Mpunga

Kufotokozera

Mpunga ndi umodzi mwa mbale zotchuka kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Anthu ambiri amakonda kunena kuti mpunga umakhala ndi zakudya zosiyanasiyana, poganiza kuti ndi njira yothetsera matenda ambiri. Koma maubwino amtunduwu amadalira pazinthu zambiri, ndipo mitundu ina imatha kuvulaza thupi.

Anthu akhala akulima mpunga kwa zaka 9. Chimawoneka ku Europe zaka chikwi zapitazo, ndipo makolo athu amatcha "mapira a Saracen." Aliyense ali ndi mbale yake yomwe amamukonda: phala la mkaka, maungu pudding, mpunga wopanda pake ndi uchi, pilaf, ndi zina zambiri. Ndipo zambiri mwa mbalezi zimapezeka m'mabuku ophikira agogo a agogo aakazi. Chifukwa chake, kulankhula za mpunga ndi chinthu chomwe chidakondedwa kuyambira kalekale ndikusinthidwa kukhala chikhalidwe cha ku Europe.

Mbiri ya mpunga

Nzosadabwitsa kuti munthu amakhala ndi kwawo komwe adabadwira komanso komwe amakondedwa. Zomwezo zitha kunenedwa pazomera ndi mbale zambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kwawo kwa mpunga ndi China wakale. Ngakhale zili choncho, anthu oposa awiri pa atatu alionse padziko lapansi amatcha mpunga chakudya chomwe amakonda.

Chikondi chadziko lonse cha mbewu izi sichinabwere nthawi yomweyo. Kuti apambane chifundo cha anthu, mpunga, monga mbewu zina, wabwera kutali.

Inali yotchuka ku China zaka zikwi zitatu zapitazo BC; kuchokera kumeneko, zinafika ku India. Mwa njira, ndi Amwenye omwe tili ndi ngongole yakukula kwa mpunga wautali wa tirigu. Ndiye, ngakhale nthawi yathu isanafike, mpunga unagonjetsa dziko lonse la Asia.

Idawoneka ku Europe mochedwa kwambiri. Mpunga wobwerera unali ndi dzina la tirigu wa Saracen, tirigu wa Saracen. Pambuyo pake m'zinenero zaku Europe, zidamveka ngati Riis.

Mpunga umakula ku Central ndi East Africa, Polynesia ndi Melanesia, ndi Southern Europe. Ku Spain ndi Italy, mpunga umadziwika kuyambira koyambirira kwa Middle Ages, ku Greece ndi Albania, Yugoslavia ndi Bulgaria - komanso kuyambira nthawi zakale kwambiri. Pali minda ku America. Komabe, Asia inali ndipo idakali gawo lalikulu pakulima mpunga.

Kuyambira kale, mpunga wakhala ukusintha.

Mitundu yoposa 20 ya botanical imadziwika pa mitundu 150, ndi mitundu masauzande angapo yaulimi. Mitunduyi imagawika m'magulu awiri akulu: mbewu yayitali, yopyapyala, yopapatiza yochokera ku India komanso mpunga wozungulira waku Japan.

Mpunga ndi woyera ndi wakuda, wofiirira, wofiira (mwa njira, wopatsa thanzi kwambiri), beige, wachikasu, wamizere. Mbewu zoterezi ndizachilendo kudera lathu.

Mitundu ya mpunga

Pali mitundu itatu ya mpunga pamsika wathu lero: zofiirira, zakutchire kapena zakuda, zosapukutidwa kapena zofiirira, komanso zoyera pafupipafupi. Zakudya zambiri zimapezeka mu mpunga wakuda wakutchire.

Kachiwiri ndi mpunga wosapukutidwa; imakhala ndi bulauni chifukwa njere imasungabe chipolopolo chokhala ndi fiber ndi mavitamini ambiri.

Mbewu za mtundu woyera zimapukutidwa mosamala, zimakhala ndi dongosolo la michere yocheperako poyerekeza ndi "m'bale" wake wa bulauni, ndipo njira "yapakatikati" imaphimbidwa, yomwe imakhala ndi bulauni wonyezimira. Imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza. Nthawi yomweyo, mawonekedwe ake ndiosangalatsa komanso pafupi ndi mpunga woyera.

Kapangidwe ndi kalori okhutira

Mpunga ndi gwero la mavitamini a B (B1, B2, B3, B6), lomwe ndi lofunikira kwambiri pantchito zamanjenje, chifukwa chake mpunga umatha kuonedwa ngati chakudya cha dongosolo lamanjenje chapakati. Mwa mchere womwe phalali umakhala wochuluka, potaziyamu amadziwika bwino; Pang'ono pang'ono, njere za mpunga zimakhala ndi calcium, ayodini, chitsulo, zinc, phosphorous.

