolo kwa anthu, kuphatikiza milandu 4 yakupha, komanso kuukira kangapo komwe sikunabweretse imfa ya munthu mozizwitsa. Mwachitsanzo, kuthengo kunalibe mlandu umodzi wokha wa chinsomba chakupha munthu.

VDNKh imanena kuti malo amadzi am'mayiwe omwe nyama zimakhala ndi ma cubic metres opitilira 8, awa ndi maiwe awiri ophatikizika okhala ndi mita 000 ndi kuya kwa mita 25, miyeso ya namgumi wakuphayo ndi 8 metres. ndi 4,5m.

"Koma sanapereke umboni wa chidziwitsochi," akutero Irina Novozhilova. - Mu kanema wotumizidwa, anangumi opha amasambira mu tanki imodzi yokha. Malinga ndi chidziwitso chachinsinsi, chomwe sitingathe kutsimikizira, nyama zina zam'madzi zimasungidwanso m'gawo la VDNKh. Ngati izi ndi zoona, ndiye kuti palibenso njira yomwe anangumi akupha angakhale m'mitsuko iwiri, chifukwa ndi nyama. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi akatswiri, ataphunzira kuchuluka kwa kupha: anamgumi akupha awa adagwidwa m'malo omwe amakhala ndi nyama zolusa. Ndiko kuti, ngati muika anangumi akuphawa pamodzi ndi nyama zina, anamgumiwo amangowadya.

Akatswiri a Mormlek, atatha kuwonera kanemayo, adatsimikiza kuti nyamazo zimamva zoipa, mphamvu zawo zimachepa. Zipsepsezo zimatsitsidwa - mu nyama yathanzi imayima mowongoka. Mtundu wa epidermis umasinthidwa: m'malo mwa chipale chofewa, wapeza utoto wotuwa.

- Mapaki osangalatsa okhala ndi nyama zam'madzi ndi bizinesi yamagazi. Irina Novozhilova anati: "Nyama zimafa pogwidwa, kuyenda, m'mayiwewa. “Mgolo uliwonse, wa dzimbiri kapena golide, umakhalabe mbiya. Sizingatheke kulenga mikhalidwe yabwino kwa anamgumi akupha, ngakhale tikulankhula za oceanarium panyanja: kumangidwa kundende kumapangitsa nyama kukhala yokhumudwa mpaka kumapeto kwa masiku ake.

60 otsekedwa dolphinariums /

Masiku ano, pali pafupifupi 52 orcas omwe ali mu ukapolo padziko lapansi. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, pali zochitika zomveka bwino zochepetsera chiwerengero cha oceanariums ndi dolphinariums. Ntchitoyi imakhala yovuta kwambiri pazachuma. Oceanariums akuluakulu amawonongeka, kuphatikizapo chifukwa cha milandu yambiri. Ziwerengero zomaliza ndi izi: 60 dolphinariums ndi oceanariums padziko lapansi atsekedwa, ndipo 14 mwa iwo adachepetsa ntchito zawo pomanga.

Dziko la Costa Rica ndi mpainiya m'njira imeneyi: inali yoyamba padziko lapansi kuletsa malo osungiramo nyama za dolphinarium ndi malo osungiramo nyama. Ku England kapena ku Holland, ma aquariums amatsekedwa kwa zaka zingapo kuti achepetse mtengo. Ku UK, nyama zimakhala moyo mwakachetechete: sizikutayidwa, sizimaloledwa, koma mapaki atsopano osangalatsa samamangidwa, chifukwa ndizoletsedwa kugula nyama zam'madzi pano. Malo okhala m'madzi osiyidwa opanda nyama amatsekedwa kapena amapangidwanso kuti awonetse nsomba ndi zinyama.

Ku Canada, sikuloledwa kugwira ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma beluga. Ku Brazil, kugwiritsa ntchito nyama zoyamwitsa za m’madzi pofuna zosangalatsa n’koletsedwa. Israel yaletsa kuitanitsa ma dolphin kuti azisangalala. Ku United States, m’chigawo cha South Carolina, malo otchedwa dolphinarium ndi oletsedwa kotheratu; m’maiko ena, mkhalidwe womwewo ukuchitika.

