Zamkatimu
Vegetarianism ndi mafashoni azakudya zomwe, malinga ndi akatswiri, zikungopeza kutchuka. Amatsatiridwa ndi nyenyezi ndi mafani awo, othamanga otchuka ndi asayansi, olemba, olemba ndakatulo ngakhalenso madotolo. Kuphatikiza apo, mosasamala kanthu za chikhalidwe chawo komanso msinkhu wawo. Koma aliyense wa iwo, monga anthu ena, posakhalitsa amafunsa funso lomweli: "Zinayamba bwanji zonsezi?"
Ndi liti ndipo ndichifukwa chiyani anthu adasiya kaye nyama?
Mosiyana ndi zomwe ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chiyambi cha zamasamba chimachokera ku England, pomwe dzina lofananalo lidayambitsidwa, limadziwika kalekale. Kutchulidwa koyamba kotsimikizika kwa anthu omwe adasiya mwadala nyama kunabwerera ku XNUMXth - XNUMXth millennium BC. Panthawiyo, izi zinawathandiza pokambirana ndi milungu, komanso pochita miyambo yamatsenga. Inde, poyamba, anali ansembe omwe adayamba kudya zamasamba. Ndipo amakhala ku Egypt wakale.
Akatswiri amakono amati malingaliro amenewa adayamba chifukwa cha milungu yambiri yaku Aiguputo. Zowona, sizikutanthauza kuti Aigupto amakhulupirira mizimu ya nyama zophedwa, zomwe zingasokoneze zokambirana ndi maulamuliro apamwamba. Koma, zikhale zotheka kwenikweni, zamasamba zidalipo mwa anthu angapo, kenako zimalandira cholowa mwa ena.
Zamasamba ku India Wakale
Ndizodziwika bwino kuti munthawi kuyambira XNUMXth mpaka XNUMXnd Zakachikwi BC, dongosolo lapadera lidayamba ku India Wakale, kuthandiza munthu kusintha osati mwauzimu komanso mwakuthupi - hatha yoga. Komanso, mmodzi wa postulates anali kukana nyama. Kungoti imasamutsira kwa munthu matenda onse ndi zowawa za nyama yophedwa ndipo sizimamusangalatsa. Munali kudya nyama munthawi imeneyi pomwe anthu adawona chifukwa chakukwiya komanso mkwiyo wa anthu. Ndipo umboni wabwino kwambiri wazomwezi ndi zomwe zidachitika kwa aliyense amene wasintha kukabzala zakudya. Anthu awa adakhala athanzi komanso olimba mumzimu.
Kufunika kwa Chibuda mu Kukula kwa Zamasamba
Asayansi akuwona kutuluka kwa Chibuda ngati gawo limodzi pakukula kwa zamasamba. Izi zidachitika mchaka cha XNUMXst BC, pomwe Buddha, yemwe adayambitsa chipembedzochi, pamodzi ndi omutsatira, adayamba kulimbikitsa kukana kwa vinyo ndi chakudya cha nyama, kutsutsa kupha munthu aliyense wamoyo.
Inde, si Abuda onse amakono omwe amadya zamasamba. Izi zimafotokozedwa makamaka ndi nyengo yovuta momwe amakakamizidwira kukhala, mwachitsanzo, zikafika ku Tibet kapena Mongolia. Komabe, onse amakhulupirira malamulo a Buddha, malinga ndi nyama yonyansa yomwe sayenera kudyedwa. Iyi ndi nyama, yomwe imawonekera kwambiri kwa munthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati nyamayo idaphedwa makamaka chifukwa cha iye, mwalamulo lake, kapena mwa iye yekha.
Zamasamba ku Greece Yakale
Amadziwika kuti kukonda zakudya zamasamba kunabadwa kuno kalekale. Chitsimikizo chabwino kwambiri cha izi ndi ntchito za Socrates, Plato, Plutarch, Diogenes ndi akatswiri ena anzeru omwe adaganizira mofunitsitsa za zabwino zake. Zowona, malingaliro a wafilosofi ndi katswiri wamasamu Pythagoras adadziwika makamaka pakati pawo. Iye, pamodzi ndi ophunzira ake ambiri omwe adachokera m'mabanja odziwika, adasinthana kubzala zakudya, ndikupanga "Society of Vegetarians" yoyamba. Zachidziwikire, anthu owazungulira amakhala ndi nkhawa nthawi zonse ngati njira yatsopano yoperekera zakudya iwononge thanzi lawo. Koma m'zaka za zana la IV BC. e. A Hippocrates otchuka adayankha mafunso awo onse ndikuchotsa kukayika kwawo.
