Lard

Introduction

Lard ndiye chinthu chodziwika kwambiri ku our country padziko lapansi. Amamukondanso kwambiri ku Russia. Koma olemba mbiri yazakudya amakhulupirira kuti sinali yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu aku Russia: pamwambapa kudutsa ku Smolensk, Tula, Penza ndi Samara, sanadye.

Ndipo kokha munthawi ya Soviet, pomwe panali anthu osakanikirana, Lard, pamodzi ndi atsamunda, anafalikira mdziko lonselo ndikukondana ndi anthu onse.

History

Mwambo wakale kwambiri wolemba mafuta onunkhira wakhalapo kuyambira masiku a Roma wakale ku Northern Italy. Monga m'masiku akale, osasintha njira, amapangabe mitundu iwiri ya Lard - "Lardo di Colonata" ndi "Lard d'Arna".

Koma kwenikweni, mafuta anyama anali okondedwa m'maiko ambiri. Asilavo a ku Balkan adamutcha "slanina", a Poles amatcha "slon", aku Germany amatcha "speck", ku USA - "fatback" (mafuta ochokera kumbuyo). Kuphatikiza apo, mafuta anyama anali odziwika ngati mafuta anyama omwe amasungunuka.

Mukasakanikirana ndi tiziwombankhanga ndikufalikira pa mkate wakuda, monga momwe zimakhalira ku Transcarpathia ndi Germany, zimangokhala zokoma. Ndipo kwa zaka mazana ambiri, anthu akhala akuganiza kuti mafuta anyama ndi chinthu chokoma komanso chopatsa thanzi. Ndipo muzochita zamankhwala zasayansi kale m'ma 1930. ku USA, unkatchedwa umodzi wamafuta abwinobwino. Lero ku United States, mafuta anyama afufutidwa m'moyo wonse, kulibeko. Ndipo dziko lonse lapansi limakhulupirira kuti ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zoyipa kwambiri.

Adaweruzidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za 1960, pomwe United States idalengeza zakulimbana ndi cholesterol: mafuta anyama, komanso koposa mafuta anyama, amawerengedwa kuti ndiwo magwero ake. Mu 1995, Lard atapita ndipo ma margarines okhala ndi mafuta opatsirana adasinthiratu, mwadzidzidzi zidawonekeratu kuti palibe chowopsa kuposa mafutawa. Amalimbikitsa kukula kwa atherosclerosis, matenda amtima ndi sitiroko, ndi mitundu ina ya khansa.

Chowonadi chokhudza cholesterol

Mu magalamu 100 a mafuta anyama pali gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mtengo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa mankhwalawa. Koma, choyambirira, siowopsa ngati cholesterol yathu yomwe imapangidwa m'chiwindi. Kachiwiri, pali choline wambiri mu Lard, ndipo imafooketsa zovuta zoyipa za cholesterol ndikutchinjiriza mitsempha yamagazi. Choncho mafuta anyama siowopsa monga adaperekedwera kwa nthawi yayitali. Pafupipafupi (30-40 g patsiku), ndiwothandiza kwambiri.

Pali kutsutsana kwina kwamphamvu kwa mafuta anyama - ndibwino kuphika. Makamaka poyikira, pomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kale. Masiku ano mbale nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokazinga m'mafuta a masamba, makamaka mafuta a mpendadzuwa. Kotero, mafuta omwe timakonda kwambiri a mpendadzuwa, pamodzi ndi mafuta a chimanga, ndi ovuta kwambiri pa izi. Izi zidatsimikiziridwa poyesa kwa Pulofesa Martin Grutveld waku University of Leicester De Montfort ku UK.

Zomwe zimatchedwa mafuta opangidwa ndi polyunsaturated mafuta amafuta amamasamba amasandulika ma peroxides owopsa ndi aldehydes panthawi yoziziritsa. Amathandizira kukulira khansa, atherosclerosis, matenda olumikizana, ndi zina zambiri. Zinapezeka kuti mwachangu mumafuta, pomwe pali mafuta ochepa othandiza - awa ndi azitona ndi batala, mafuta a tsekwe ndi mafuta anyama. Kutentha kwambiri, kumakhala kolimba, ndipo chifukwa chake, aldehydes owopsa ndi ma peroxide samapangidwa. Pulofesa Grutveld amalimbikitsa mwamphamvu kukazinga ndi mafuta awa.

