Pokumbukira Jerome D. Salinger: wodya zamasamba yemwe anakhalapo kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi gulu lovutika maganizo.

Kumapeto kwa January, dziko linataya wolemba wotchuka, Jerome David Salinger. Anafera kunyumba kwake ku New Hampshire ali ndi zaka 92. Wolembayo ali ndi zaka zambiri za moyo wake wosamalira thanzi lake - pafupifupi moyo wake wonse wachikulire anali wosadya zamasamba, poyamba kutsutsana ndi abambo ake opha nyama, ndiyeno malinga ndi zomwe adalemba. kukhudzika kwanu. 

Zolemba zovomerezeka 

Jerome David Salinger anabadwira ku New York ku banja la bizinesi. Anamaliza maphunziro awo ku Valley Forge Military Academy ku Pennsylvania. Analowa ku yunivesite ya New York mu 1937 ndipo adatumikira ku US Army panthawi ya nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse. Mu 1948, adafalitsa nkhani yake yoyamba mu nyuzipepala ya New York Times - "Ndibwino kugwira nsomba ya nthochi." Zaka zitatu pambuyo pake, The Catcher in the Rye idasindikizidwa, zomwe zidapangitsa Salinger kukhala wolemba mafashoni pompopompo. 

Nkhani ya Holden Caulfield wazaka 16 wosakhazikika, yemwe amakhwima m'kati mwa bukuli, inadabwitsa owerenga. Holden amayenera kuthana ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika paunyamata pomwe akulimbana ndi imfa ya mng'ono wake, yemwe anamwalira ndi khansa ya m'magazi. 

Otsutsa anadabwa: bukhulo linali latsopano kwambiri, lodzala ndi mzimu wopanduka, mkwiyo wa achinyamata, kukhumudwa ndi nthabwala zowawa. Mpaka pano, pafupifupi makope 250 zikwi za bukuli amachoka m'mashelefu chaka chilichonse. 

Holden Caulfield ndi m'modzi mwa anthu odziwika bwino m'mabuku aku America azaka za zana la XNUMX. 

Salinger anali ndi unansi woipa kwambiri ndi atate wake, mwiniwake wachiyuda wogulitsira nyama amene ankafuna kuti mwana wake alandire sitolo yake. Mwanayo sanangotsatira malangizo ake, koma sanapite konse ku maliro a abambo ake ndipo kenako anakhala wodya zamasamba. 

Pofika m'chaka cha 1963, Salinger adasindikiza mabuku angapo ndi nkhani zazifupi, pambuyo pake adalengeza kuti sakufuna kupitiriza ntchito yake yolemba ndikukhazikika ku Cornish, atapuma pantchito "ku mayesero a dziko." Salinger amatsogolera moyo wodzipatula, ponena kuti aliyense amene akufuna kudziwa za iye ayenera kuwerenga mabuku ake. Posachedwapa, makalata angapo a Salinger adagulitsidwa pamsika ndipo adagulidwa ndi wina aliyense koma Peter Norton, yemwe anali CEO wa Symantec; malinga ndi Norton, adagula makalata awa kuti awabwezere ku Salinger, yemwe chikhumbo chake chofuna kudzipatula ndi "kusunga aliyense pa moyo wake wachinsinsi" ndi woyenera ulemu uliwonse. 

Munthu ayenera kuganiza kuti pazaka makumi asanu zapitazi, Salinger wawerenga zambiri za iyemwini. Nkhani zonsezi, Salinger izi, Salinger izo. Tinganene kuti maliro analembedwa m’manyuzipepala onse akuluakulu pafupifupi zaka khumi zapitazo. Romanized biographies, encyclopedic biographies, ndi zinthu zofufuza ndi psychoanalysis. Ndikofunikira? 

Mwamunayo adalemba buku, nkhani zitatu, nkhani zazifupi zisanu ndi zinayi ndipo adasankha kusauza dziko china chilichonse. Ndizomveka kuganiza kuti kumvetsetsa nzeru zake, malingaliro okhudzana ndi zamasamba ndi malingaliro pa nkhondo ya Iraq, muyenera kuwerenga malemba ake. M'malo mwake, Salinger ankayesedwa nthawi zonse kuti afunse mafunso. Mwana wake wamkazi adalemba zokumbukira za abambo ake. Kuonjezera apo, Jerome Salinger anamwalira, akusiya (amanena) phiri la mipukutu m'nyumba, ena (amalemba) omwe ali oyenera kufalitsidwa. 