Ku Nicaragua, Croatia, Chile, Bolivia, Hungary, Slovenia, Switzerland, Cyprus, ndizoletsedwa kusunga cetaceans mu ukapolo. Ku Greece, zithunzi zokhala ndi nyama za m’madzi n’zoletsedwa, ndipo Amwenyewo ankazindikira kuti ma dolphin ndi munthu aliyense payekha!

Ziyenera kumveka bwino kuti chinthu chokhacho chomwe chimalola makampani osangalatsa awa kuti azikhalabe ndi chidwi ndi anthu wamba omwe sakudziwa kapena kudziwa, koma osaganizira mozama za wonyamula imfa ndi kuzunzika komwe kumayenderana ndi makampaniwa.

NTCHITO YACHIWAWA

Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito tsamba la Moscow Oceanarium?

Iwo anati: “Tikufuna kutsegulira bwalo loyamba la masewera a pansi pa madzi padziko lapansi ku Moscow. - Masana, maphunziro osambira aulere amatha kuchitika pano, komanso machitidwe apansi pamadzi madzulo. Mutha kukhazikitsa zowonera za plasma za 3D - omvera adzayamikira!

Kuphunzira kudumphira mozama kwambiri popanda zida zosambira kuthengo sikuli bwino. Mu dziwe, motsogoleredwa ndi mphunzitsi, ndi nkhani yosiyana kwambiri. Palibe dziwe lakuya mokwanira kuti osambira aulere padziko lonse lapansi aphunzitse bwino. Kuphatikiza apo, tsopano ndi yapamwamba, ndipo eni ake a oceanarium adzabweza mwachangu ndalama zonse. Pambuyo pa anthu, palibe chifukwa chotsuka zinyasi zazikuluzikulu ndi bulichi, ndipo anthu safunika kugula ndi kubweretsa 100 kg ya nsomba tsiku lililonse.

Kodi pali mwayi wa "Moscow" wakupha anamgumi kuti apulumuke atagwidwa ukapolo?     

Mtsogoleri wa oimira Russia ku Antarctic Alliance, katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo Grigory Tsidulko:

- Inde, anamgumi akupha adzapulumuka ndi mayendedwe oyenera ndi kukonzanso. Zolondola mtheradi. Pali mabungwe ndi akatswiri omwe angathandize nyama - osati popanda thandizo la omenyera ufulu wa zinyama, ndithudi.

Woyang'anira Ntchito ya Vita Animal Rights Protection Center Konstantin Sabinin:

Panali zitsanzo zoterozo. Pambuyo pa nthawi yokonzanso m'dera la nyanja, nyama zimatha kumasulidwa kukhala zachilengedwe. Malo okonzanso oterewa alipo, tinakambirana ndi akatswiri awo pamsonkhano wokhudza zinyama zam'madzi. Akatswiri a mbiriyi aliponso.

PALIBE MALAMULO AMENE AMALANGIZIRA KUKONDWA NDIKUBWERA NYAMA ZA M'M'MWAMBA

Mtsogoleri wa gulu logwira ntchito pa killer whale, membala wa Bungwe la Council for Marine Mammals, Ph.D. Olga Filatova:

"Narnia the killer whale ndi "cellmate" wake ndi nsonga chabe ya madzi oundana. Iwo anagwidwa mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk monga gawo la bizinesi yovomerezeka yogwira ndi kugulitsa nyama zakutchire. Chiwerengero cha pachaka chogwira anangumi opha ndi anthu 10. Nyama zambiri zimagulitsidwa ku China, ngakhale kuti kugwidwa kumachitidwa “chifukwa cha maphunziro ndi chikhalidwe ndi maphunziro.” Eni ake a dolphinarium padziko lonse lapansi - ndipo Russia nawonso - amavomereza ntchito zawo ndi chikhalidwe chosadziwika bwino ndi maphunziro, koma kwenikweni ndi mabungwe amalonda okha, pulogalamu yomwe imayang'ana kukhutiritsa zokonda zonyansa za anthu wamba.

Palibe amene akudziwa ndendende angati akupha anamgumi mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk. Kuyerekeza kwa akatswiri osiyanasiyana kumachokera ku 300 mpaka 10000 anthu. Komanso, pali mitundu iwiri yosiyana ya anamgumi akupha omwe amadya nyama zosiyanasiyana ndipo samaswana.

M'madzi a Zilumba za Kuril ndi m'chigawo chapakati cha Nyanja ya Okhotsk, amapezeka makamaka anamgumi akupha nsomba. M'madera ozama a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumadzulo, kumpoto ndi kumpoto chakum'maŵa kwa Nyanja ya Okhotsk, nyama zambiri zimadya nyama zam'madzi (zimadya zisindikizo ndi nyama zina zam'madzi). Ndiwo omwe amagwidwa kuti agulitse, ndipo zinsomba zakupha kuchokera ku VDNKh ndi za anthu awa. Ali mu ukapolo, amadyetsedwa "mitundu 12 ya nsomba", ngakhale kuti m'chilengedwe ankasaka zisindikizo.

Mwalamulo, anthu osiyanasiyana amakhala a "malo osungira" osiyanasiyana, ndipo magawo awo ayenera kuwerengedwa mosiyana, koma kwenikweni izi sizimachitidwa.

Anangumi opha nyama nthawi zambiri amakhala ochepa - pambuyo pake, amakhala pamwamba pa piramidi ya chakudya. Kugwidwa koopsa kotereku, monganso masiku ano, kungawononge chiwerengero cha anthu m’zaka zingapo. Izi zidzakhala nkhani zoipa osati kwa okonda wakupha whale, komanso kwa asodzi am'deralo - pambuyo pake, ndi nyama zakutchire zakupha zomwe zimayendetsa chiwerengero cha zisindikizo, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaba nsomba ku maukonde.

Kuphatikiza apo, kuwongolera kugwira ntchito sikunakhazikitsidwe. Ngakhale kugwidwa mosamalitsa ndi akatswiri odziwa zambiri ndizovuta kwambiri m'maganizo kwa nyama zanzeru komanso zamagulu, zomwe zimachotsedwa m'banja lawo ndikuziika m'malo achilendo, owopsa. Kwa ife, chirichonse chiri choipitsitsa, palibe owonera odziimira pawokha, ndipo ngati nyama zina zifa, zimabisika mwadala.

Malinga ndi ziwerengero za boma, palibe chinsomba chimodzi chakupha chomwe chafa m'zaka zaposachedwa, ngakhale tikudziwa kuchokera kuzinthu zosavomerezeka kuti izi zimachitika nthawi zonse. Kusadziletsa kumalimbikitsa nkhanza pamagulu osiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi zomwe bungwe la SMM linanena kuchokera kwa anthu okhala m’deralo, mu July chaka chino, anangumi atatu opha anthu anagwidwa mosaloledwa asanaperekedwe zilolezo ndipo anagulitsidwa ku China malinga ndi zikalata za 2013.

Ku Russia, palibe malamulo kapena malamulo oyendetsera kugwidwa kwa nyama zam'madzi.

9 ZOTSANIDWA NDI

Gulu lina la akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo likukonza zowonetsera filimu ya "Blackfish" * (Black Fin) motsutsana ndi mfundo za kutulutsidwa kwa Sochi Dolphinarium.

BF: Mchitidwe wowonera anamgumi kuthengo ukukula. Kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi ndi ku Europe, maulendo amabwato amakonzedwa komwe mungayang'ane nyama zachilengedwe:

 

,

  ,

ndipo pano mukhoza kusambira nawo.

Ku Russia, ndizotheka kuwonera anamgumi akupha ku Kamchatka, Kuril ndi Commander Islands, ku Far East (mwachitsanzo,). Mutha kubwera ku Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky ndikutsika pa imodzi mwamabwato ambiri oyendera alendo ku Avacha Bay (mwachitsanzo,).

Kuonjezera apo, zolemba za chilengedwe zimasonyeza zinyama mu ulemerero wawo wonse ndipo zimakulimbikitsani kuganizira za kukongola kwa chilengedwe chakuzungulirani. Kodi ana amaphunzira chiyani poyang'ana nyama zokongola zamphamvu zobisika mu khola laling'ono / dziwe lokhala ndi zinthu zosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe kwa iwo? Kodi tingawaphunzitse chiyani achinyamata powasonyeza kuti palibe vuto kuphwanya ufulu wa munthu chifukwa chongosangalala?

D: 

BF: Zowonadi, pali mbali za biology ya cetacean zomwe ndizovuta (koma osati zosatheka) kuphunzira kuthengo. "Makhalidwe a moyo ndi zizolowezi" sizimagwira ntchito kwa iwo, chifukwa "moyo" wa zinsomba zakupha zomwe zili mu ukapolo zimayikidwa komanso zosagwirizana ndi chilengedwe. Sangasankhe ntchito, ntchito, ngakhalenso malo, kupatulapo zomwe anthu amawakakamiza. Choncho, kuona koteroko kumapangitsa kukhala kotheka kuweruza kokha momwe akupha anamgumi amazoloŵera mikhalidwe yosakhala yachibadwa ya ukapolo.

BF: Palinso zidziwitso zakufa kwa anangumi opha anthu komanso anamgumi obadwa ogwidwa ku SeaWorld Aquarium ku States. Pafupifupi, anangumi okwana 37 amwalira m'mapaki atatu a SeaWorld (kuphatikiza winanso adamwalira ku Loro Parque, Tenerife). Mwa ana makumi atatu obadwa ku ukapolo, 10 adamwalira, ndipo amayi ambiri opha nsomba adalephera kupirira zovutazo panthawi yobereka. Pafupifupi milandu 30 ndi ana obadwa akufa adalembetsedwa.

Anangumi opha anthu okwana 1964 amwalira ali mu ukapolo kuyambira 139. Izi sizikuwerengera omwe adamwalira panthawi yogwidwa kuchokera kuthengo. Poyerekeza, izi ndi pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kuchuluka kwa anthu onse okhala ku Southern Residents, omwe tsopano ali pachiwopsezo chovuta chifukwa chojambula chomwe chinachitika ku British Columbia mu 1960s ndi 70s.

BF: Mpaka pano, pali maphunziro angapo okhudza mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya anamgumi akupha. Ena a iwo amakhala zaka zoposa 20 (komanso kuposa 40).

Sizikudziwika kuti chiwerengero cha 180 cha Antarctica chinachokera kuti. Kuyerekeza kwaposachedwa kwambiri kwa anamgumi ONSE a ku Antarctic ndi anthu pakati pa 000 ndi 25 (Nthambi, TA An, F. ndi GG Joyce, 000).

Koma pafupifupi mitundu itatu ya nangumi wakupha amakhala kumeneko, ndipo kwa ena a iwo mkhalidwe wa zamoyozo umatsimikizirika. Chifukwa chake, kuyerekeza kuchuluka ndi kugawa kuyenera kupangidwa pamtundu uliwonse padera.

Ku Russia, palinso mitundu iwiri ya zinsomba zakupha zomwe zimakhala zodzipatula kwa wina ndi mnzake, mwachitsanzo, siziphatikizana kapena kuswana wina ndi mnzake, ndikuyimira mitundu iwiri yosiyana. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa ndi maphunziro a nthawi yayitali (kuyambira 1999) ku Far East (Filatova et al. 2014, Ivkovich et al. 2010, Burdinetal. 2006, Filatova et al. 2007, Filatova et al. 2009, Filatova et al. 2010) , Ivkovichetal. Filatova et al. 2010 ndi ena). Kukhalapo kwa anthu awiri odzipatula kumafuna njira ya munthu payekha kuti awone kuchuluka kwake komanso kuchuluka kwa chiwopsezo cha anthu onse.