Kodi nthawi yabwino yankhumba ndi iti?

Kodi mukudziwa kuti mafuta anyama abwino kwambiri ndi liti? M'mawa, kadzutsa. Chiwindi chathu cholimbikira chimasungunula malita am'madzi usiku, ndikuyeretsa poizoni, ndikutumiza "zinyalala" zonsezi ku bile. Ndipo mafuta anyama amathandiza "kutulutsa" ndulu iyi m'matumbo m'mawa. Kuwotcha, ndiye, ndiko kokondetsa kwambiri kwamatumbo motility, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti zimathandizira kuchotsa zonse zosafunikira mthupi.

Chifukwa chake - ndidadya chakudya cham'mawa chokoma ndikubweretsa zabwino m'thupi. Tsoka limodzi - simudya adyo m'mawa, sizokayikitsa kuti omwe akuzungulirani angasangalale ndi fungo la adyo.

Chifukwa chiyani mafuta anyama ndi abwino kudya ndi adyo? Amakhulupirira kuti kudya mafuta anyama ndi adyo kumakupatsirani selenium yomwe ndi yofunikira kwambiri kwa ife, komanso munthawi yomweyo. Ndipo adyo - nkhokwe yomweyo ya selenium, imakhala ngati mnzake wothandizirana ndi mafuta anyama.

Russian Academy of Medical Science ikuti pafupifupi 80% ya anthu aku Russia ndi osowa pazinthu zofunikira kwambiri izi, osati pachabe chotchedwa "mchere wokhalitsa." Mwa njira, kwazaka zambiri nkhani yakhala ikuzungulira pa intaneti kuti zakudya za "akulu a Kremlin" - Politburo yakale kwambiri kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 80, nthawi zonse zimaphatikizapo 30 g ya chinthu chofunikira kwambiri tsiku lililonse.

Izi magalamu 30 ndiwo mulingo woyenera kwa munthu wathanzi wathanzi.

Ubwino wa mafuta anyama

Kodi mafuta anyama ndi ati? Mu mavitamini osungunuka mafuta A, E ndi D, mu arachidonic acid, yomwe ndi gawo la nembanemba ya cell, mu michere ya minofu yamtima. Mafuta ofunikirawa "amatembenukira" chitetezo chathupi mthupi lathu ku ma virus ndi mabakiteriya, ndipo chimakhudzidwa ndi kagayidwe kake ka cholesterol.

Inde, imapezekanso muzinthu zina, koma mwachitsanzo mu batala ndizochepa kakhumi kuposa mafuta anyama. Ndipo mosiyana ndi mkaka watsopano, pomwe mulingo wa arachidonic acid umatsika mwachangu, m'mafuta amakhalabe osasinthika.

Msuzi ndi cholesterol

Kodi mukuwopabe cholesterol ndipo mukuganiza kuti Lard ndi m'modzi mwa omwe amachititsa kuti atherosclerosis ikhale yoyambitsa matenda? Ndizopanda pake. Palibe "cholesterol" choyipa kapena chabwino "m'mbale, chimakhala chotere mthupi lathu. Mwina, tidzakambirana za cholesterol mu zakudya nthawi ina.

Ndipo, mwa njira, mafuta anyama amakhala ndi 85-90 mg ya cholesterol yokha pa 100 g, mosiyana ndi keke yokhala ndi zonona kapena choux pastry, komwe kuli 150-180 mg, ndi zocheperapo poyerekeza ndi mazira a zinziri athanzi kwambiri, pomwe ndi 600 mg. Ndipo mutha kuchepetsa vuto la cholesterol pakudya mafuta anyama ndi saladi wa masamba atsopano, okometsedwa ndi mandimu kapena viniga wa apulo.

