Mkaka wa soya unayambitsidwa koyamba kwa anthu ku United States ndi John Harvey Kellogg, yemwe anali woyambitsa chimanga cha chimanga ndi granola (wotsekemera wa oatmeal ndi mtedza ndi zoumba) ndi mutu wa Battle Creek Sanitarium kwa zaka makumi asanu. Wophunzira wa Kellogg, Dr. Harry W. Miller, adabweretsa chidziwitso cha mkaka wa soya ku China. Miller anagwira ntchito yokonza kukoma kwa mkaka wa soya ndipo anayamba kupanga malonda ku China mu 1936. Ndithudi mkaka wa soya ukhoza kukhala wolowa m'malo oyenera mkaka wa nyama. M’maiko osiyanasiyana amene akungotukuka kumene, kuchepa kwa mkaka wa ng’ombe kwapangitsa kukhala koyenera kuyikapo ndalama pakupanga zakumwa zozikidwa pa mapuloteni a masamba. Kuletsa zakudya (kuchotsa kolesterolo ndi mafuta ochuluka), zikhulupiriro zachipembedzo (Chibuda, Chihindu, magulu ena a Chikristu), kulingalira za makhalidwe abwino (“kupulumutsa dziko lapansi”), ndi kusankha kwaumwini (kunyansidwa ndi mkaka, kuopa matenda onga matenda amisala a ng’ombe”. ) - Zinthu zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azikhala ndi chidwi ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe. Chidwi chokulirapo chimafotokozedwanso ndi malingaliro azaumoyo (kusagwirizana kwa lactose, ziwengo zamkaka). Zakudya zamasiku ano za mkaka zimatchedwa "zolowa m'malo mwa mkaka", "zakumwa zina zamkaka" ndi "zakumwa zopanda mkaka". Mkaka wa soya ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zotere zomwe zimapezeka kwa ogula masiku ano. Maziko a zinthu zopanda mkaka ndi soya, mbewu, tofu, masamba, mtedza ndi mbewu. Nyemba zonse za soya zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chophatikizira muzakudya zambiri. Zolemba zambiri zimalemba nyembazo ngati "soya wathunthu" kuti akope ogula omwe amakonda zolimidwa ndi organic. Soya protein isolate, puloteni yokhazikika yochokera ku soya, ndiye chinthu chachiwiri chodziwika bwino pamtunduwu. Tofu amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chopangira chachikulu. Tofu amapangidwa kuchokera ku soya yosenda, mofanana ndi kanyumba tchizi amapangidwa kuchokera ku mkaka wa ng'ombe. Zakudya zina zimagwiritsa ntchito mbewu, ndiwo zamasamba, mtedza, kapena njere (mpunga, oats, nandolo zobiriwira, mbatata, ndi amondi) monga zopangira zazikulu. Maphikidwe opangira zakumwa zopanda mkaka amagwiritsa ntchito soya, amondi, ma cashews, kapena nthangala za sesame. Zopanda mkaka zimaganiziridwa makamaka potengera mawonekedwe monga mawonekedwe ndi fungo. Ngati mankhwalawa ndi caramel kapena achikasu a bulauni, ndiye kuti akhoza kukanidwa popanda kuyesa. Zovala zoyera kapena zonona zimawoneka zokongola kwambiri. Kununkhira konyansa sikumawonjezera kukopa kwa mankhwalawa.
Zinthu zomwe zimasokoneza kukongola kwa zinthu zopanda mkaka:
- kukoma - kokoma kwambiri, mchere, kukumbukira laimu,
- kusasinthasintha - mafuta, madzi, granular, fumbi, pasty, mafuta,
- aftertaste - nyemba, zowawa, "mankhwala".