Moyo wosavomerezeka 

Ndiye timadziwa bwanji za Jerome Salinger? Mwina inde, koma zambiri. Zambiri zochititsa chidwi zili m'buku la Margaret Salinger, yemwe adaganiza "zopatsa abambo mokwanira paubwana wake wachimwemwe." Khoma la rye linagawanika pang'ono, koma chinthu chachikulu chinakhalabe chobisika, kuphatikizapo achibale a wolembayo. 

Ali mnyamata, ankalota kukhala wogontha komanso wosalankhula, akukhala m’kanyumba kamene kali m’mphepete mwa nkhalangoyo ndipo ankalankhulana ndi mkazi wake wogontha komanso wosalankhula kudzera m’manotsi. Wokalambayo, wina anganene kuti, anakwaniritsa maloto ake: ndi wokalamba, wogontha, amakhala m'dera lamitengo, koma samamva kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zolemba, popeza amalankhulabe pang'ono ndi mkazi wake. Nyumbayo yakhala linga lake, ndipo munthu wosowa mwayi ndi amene amatha kulowa mkati mwa makoma ake. 

Dzina la mnyamatayo ndi Holden Caulfield, ndipo akukhala m'nkhani yomwe imapembedzedwabe ndi mamiliyoni a achinyamata "osamvetsetseka" - "The Catcher in the Rye." Munthu wokalambayo ndiye mlembi wa bukhuli, Jerome David, kapena, m’kalembedwe kachimereka, kofupikitsidwa ndi mawu oyamba, JD, Salinger. Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, ali ndi zaka za m'ma 80 ndipo amakhala ku Cornish, New Hampshire. Sanasindikize chilichonse chatsopano kuyambira 1965, amapereka zoyankhulana kwa pafupifupi palibe aliyense, komabe akadali wolemba yemwe amakonda kutchuka kwambiri komanso chidwi chopanda chidwi, osati ku United States kokha. 

Nthaŵi zina, koma zimachitika kuti wolembayo amayamba kukhala ndi moyo wa chikhalidwe chake, kumvera malingaliro ake, kubwereza ndi kupitiriza njira yake, akubwera ku zotsatira zachibadwa. Kodi iyi si muyeso wapamwamba kwambiri wa kuwona mtima kwa ntchito yolemba? Mwinamwake, ambiri angafune kudziwa motsimikiza zomwe Holden wopanduka anakhala mu zaka zake zikuchepa. Koma wolembayo, akukhala pa tsogolo la mnyamata wokalamba, salola aliyense kutseka, kubisala m'nyumba yomwe palibe moyo umodzi womwe umakhala makilomita angapo. 

Zowona, kwa anthu osowa nthawi yathu ndi yabwino kwambiri. Chidwi cha anthu chimadutsanso m'mitsempha yotsekedwa mwamphamvu. Makamaka pamene achibale ndi abwenzi akale recluse amakhala bwenzi la kufunsa. Vumbulutso lina lolira za tsogolo la JD Salinger, lovuta komanso lotsutsana, linali zokumbukira za mwana wake wamkazi Margaret (Peg) Salinger, lofalitsidwa mu 2000 pansi pa mutu wakuti "Kuthamangitsa Maloto". 

Kwa iwo omwe ali ndi chidwi ndi ntchito ndi mbiri ya Salinger, palibe wokamba nkhani wabwinoko. Peg anakulira ndi abambo ake m'chipululu cha Cornish, ndipo, monga amanenera, ubwana wake unali ngati nthano yowopsya. Kukhalapo kwa Jerome Salinger sikunali nthawi zonse m'ndende mwaufulu, komabe, malinga ndi mwana wake wamkazi, moyo wake unali wodetsa nkhawa. Pakhala pali uwiri womvetsa chisoni mwa munthu uyu. 