Kodi mukuwopa kuti mafuta anyama ndi "olemera" ndipo salowetsedwa mthupi lathu? Pachabe. Kutentha kosungunuka, mwachitsanzo, mafuta amwana wankhosa ndi madigiri 43-55, mafuta a ng'ombe ndi 42-49, koma mafuta anyama ndi 29 -35. Ndipo mafuta onse, malo osungunuka omwe ali pansi pamadigiri 37, ndiye kuti, pafupi ndi kutentha kwa thupi la munthu, amalowetsedwa mwangwiro, chifukwa ndiosavuta kusungunula.

Kodi mukukhulupirira kuti cellulite imachokera ku mafuta? Ayi, mafuta samadzikundikira mbali ndi matako, zachidziwikire, pokhapokha mutadya ndi mapaundi. Komabe, izi ndizovuta kuchita, mafuta anyama ndi chinthu chokhutiritsa kwambiri chokwanira chokwanira. Zowona, ena amatha kudya kwambiri kuposa masiku onse.

Ndipo, mwa njira, ndizotheka komanso koyenera kuuma mu mafuta anyama, chifukwa ali ndi "utsi" (kutentha komwe mafuta amawotcha) pafupifupi madigiri 195, kuposa mafuta ambiri azamasamba, ndiye kuti, nthawi yozinga ndi yafupikitsidwa ndipo zakudya zambiri zimatsalabe m'mbale.

Katundu wina wodabwitsa wamafuta ndikuti samasonkhanitsa ma radionuclides, ndipo ma helminths samakhala momwemo.

Kuipa kwa mafuta anyama

Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta mopitirira muyeso ndi njira yachindunji yopita kunenepa kwambiri komanso kukula kwa atherosclerosis chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwama cholesterol. Tikulimbikitsidwa kuti muchepetse kugwiritsa ntchito kwake (mpaka kuchotseredwa kwathunthu pachakudya) kwa iwo omwe ali ndi vuto la mitsempha, mtima ndi chimbudzi.

Chogulitsacho sichiyenera kukazinga mopitilira muyeso kuti asapangitse zakhungu. Samalani ndi kusankha kwanu - ziweto ziyenera kuleredwa m'malo omwe mumakhala zachilengedwe.

Kodi mafuta anyama owopsa ndi owopsa? Ndithudi! Izi zikufotokozedwa ndi zomwe zili ndi kuchuluka kwa khansa. Iyi si njira yachilengedwe yosuta, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito utsi wamadzi.

Sitiyenera kuiwala za zomwe zili ndi mafuta ambiri: 797 kcal pa 100 g. Izi ndizomwe zimachitika tsiku ndi tsiku kwa wamkulu, wotengedwa kuchokera kumafuta ndikofunikira pamoyo wathunthu! Tikaganizira kuti mafuta anyama samasiyana pakukula kwake, sitinganene kuti ndi othandiza kwambiri. Komanso, muyezo waukulu ndizowopsa, kupangitsa kukula kwa kunenepa kwambiri, komanso matenda ambiri.

Tisaiwale kuti kudya kwambiri kwa anyama, ngakhale munthu wathanzi kwathunthu, kukukumana ndi zovuta zazikulu. Ngati muli ndi matenda aakulu, ndibwino kukaonana ndi dokotala za momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito mankhwalawa.

Mutazindikira kuti mafuta anyama ndi othandiza kapena owopsa, mawu omwewo ndi akuti: ngati mukufunadi mafuta awa, musadzikane nokha, koma kumbukirani muyeso wake!

Makhalidwe akulawa

Popeza mafuta anyama ndi mafuta anyama, kukoma kwawo kwa mankhwalawa sikungatheke. Koma kuti musangalale ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi mchere kapena zosuta kale, okonda mafuta anyama akuyenera kusamala pakusankha kwaiwisi. Kulakwitsa pang'ono kapena kusasamala kumabweretsa zotsatira zosasinthika.