Ponena za Russia, palibe kuwunika kwapadera kwa manambala opha nsomba m'dera la nsomba (Nyanja ya Okhotsk) yomwe yachitika. Pali deta yakale yokha yomwe yasonkhanitsidwa m'njira poyang'ana zamoyo zina. Kuonjezera apo, chiwerengero chenicheni cha nyama zomwe zimachotsedwa kwa anthu panthawi yogwira (opulumuka + akufa) sichidziwika. Koma nthawi yomweyo, ma quotas amaperekedwa chaka chilichonse kuti agwire anangumi 10 akupha. Choncho, popanda kudziwa kukula kwa chiwerengero cha anthu, popanda kuganizira za kugawidwa kwa anthu awiri osiyana, popanda kudziwa za chiwerengero cha anthu omwe agwidwa, sitingathe kuyesa kuopsa kwa anthu ndikutsimikizira chitetezo chake.

Kumbali inayi, anthu padziko lonse lapansi ali ndi zomvetsa chisoni pamene anthu 53 (kuphatikiza akufa) adachotsedwa ku Southern Resident killer whales (British Columbia) m'zaka zingapo, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti ziwerengero zichepe mwachangu komanso tsopano chiwerengerochi chatsala pang'ono kutha.

D: Kupangidwa kwa likulu lathu ku Russia, komwe kuli kotheka kuyang'ana anangumi opha m'mikhalidwe yabwino kuti asamalire, adzalola asayansi aku Russia kuti adziwe zambiri za iwo. Akatswiri a pakati pa VNIRO** amagwirizana ndi akatswiri a Sochi Dolphinarium LLC center pankhani ya kafukufuku wa sayansi wa anamgumi opha anangumi, akhala akuyendera mobwerezabwereza malowa, omwe ali ndi nyama zoyamwitsa.

BF: Akatswiri a VNIRO samaphunzira zakupha anamgumi. Chonde tchulani zolemba zasayansi zomwe zingapereke zotsatira za maphunzirowa. Monga taonera kale, mikhalidwe yotsekeredwa m'ndende siili bwino. Chitsanzo ndi kuwerengera kuti chinsomba chakupha mu dziwe la SeaWorld chiyenera kusambira kuzungulira kuzungulira kwa dziwe nthawi zosachepera 1400 pa tsiku kuti osachepera mtunda woyenda ndi anamgumi akupha zakutchire pa tsiku.

D: Anangumi opha nyama akuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse ndi State Veterinary Service, komanso madokotala asanu ndi awiri ovomerezeka. Kamodzi pamwezi, kuyezetsa kwathunthu kwa nyama kumachitika (kuphatikiza kuyezetsa magazi ndi zamankhwala am'magazi, zikhalidwe za microbiological ndi swabs kuchokera ku mucous nembanemba chapamwamba kupuma thirakiti). Kuphatikiza pa makina oyendetsera madzi abwino, akatswiri apakati amawongolera miyeso yamadzi mu dziwe maola atatu aliwonse. Kuphatikiza apo, kusanthula kwamadzi kumayang'aniridwa mwezi uliwonse kwa zizindikiro 63 mu labotale yapadera ku Moscow. Maiwewa ali ndi zida zapadera: maola atatu aliwonse madzi amadutsa muzosefera zoyeretsa. Mulingo wa mchere ndi kutentha kwa madzi zimasungidwa motsatira malo okhala ndi namgumi wakupha mofanana ndi chilengedwe.

BF: Zingakhale zabwino kuona magawo enieni a madzi omwe amavomerezedwa pano ngati "ofanana ndi chilengedwe". Zomwe zimapangidwira m'madzi zimadziwika kuti zimakhudza thanzi la anangumi akupha, ndipo chlorine wochuluka kwambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito posungira madzi abuluu owala a dziwe, omwe amakopa kwambiri anthu.

D: Nangumi wakupha mmodzi amadya pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 100 a nsomba patsiku, zakudya zake zimakhala zosiyanasiyana, zimakhala ndi mitundu 12 ya nsomba zapamwamba, kuphatikizapo nsomba za pinki, chum salmon, coho salmon ndi zina zambiri.

BF: Nangumi zakupha zomwe zimagwidwa ku Russia ndi zamtundu wa nyama zomwe zimadya nyama zam'madzi (zisindikizo zaubweya, mikango ya m'nyanja, zisindikizo, otters, ndi zina zotero). Anangumi opha, omwe tsopano ali ku VDNKh, sanayambe kudya nsomba za pinki, chum salmon, coho salmon, ndi zina zotero m'malo awo achilengedwe.