Chifukwa chiyani? Yankho, osachepera pang'ono, limapezeka kale mu gawo loyamba la zokumbukira Margaret Salinger, zoperekedwa paubwana wa abambo ake. Wolemba mabuku wina wotchuka padziko lonse anakulira pakati pa mzinda wa New York, ku Manhattan. Bambo ake, omwe anali Myuda, anali wolemera monga wogulitsa chakudya. Mayi amene ankamuteteza kwambiri anali wachi Irish, Mkatolika. Komabe, pomvera mikhalidweyo, ananamizira kukhala Myuda, kubisa chowonadi ngakhale kwa mwana wake wamwamuna. Salinger, yemwe ankadzizindikira kwambiri kuti anali "Myuda watheka", adaphunzira kuchokera ku zomwe adakumana nazo kuti anti-Semitism ndi chiyani. Ichi ndichifukwa chake mutu uwu mobwerezabwereza komanso momveka bwino umawonekera mu ntchito yake. 

Unyamata wake unagwera pa nthawi yovuta. Nditamaliza sukulu ya usilikali, JD mbisoweka mu unyinji wa American "GI" (omaliza maphunziro). Monga gawo la 12 Infantry Regiment of the 4th Division, adachita nawo nkhondo yachiwiri yapadziko lonse, adatsegula kutsogolo kwachiwiri, kukafika pagombe la Normandy. Kutsogolo sikunali kophweka, ndipo mu 1945 gulu lamtsogolo lazolemba zaku America lidagonekedwa m'chipatala ndi kusokonezeka kwamanjenje. 

Ngakhale zili choncho, Jerome Salinger sanakhale "wolemba kutsogolo", ngakhale, malinga ndi mwana wake wamkazi, m'mabuku ake oyambirira "msilikali akuwoneka." Maganizo ake pa nkhondo ndi dziko pambuyo pa nkhondo analinso ... ambivalent - tsoka, n'zovuta kupeza tanthauzo lina. Monga ofisala waku America wotsutsana ndi intelligence, JD adatenga nawo gawo mu pulogalamu ya Germany denazification. Pokhala munthu yemwe amadana ndi chipani cha Nazi ndi mtima wonse, nthawi ina adagwira mtsikana - wogwira ntchito wachipani cha Nazi. Ndipo anamukwatira iye. Malinga ndi Margaret Salinger, dzina lachijeremani la mkazi woyamba wa abambo ake anali Sylvia. Pamodzi ndi iye anabwerera ku America, ndipo kwa nthawi ndithu ankakhala m'nyumba ya makolo ake. 

Koma ukwatiwo unali wosakhalitsa. Mlembi wa zokumbukira akufotokoza chifukwa cha kusiyanako mopepuka kwambiri: “Iye anada Ayuda ndi chilakolako chofananacho chimene anada nacho chipani cha Nazi. Pambuyo pake, kwa Sylvia, Salinger anatulukira ndi dzina lotukwana lakuti “Saliva” (m’Chingelezi, “spit”). 

Mkazi wake wachiwiri anali Claire Douglas. Iwo anakumana mu 1950. Iye anali ndi zaka 31, iye anali ndi zaka 16. Mtsikana wina wa m’banja lolemekezeka la ku Britain anawoloka nyanja ya Atlantic kutali ndi zoopsa za nkhondo. Jerome Salinger ndi Claire Douglas anakwatirana, ngakhale kuti anali adakali ndi miyezi yochepa kuti amalize sukulu ya sekondale. Mwana wamkazi, wobadwa mu 1955, Salinger ankafuna kutchula Phoebe - pambuyo pa dzina la mlongo wa Holden Caulfield kuchokera mu nkhani yake. Koma apa mkazi anaonetsa kulimba mtima. "Dzina lake adzakhala Peggy," adatero. Patapita nthawi, banjali linabala mwana wamwamuna dzina lake Matthew. Salinger anakhala bambo wabwino. Ankasewera ndi anawo mofunitsitsa, kuwasangalatsa ndi nkhani zake, pamene “mzere pakati pa zongopeka ndi zenizeni unafafanizidwa.” 

Panthawi imodzimodziyo, wolembayo nthawi zonse ankayesetsa kusintha: moyo wake wonse adaphunzira Chihindu. Anayesanso njira zosiyanasiyana zokhalira ndi moyo wathanzi. Pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana anali yaiwisi foodist, macrobiota, koma kenako anakhazikika pa zamasamba. Achibale a wolemba sanamvetse izi, akuwopa thanzi lake nthawi zonse. Komabe, nthawi idayika chilichonse m'malo mwake: Salinger adakhala ndi moyo wautali. 

Amanena za anthu oterowo kuti samachoka konse. The Catcher in the Rye akugulitsabe makope 250.

Siyani Mumakonda