• Mafuta apamwamba yaiwisi amafufuzidwa ndi akatswiri azanyama, monga umboni wa sitampu yapadera.
• Ndi bwino ngati nyama yankhumba yadulidwa kuchokera kumbuyo kwa nyama kapena mbali ya nyama ikugwiritsidwa ntchito kuthira mchere.
• Nguruwe za boar zimatha kukumenyani ndi fungo la urea komanso kutali ndi kukoma kwabwino.
• Mtundu wa mafuta anyama ungadziwike ndi utoto wake wonyezimira wonyezimira wonyezimira. Ngati mafuta akuponyera chikasu kapena akuwoneka otuwa, ndibwino kuti muwaike pambali.
• Ndi bwino kumvetsera zidutswazo ndi khungu locheperako, lomwe limatha kuboola ngakhale ndi chotokosera ndi matabwa.
• Nkhumba yaiwisi yabwino kwambiri ndiyosavuta kumpeni.
• Mafuta onunkhira alibe fungo lililonse, ndipo ngati akununkhira, ndi nyama yatsopano osati china chilichonse.

Mafuta anyama akasankhidwa, amathiridwa mchere, kusungunuka, kuwira kapena kusuta. Ndipo pano malonda azitha kuvomereza mosangalala zonunkhira ndi zokonda za zokometsera zonse zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Kuphika mapulogalamu

Palibe chakudya china chomwe chingafanane ndi "mafuta" anyama onunkhira ndi zokometsera. Kuphatikiza apo, m'maiko osiyanasiyana amakonda kununkhira kosiyana.

Anthu aku our country sangakhale tsiku limodzi wopanda mafuta anyama ndi adyo ndi tsabola wakuda, ndipo anthu aku Hungary amakonda nyama yankhumba yothira mchere, yowaza ndi paprika. Koma awa si malire.

Mafuta anyama

Anthu aku Italiya ochokera kumpoto kwa Tuscany adakhala malo odyera kwambiri. Oyambitsa miyala am'deralo, omwe anali nawo pantchito yotulutsa miyala yamtengo wapatali ya Carrara, adayamba kuwotchera mchere zaka mazana angapo zapitazo, ndikuwonjezera rine, oregano ndi thyme, nutmeg ndi sage ku brine. Mafuta onunkhira oterewa, lardo, anali okalamba kwa nthawi yayitali m'mabubu a marble, pambuyo pake adakhala ngati mwala wamtengo wapatali wokhala ndi mitsempha ya nyama.

Ajeremani ndi otsatira zakudya zokoma. Chifukwa chake, nyama yankhumba, monga ku Germany amawatcha mafuta anyama, ndi othandiza pazakudya zotentha ndi msuzi wandiweyani wa nyama, zokhwasula-khwasula ndi masoseji, pomwe nyama yankhumba imawonjezeredwa ku juiciness.

Ku Western Europe, mafuta anyama siotchuka kwambiri, motero ndizodabwitsa kuti pachilumba cha England, pomwe nyama yankhumba idatchulidwa, anthu ambiri akuvomereza kuti amakonda mankhwalawa. Koma uyu ndi nyama yankhumba yeniyeni yokhala ndi nyama yopanda mafuta, yomwe idaperekanso dzina ku njira yoswana nkhumba.

Achi French, monga zoyambira zenizeni ndi ma gourmets, samakonda yaiwisi, koma ghee. Ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri muma pâtés odziwika achi French omwe ali ndi chiwindi, bowa ndi zitsamba zokometsera. Koma mafuta onunkhira amafunidwa osati m'ma French okha.

Anthu aku Hungary amawakonda kwambiri, akuwonjezera pa paprikash onunkhira, goulash komanso msuzi wapadziko lonse wa Halasle wokhala ndi nsomba. Anthu aku Belarusi adayandikira kwambiri mafuta anyama kuposa anthu ena. Pempho la dziko lino, agogo a mbatata ndi nyama yankhumba anaphatikizidwa mu thumba la cholowa cha ku Europe.

Kodi ndizotheka kudya paundi oof Lard? onerani kanema: