Mu 1797, Dr. Hufeland (wodziwika kuti "mmodzi mwa anthu oganiza bwino kwambiri ku Germany"), yemwe adaphunzira mutu wa nthawi ya moyo kwa zaka khumi, anapereka buku lake la Art of Life Extension kudziko lapansi. Pakati pa zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi moyo wautali, adasankha: zakudya zopatsa thanzi zomwe zimakhala ndi masamba ambiri komanso osaphatikizapo nyama ndi makeke okoma; moyo wokangalika; chisamaliro chabwino cha mano mlungu uliwonse kusamba m'madzi ofunda ndi sopo; Loto labwino; mpweya wabwino; komanso chifukwa cha chibadwa. Kumapeto kwa nkhani yake, yotembenuzidwa m’magazini olembedwa a American Review, dokotalayo ananena kuti “utali wa moyo wa munthu ukhoza kuŵirikiza kaŵiri poyerekeza ndi ziŵerengero za masiku ano.”
Hufeland akuyerekezera kuti theka la ana onse obadwa anafa asanakwanitse zaka XNUMX zakubadwa, chiŵerengero cha imfa chambiri chochititsa mantha. Komabe, ngati mwana adatha kupirira nthomba, chikuku, rubella ndi matenda ena aubwana, amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi moyo mpaka zaka makumi atatu. Hufeland ankakhulupirira kuti, pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwino, moyo ukhoza kutambasula kwa zaka mazana awiri.
Kodi zonena zimenezi ziyenera kuonedwa ngati chinthu chinanso choposa malingaliro ongopeka a dokotala wa m’zaka za zana la 18? James Waupel akuganiza choncho. Iye anati: “Chiyembekezo cha moyo chikuwonjezeka ndi zaka ziŵiri ndi theka pazaka khumi zilizonse. "Ndizo zaka makumi awiri ndi zisanu m'zaka zana zilizonse." Vaupel - Mtsogoleri wa Laboratory of Survival and Longevity of the Institute of Demographic Research. Max Planck ku Rostock, Germany, ndipo amaphunzira mfundo za moyo wautali ndikukhala ndi moyo pakati pa anthu ndi nyama. Malinga ndi iye, pazaka 100 zapitazi, chithunzi cha nthawi ya moyo wasintha kwambiri. Chaka cha 1950 chisanafike, zaka zambiri zoyembekezeka za moyo zidakwaniritsidwa polimbana ndi kufa kwa makanda. Kuyambira pamenepo, ziwopsezo zakufa zatsika kwa anthu azaka zawo za 60 ndi 80s.
M’mawu ena, sikuti anthu ambiri tsopano akukumana ndi makanda. Anthu ambiri amakhala ndi moyo wautali.
Zaka zimadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana
Padziko lonse, chiŵerengero cha anthu opitirira zaka zana limodzi - anthu opitirira zaka 100 - chikuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka kuwirikiza ka 10 pakati pa 2010 ndi 2050. Monga momwe Hufeland ananenera, kuti mufike pamenepa zimadalira utali wa makolo anu; ndiko kuti, chigawo cha majini chimakhudzanso moyo wautali. Koma kuwonjezeka kwa zaka zana sikungathe kufotokozedwa ndi majini okha, zomwe mwachiwonekere sizinasinthe kwambiri m'zaka mazana angapo zapitazi. M’malo mwake, ndiko kuwongokera kosiyanasiyana kwa moyo wathu kumene pamodzi kumawonjezera mwaŵi wathu wokhala ndi moyo wautali ndi wathanzi—chisamaliro chabwinoko chamankhwala, chisamaliro chabwino chamankhwala, njira zaumoyo wa anthu onse monga madzi aukhondo ndi mpweya, maphunziro abwino, ndi miyezo ya moyo yabwino. "Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa anthu kupeza mankhwala ndi ndalama," akutero Vaupel.
Komabe, zopindula zomwe zimapezedwa kudzera mu chisamaliro chabwino chaumoyo ndi mikhalidwe ya moyo sizikukhutiritsabe anthu ambiri, ndipo chikhumbo chowonjezera moyo wamunthu sichikuganiza kuti chidzatha.
Njira imodzi yotchuka ndiyo kuchepetsa kalori. Kalelo m’zaka za m’ma 1930, ofufuza anaona nyama zimene zinkadyetsedwa mosiyanasiyana ndipo anaona kuti zimenezi zinkakhudza moyo wawo. Komabe, kafukufuku wotsatira wasonyeza kuti zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zama calorie sizimayenderana ndi moyo wautali, ndipo ochita kafukufuku amawona kuti zonsezi zimadalira kusagwirizana kwa ma genetic, zakudya, ndi chilengedwe.
Chiyembekezo china chachikulu ndi mankhwala a resveratrol, omwe amapangidwa ndi zomera, makamaka pakhungu la mphesa. Komabe, munthu sanganene kuti minda ya mpesayo ili ndi kasupe wa unyamata. Mankhwalawa adziwika kuti amapereka ubwino wathanzi mofanana ndi zomwe zimawonedwa mu zinyama zomwe zili ndi zoletsa za calorie, koma mpaka pano palibe kafukufuku wasonyeza kuti resveratrol supplementation ikhoza kuonjezera moyo wa munthu.