Chakudya chodziwika bwino chomwe chimawonjezeredwa ku zakumwa zopanda mkaka ndi zomwe zimapezeka mu mkaka wa ng'ombe wambiri. Zakudya zimenezi ndi monga: mapuloteni, kashiamu, riboflavin (vitamini B2), vitamini B12 (cyanocobalamin B12) ndi vitamini A. Mkaka wa ng’ombe ndi zinthu zina zosagulitsa mkaka zili ndi vitamini D wambiri. Panopa pali zakumwa zopitirira makumi atatu zomwe sizili zamkaka. msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, ndipo pali malingaliro osiyanasiyana okhudzana ndi momwe angagwiritsire ntchito mpanda wawo. Zakumwa zina sizilimbitsidwa nkomwe, pomwe zina zimalimbikitsidwa kwambiri ndi opanga awo kuti azibweretsa pafupi ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe potengera thanzi. Ngakhale kukoma kovomerezeka ndi chinthu chofunikira pakusankha zinthu zopanda mkaka, kufunikira kopatsa thanzi kwazinthu kuyenera kukhala kofunikira kwambiri. Ndikoyenera kusankha mtundu wokhala ndi mipanda yolimba, ngati kuli kotheka, wokhala ndi 20-30% ya kashiamu, riboflavin ndi vitamini B12, zomwe ndizofanana ndi zakudya zamkaka. Anthu okhala kumpoto (kumene kuwala kwa dzuwa kumakhala kofooka kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira kuti vitamini D apangidwe ndi thupi lenilenilo) ayenera kukonda zakumwa zopanda mkaka zokhala ndi vitamini D. Pali malingaliro otchuka komanso olakwika akuti zakumwa zopanda mkaka zimatha kukhala ngati mkaka m'malo aliyense maphikidwe. . Chovuta chachikulu pakuphika chimayamba pa siteji ya kutentha (kuphika, kuphika) zinthu zopanda mkaka. Zakumwa zosakhala zamkaka (zochokera ku soya kapena calcium carbonate zambiri) zimakhazikika pakatentha kwambiri. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zakumwa zopanda mkaka kungapangitse kusintha kwa kusasinthasintha kapena kapangidwe kake. Mwachitsanzo, ma puddings ambiri salimba akagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa mkaka. Kuti mupange gravies, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito kuchuluka kwa thickener (wowuma). Posankha chakumwa chosakhala ndi mkaka ndikugwiritsanso ntchito kuphika, fungo ndilofunika kwambiri. Kukoma kokoma kapena vanila sikoyenera kwa supu kapena mbale zokometsera. Zakumwa zopanda mkaka zokhala ndi soya nthawi zambiri zimakhala zokhuthala komanso zowoneka bwino kuposa zambewu zofananira kapena zakumwa za mtedza. Zakumwa zopanda mkaka za mpunga zimakhala ndi kakomedwe kakang'ono, kotsekemera komwe kumakumbutsa anthu ambiri za mkaka. Zakumwa zopanda mkaka zopanda mkaka ndizoyenera kwambiri pazakudya zotsekemera. Ndibwino kudziwa zomwe zilembo zimatanthauza. "1% mafuta": izi zikutanthauza "1% mwa kulemera kwa mankhwala", osati 1% ya zopatsa mphamvu pa kg. "Zogulitsazo zilibe cholesterol": Awa ndi mawu olondola, koma kumbukirani kuti zinthu zonse zopanda mkaka zilibe cholesterol chifukwa zimachokera ku zomera. M'chilengedwe, palibe zomera zomwe zimakhala ndi cholesterol. "Yopepuka/Yotsika Kalori/Yopanda Mafuta": Zakudya zina zopanda mafuta ambiri zimakhala ndi ma calories ambiri. Chakumwa chopanda mkaka, ngakhale chopanda mafuta, chimakhala ndi ma kilocalories 160 pa galasi la maounces asanu ndi atatu. Kapu imodzi ya ma ounces asanu ndi atatu a mkaka wa ng'ombe wopanda mafuta ochepa amakhala ndi ma kilocalories 90. Ma kilocalories owonjezera muzakumwa zopanda mkaka amachokera ku ma carbohydrate, nthawi zambiri amakhala ngati shuga wosavuta. "Tofu": Zogulitsa zina zolengezedwa ngati “zakumwa zopanda mkaka za tofu” zimakhala ndi shuga kapena zotsekemera m’malo mwa tofu monga chinthu chachikulu; chachiwiri - mafuta; chachitatu ndi calcium carbonate (calcium supplement). Tofu imawoneka ngati chinthu chachinayi, chachisanu kapena chachisanu ndi chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri. Izi zikhoza kutanthauza kuti maziko a zakumwa zoterezi ndi chakudya ndi mafuta, osati tofu. Posankha chakumwa cholowa m'malo mkaka, ganizirani izi: 1. Kusankha chakumwa chopanda mkaka chokhala ndi mafuta ochepa kapena okhazikika kumadalira zakudya zomwe wogula akufuna kupeza. Ndikoyenera kusankha zakumwa zomwe zimakhala ndi 20-30% ya calcium, riboflavin ndi vitamini B12 zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa tsiku lililonse. 2. Ngati kusankha kwapangidwa mokomera zakumwa zopanda mkaka zomwe zili ndi michere yochepa, ndiye kuti zakudya zina zokhala ndi calcium, riboflavin ndi vitamini B12 ziyenera kudyedwa tsiku lililonse. 3. Muyenera kugula zolowa m'malo mwa mkaka pang'ono, kuti muyese, kuti mumvetse ngati zili zoyenera kwa wogula malinga ndi maonekedwe, kununkhira ndi kukoma. Posakaniza mankhwala mu mawonekedwe a ufa, malangizo a wopanga ayenera kutsatiridwa. 4. Palibe mwa mankhwalawa omwe ali oyenera makanda. Zakumwa zosakhala zamkaka nthawi zambiri sizikhala ndi mapuloteni ndi mafuta okwanira ndipo sizimapangidwira kuti khanda likhale losakhwima m'mimba. Ana osakwana chaka chimodzi ndi oyenera zakumwa zapadera za soya kwa makanda.