Chidwi mwa iye chidakulitsidwa ndikuti m'masiku amenewo kunali kovuta kupeza kanyama kena, mwina pokhapokha popereka nsembe kwa milungu. Chifukwa chake, anali anthu olemera makamaka omwe amadya. Osauka, mosalephera, adadya zamasamba.
Zowona, akatswiri odziwa bwino zinthu amamvetsetsa zabwino zomwe zamasamba zimabweretsa kwa anthu ndipo nthawi zonse amalankhula za izi. Iwo adatsimikiza kuti kupewa nyama ndi njira yachidule yathanzi, kugwiritsa ntchito malo moyenera, koposa zonse, kuchepetsa nkhanza zomwe zimayambitsanso munthu akaganiza zopha nyama. Kuphatikiza apo, pomwepo anthu amakhulupirira kuti pali moyo mwa iwo komanso kuti utha kusamutsidwa.
Mwa njira, zinali ku Greece Yakale pomwe mikangano yoyamba yokhudza zamasamba idayamba kuonekera. Chowonadi ndi chakuti Aristotle, wotsatira wa Pythagoras, adatsutsa kukhalapo kwa mizimu mwa nyama, chifukwa chake adadya nyama yake yekha ndikulangiza ena. Ndipo wophunzira wake, Theophrastus, nthawi zonse ankakangana naye, akunena kuti omalizawa amatha kumva kupweteka, chifukwa chake, ali ndi malingaliro komanso mzimu.
Chikhristu ndi zamasamba
M'nthawi yomwe idakhazikitsidwa, malingaliro pazakudya izi anali otsutsana. Dziweruzireni nokha: malingana ndi malamulo achikristu, nyama zilibe miyoyo, chifukwa zimatha kudyedwa bwinobwino. Nthawi yomweyo, anthu omwe adzipereka miyoyo yawo ku tchalitchi ndi kwa Mulungu, mosazindikira amatengeka ndi zakudya zazomera, chifukwa sizimathandizira kuwonetseredwa kwa zikhumbo.
Zowona, kale m'zaka za zana la 1000 AD, pomwe kutchuka kwa Chikhristu kudayamba kukula, aliyense adakumbukira Aristotle ndi zifukwa zake mokomera nyama ndikuyamba kuyigwiritsa ntchito ngati chakudya. Pomaliza, udaleka kukhala gawo la anthu olemera, omwe amathandizidwa mokwanira ndi tchalitchi. Awo omwe sanaganize choncho adatayikiridwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu lamilandu. Mosakayikira, pali zikwizikwi za odyera enieni pakati pawo. Ndipo zidatenga pafupifupi zaka 400 - kuyambira 1400 mpaka XNUMX AD. e.
Yemwe anali zamasamba
- A Inca akale, omwe moyo wawo umakondweretsabe ambiri.
- Aroma akale kumayambiriro kwa nthawi ya Republic, omwe adapanga maphunziro azakudya za sayansi, komabe, amapangira anthu olemera.
- A Taoist ku China wakale.
- Anthu a ku Spartan omwe ankakhala m'malo ovuta kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo anali otchuka chifukwa cha mphamvu zawo komanso kupirira kwawo.
Ndipo iyi si mndandanda wathunthu. Ndizodziwika bwino kuti m'modzi mwa atsogoleri oyamba, pambuyo pa Muhammad, adalimbikitsa ophunzira ake kuti apereke nyama ndipo asasandutse mimba zawo kukhala manda a nyama zophedwa. Pali mawu onena zakufunika kudya zakudya zamasamba m'Baibulo, m'buku la Genesis.
Renaissance
Ikhoza kutchedwa nthawi ya chitsitsimutso cha zamasamba. Inde, kumayambiriro kwa Middle Ages, anthu adamuiwala. Pambuyo pake, m'modzi mwa oimira owoneka bwino kwambiri anali Leonardo da Vinci. Ankaganiza kuti posachedwapa, kupha nyama zosalakwa kuchitiridwa mofanana ndi kupha munthu. Mofananamo, Gassendi, wafilosofi waku France, adati kudya nyama sodziwika kwa anthu, ndipo mokomera chiphunzitso chake adalongosola kapangidwe ka mano, akungoyang'ana kuti sanapangidwe kutafuna nyama.