Moyo wopanda malire?
Koma n’chifukwa chiyani timakalamba? “Tsiku lililonse timavutika ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kuwonongeka ndipo sitimachiza bwinobwino,” akufotokoza motero Vaupel, “ndipo kuchuluka kwa chiwonongeko kumeneku ndiko kumayambitsa matenda obwera chifukwa cha ukalamba.” Koma izi si zoona kwa zamoyo zonse. Mwachitsanzo, ma hydras - gulu la zolengedwa zosavuta monga jellyfish - amatha kukonza pafupifupi zowonongeka zonse m'thupi lawo ndikupha mosavuta maselo omwe awonongeka kwambiri kuti asachiritsidwe. Mwa anthu, maselo owonongekawa angayambitse khansa.
"Ma Hydra amayang'ana kwambiri zothandizira makamaka kubwezeretsa, osati kubereka," akutero Vaupel. "M'malo mwake, anthu amawongolera zothandizira makamaka kuberekana - iyi ndi njira ina yopulumutsira zamoyo." Anthu amatha kufa ali aang'ono, koma kubadwa kwathu kodabwitsa kumatilola kuti tigonjetse ziwopsezo izi. "Tsopano imfa za makanda ndizochepa kwambiri, palibe chifukwa choperekera zinthu zambiri kuti athe kubereka," adatero Vaupel. "Chinyengo ndikuwongolera njira yochira, osati kutengera mphamvuzo kuti zichuluke." Ngati titha kupeza njira yothetsera kuwonjezereka kosalekeza kwa kuwonongeka kwa maselo athu - kuti tiyambe njira yotchedwa kukalamba kosasamala, kapena kucheperachepera - ndiye kuti mwina sitidzakhala ndi malire apamwamba.
“Zingakhale zabwino kwambiri kulowa m’dziko limene imfa ndi yosankha. Pakali pano, kwenikweni, tonsefe tili pampambo wa imfa, ngakhale kuti ambiri a ife sitinachitepo kalikonse koyenerera,” akutero Gennady Stolyarov, wanthanthi wokhulupirira kusintha kwaumunthu ndi mlembi wa bukhu lotsutsa la ana lakuti Death Is Wrong, limene limalimbikitsa maganizo achichepere kukana lingalirolo. . kuti imfa ndi yosapeŵeka. Stolyarov akukhulupirira mwatsatanetsatane kuti imfa ndizovuta zaukadaulo kwa anthu, ndipo zonse zomwe zimafunikira kuti apambane ndi ndalama zokwanira komanso zothandizira anthu.
Mphamvu yoyendetsera kusintha
Ma Telomeres ndi amodzi mwa magawo aukadaulo. Mapeto a ma chromosome awa amafupikitsa nthawi iliyonse yomwe maselo agawanika, ndikuyika malire oti maselo amatha kubwereza kangati.
Nyama zina sizimafupikitsidwa ndi ma telomeres - ma hydras ndi amodzi mwa iwo. Komabe, pali zifukwa zabwino zoletsa zimenezi. Kusintha kwachisawawa kungapangitse maselo kugawanika popanda kufupikitsa ma telomere awo, zomwe zimatsogolera ku mizere ya maselo "osakhoza kufa". Akapanda kuwongolera, maselo osafawa amatha kukhala zotupa za khansa.
"Anthu 50 padziko lapansi amafa tsiku lililonse, ndipo magawo awiri pa atatu aliwonse amafa chifukwa cha ukalamba," akutero Stolyarov. "Chifukwa chake, ngati titapanga matekinoloje omwe amayambitsa ukalamba wocheperako, tingapulumutse miyoyo zana limodzi patsiku." Wolembayo anatchula katswiri wofufuza za gerontology Aubrey de Grey, wotchuka pakati pa anthu ofuna kuwonjezera moyo, ponena kuti pali mwayi wa 25% wopeza ukalamba wosayenerera m'zaka XNUMX zikubwerazi. "Pali kuthekera kwakukulu kuti izi zichitike tidakali moyo komanso tisanakumane ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri za ukalamba," akutero Stolyarov.
Stolyarov akuyembekeza kuti moto udzayaka chifukwa cha chiyembekezo. "Chomwe chikufunika pakali pano ndikukankhira kotsimikizika kuti kufulumizitse kwambiri kusintha kwaukadaulo," akutero. "Tsopano tili ndi mwayi womenyana, koma kuti tipambane, tiyenera kukhala olimbikitsa kusintha."
Pakalipano, pamene ochita kafukufuku akulimbana ndi ukalamba, anthu ayenera kukumbukira kuti pali njira zotsimikizirika zopewera zomwe zimayambitsa imfa ku mayiko a Kumadzulo (matenda a mtima ndi khansa) - kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, kudya bwino, komanso kusamalidwa bwino pankhani ya mowa ndi zofiira. nyama. Ochepa kwambiri a ife amakwanitsa kukhala ndi moyo mogwirizana ndi mfundo zimenezi, mwina chifukwa chakuti timaganiza kuti moyo waufupi koma wokhutiritsa ndiwo chinthu chabwino koposa. Ndipo apa pabuka funso latsopano: ngati moyo wosatha ukanakhala wotheka, kodi tikanakhala okonzeka kulipira mtengo wofananawo?