Anangumi opha nyama ndi osowa ndipo amasiyana kwambiri ndi anthu akupha anamgumi ena padziko lapansi kotero kuti asayansi amatsimikiza kuti ayenera kudziwika ngati mitundu yosiyana (Morin et al. 2010, Biggetal 1987, Riechetal. 2012, Parsonsetal. 2013 ndi ena). Zasonyezedwa kuti nyama zakutchire zakupha nsomba zomwe sizidya nsomba zimakhala m'dera la nsomba (Filatova et al. 2014).

Chifukwa chake, kudya nsomba zakufa sikukwaniritsa zosowa za thupi la anangumi opha, omwe mwachilengedwe amadya zakudya zamagazi ofunda kwambiri.

Popeza kukula kwa anthuwa sikudziwika, zikuwonekeratu kuti zilolezo zokokera msampha zimaperekedwa osati pazasayansi, koma pazokonda zamalonda.

Kugwira anamgumi akupha m'madzi aku Russia, komwe nsongazi zili, sikutsimikiziridwa mwasayansi, sikulamulidwa ndi malipoti (omwe sapereka chidziwitso chaukadaulo wotchera misampha ndi kufa kwa anangumi opha akagwidwa) ndipo zimachitika. ndi juggling wa zikalata (.

Ndemanga zokonzedwa ndi:

- E. Ovsyanikova, katswiri wa sayansi ya zamoyo, katswiri wa zinyama zam'madzi, wophunzira maphunziro apamwamba pa yunivesite ya Canterbury (New Zealand), akugwira nawo ntchito yophunzira za Antarctic killer whales.

- T. Ivkovich, katswiri wa zamoyo, wophunzira womaliza maphunziro a St. Petersburg State University. Kugwira ntchito ndi zinyama zam'madzi kuyambira 2002. Akuchita nawo kafukufuku wa FEROP killer whale.

- E. Jikia, katswiri wa zamoyo, Ph.D., wofufuza pa Laboratory of Molecular Biology ya Federal State Institution of Radiology. Wakhala akugwira ntchito ndi zinyama za m'nyanja kuyambira 1999. Anatenga nawo mbali pa kafukufuku wa FEROP wakupha whale, pophunzira za nsonga zamtundu mu Nyanja ya Okhotsk ndi zinsomba za transit killer pa Commander Islands.

- O. Belonovich, katswiri wa zamoyo, Ph.D., wofufuza ku KamchatNIRO. Kugwira ntchito ndi nyama zam'madzi kuyambira 2002. Anachita nawo ntchito yophunzira anamgumi a beluga ku White Sea, mikango ya m'nyanja kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Pacific Ocean, ndikuphunzira kugwirizana pakati pa anamgumi opha nsomba ndi nsomba.

* "* ("Black Fin") - nkhani ya namgumi wakupha wamwamuna dzina lake Tilikum, namgumi wakupha yemwe anapha anthu angapo panthawi yomwe anali kale mu ukapolo. Mu 2010, pochita masewera paki yosangalatsa yamadzi ku Orlando, Tilikum adakokera mphunzitsi Don Brasho pansi pamadzi ndikumumiza. Monga momwe zikuwonekera, ngoziyi (momwemo ndi momwe chochitikacho chinayenerere) sichiri chokhacho pa nkhani ya Tilikum. Palinso wozunzidwa wina chifukwa cha chinsomba chakuphachi. Wopanga Black Fin Gabriela Cowperthwaite amagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zochititsa chidwi za kupha chinsomba ndikufunsana ndi mboni kuyesa kumvetsetsa zomwe zidayambitsa ngoziyi.

Kuonetsa filimuyi kunayambitsa zionetsero ku United States komanso kutsekedwa kwa malo ochitirako zosangalatsa panyanja (zolemba za wolemba).

**VNIRO ndiye bungwe lotsogola pantchito zausodzi, lomwe limayang'anira kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapulani ndi mapulogalamu a kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chausodzi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti mabungwe onse ofufuza zausodzi ku Russian Federation akuyenda bwino.

Zolemba: Svetlana ZOTOVA.

Siyani Mumakonda