J. Ray, wasayansi waku England, adalemba kuti chakudya cha nyama sichimabweretsa mphamvu. Ndipo wolemba wamkulu wachingerezi a Thomas Tryon adapita patali, akunena m'masamba a buku lake "The Way to Health" kuti nyama ndiyomwe imayambitsa matenda ambiri. Kungoti nyama zomwezo, zomwe zimakhala zovuta, zimavutika nazo, kenako zimazipereka kwa anthu mosaganizira. Kuphatikiza apo, adaumiriza kuti kupha chamoyo chilichonse chifukwa chodya sikuthandiza.
Zowona, ngakhale panali zokangana zonsezi, kunalibe ambiri omwe amafuna kusiya nyama m'malo mwa zakudya za mbewu. Koma zonse zidasintha pakati pa zaka za m'ma XNUMX.
Gawo latsopano pakukula kwa zamasamba
Munali munthawi imeneyi pomwe zakudya zamafashoni zidayamba kutchuka. Anthu aku Britain adachita mbali yofunikira pa izi. Amanena kuti amubweretsa kuchokera ku India, dera lawo, komanso chipembedzo cha Vedic. Monga chilichonse chakum'mawa, idayamba msanga kukhala ndi misala. Kuphatikiza apo, zinthu zina zidathandizira izi.
Mu 1842, mawu akuti "zamasamba“Tithokoze kuyesayesa kwa oyambitsa a British Vegetarian Society ku Manchester. Adabadwa kuchokera ku mawu achi Latin omwe adalipo kale "vegetus", omwe amatanthauziridwa kuti "watsopano, wamphamvu, wathanzi." Kuphatikiza apo, inali yophiphiritsa, chifukwa pamaliridwe ake inali ngati "masamba" - "masamba". Ndipo izi zisanachitike, chakudya chodziwika bwino chimangotchedwa "Indian".
Kuchokera ku England, idafalikira ku Europe ndi America. Izi makamaka zinali chifukwa chofuna kusiya kupha chifukwa cha chakudya. Komabe, malinga ndi akatswiri ena a ndale, mavuto azachuma, omwe adayambitsa kukwera kwa mtengo wa nyama, adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pano. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anthu otchuka a m’nthaŵi yawo analankhula mokomera zamasamba.
Schopenhauer adati anthu omwe amasinthana dala kudya zakudya amakhala ndi makhalidwe abwino. Ndipo Bernard Shaw amakhulupirira kuti amakhala ngati munthu wabwino, kukana kudya nyama ya nyama zosalakwa.
Kukula kwa zamasamba ku Russia
Leo Tolstoy adathandizira kwambiri pakukula kwa chakudya chakumayambiriro kwa zaka makumi awiri. Iye mwini adasiya nyama mu 1885 atakumana ndi William Frey, yemwe adamutsimikizira kuti thupi la munthu silinapangidwe kuti lizidya chakudya cholimba chonchi. Amadziwika kuti ena mwa ana ake adathandizira kulimbikitsa zamasamba. Chifukwa cha izi, zaka zingapo pambuyo pake ku Russia, adayamba kupereka zokambirana za phindu la zamasamba ndikukhala nawo pamisonkhano yomweyo.
Komanso, Tolstoy anathandiza chitukuko cha zamasamba osati mawu okha, komanso zochita. Iye analemba za izo m'mabuku, anatsegula ana maphunziro ndi canteens wowerengeka ndi chakudya wamba zamasamba kwa anthu ovutika.
Mu 1901, gulu loyamba la anthu osadya nyama lidapezeka ku St. Nthawi imeneyi, ntchito yogwira yophunzitsa idayamba, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuwonekera kodyerako zakudya zamasamba koyamba. M'modzi mwa iwo anali ku Moscow pa Nikitsky Boulevard.
Pambuyo pa Revolution ya Okutobala, zamasamba zidaletsedwa, koma patadutsa zaka makumi angapo zidatsitsidwanso. Zimadziwika kuti masiku ano pali anthu odyetsa nyama oposa 1 biliyoni padziko lapansi, omwe amafotokozabe za phindu lake pagulu, kuyesera kuti likhale lotchuka, potero, kupulumutsa miyoyo ya nyama zosalakwa.
Njira yotukula ndi kupanga zamasamba zimabwerera mmbuyo zaka masauzande ambiri. Panali nthawi mmenemo pomwe inali pachimake pa kutchuka kapena, mosiyana, pakuiwalika, koma, ngakhale iwo, akupitilizabe ndikupeza omwe amawakonda padziko lonse lapansi. Pakati pa otchuka komanso mafani awo, othamanga, asayansi, olemba, olemba ndakatulo ndi anthu wamba.