• Mapuloteni, 5.92 g,
• Mafuta, 1.53 g,
• Zakudya Zam'madzi, 56.11

Mpunga wokhala ndi kalori wokwanira 130 calories / 100 g

Ubwino wa mpunga

Ubwino wa mpunga ndi chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, komwe kumapangidwa ndi chakudya chambiri (mpaka 80%); pafupifupi 8% ya mpunga umakhala ndi mapuloteni (asanu ndi atatu ofunikira amino acid m'thupi la munthu). Koma chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pamtunduwu ndikuti mulibe gluten (puloteni wamasamba yemwe angayambitse zovuta zina).

Mumtengowu mulinso fiber, ngakhale gawo lake ndilochepa - 3% yokha. Vitamini ndi mchere wambiri wa zinthu za mpunga siwotakata kwambiri, koma ndikofunikira kwambiri paumoyo.

Mpweya wa potaziyamu wochuluka umanena za gawo lake lalikulu pakusungabe mtima wamitsempha. Kuphatikiza apo, ikamalowa m'thupi la munthu, njere zimakumana ndi mchere womwe ulipo ndikuchotsa kuchuluka kwake. Sizodabwitsa kuti chakudya cha mpunga ndichodziwika bwino pochotsa mchere m'malo olumikizana ndi achikulire.

Mpunga umapindulitsanso pamaso pa matenda a impso ndi kwamikodzo.

Mankhwala a anthu

Mu mankhwala owerengeka, mpunga umagwiritsidwa ntchito chibayo, matenda am'mapapo, zilonda zapakhosi, chimfine, ndi othandizira antipyretic.

Chimodzi mwazinthu zopindulitsa kwambiri za mpunga ndi momwe imakulira. Kamodzi m'mimba, imakuta makoma ake modekha ndikuchepetsa mamvekedwe am'mimba kuti akumane ndi madzi am'mimba. Katunduyu ndiwofunika kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi asidi wambiri wam'mimba komanso omwe ali ndi vuto la gastritis kapena zotupa zam'mimba.

Chinthu china chopindulitsa cha mpunga ndicho kuyamwa poizoni yemwe amalowa mthupi ndi zakudya zina.

Mpunga umayeretsa katundu, umabwezeretsa njala pambuyo pa kusala kudya kwanthawi yayitali komanso matenda oopsa, kuyimitsa kugona, kumawonjezera kuyamwa kwa amayi oyamwitsa, komanso kumathetsa kununkha.

Chifukwa chopindulitsa, madokotala amalangiza mpunga padziko lonse lapansi ngati chakudya choyamba chothandizira ana. Ndikotheka kuyika phala mu zakudya za mwana, kuyambira miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Njere izi zimakhala ndi zinthu zopindulitsa komanso zovulaza nthawi imodzi; Mbewu zake zimakhala ndi zinthu zomwe zimalepheretsa matumbo kuyenda. Chifukwa chake, madzi ampunga ndi imodzi mwamankhwala odziwika kwambiri a "wowerengeka" otsekula m'mimba komanso otsekula m'mimba.

Choyamba, ziyenera kunenedwa za kukonza mpunga. Omwe nthawi zambiri amavutika ndi kulemera m'matumbo ayenera kusamala ndi phala ili.

Ndikofunikanso kukumbukira kuti zopweteka ndi zopindulitsa kutengera mitundu yake ndi njira zake zosinthira: mpunga woyera ndi chinthu choyeretsedwa, ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo pafupipafupi kumabweretsa chitukuko cha matenda ashuga, matenda amtima, hypovitaminosis, ndi kunenepa kwambiri.

Kukhazikitsa mankhwalawo mukamanyamula zonyamula zombo kumathandiza kwambiri pakukulitsa kuwonongeka kwa mpunga: umapukutidwa ndi chisakanizo cha shuga ndi talc ndikupanga mavitamini opanga. Talc imapereka kuwala ndi kuwala kwakunja, ndipo shuga imathandizira kulawa. Chifukwa chake, kuti tiwone zowopsa kukumana ndi chinthu chotere, ndibwino kuti musankhe zopangira zachilengedwe (kuphatikizapo zoweta).

Mfundo zosangalatsa za mpunga

1. Asayansi aku Japan akuti mbewu yofiirira imawonjezera luntha komanso kukumbukira.
2. Ku China, mawu oti "kuthyola mphika" amamasuliridwa kuti "kusiya ntchito."
3. Ndi chakudya chofunikira kwambiri pafupifupi theka la anthu padziko lonse lapansi, ndipo zimatenga malita 5,000 a madzi kuti apange kilogalamu imodzi ya phala lothirira.
4. Mawu oti "chakudya" ndi "mpunga" ndi ofanana m'zilankhulo zingapo zaku Asia, ndipo m'Chitchaina, malingaliro a "kadzutsa," "nkhomaliro," ndi "chakudya chamadzulo" amamasuliridwa kuti "mpunga woyambirira," "masana," "mochedwa. ”
5. Kwa nthawi yaitali ku Japan, amayi akhala akugwiritsa ntchito phala ndi mpunga kuti aziyeretsa ndi kutsitsimutsa khungu. Ufa, decoctions, ndi gruel amatsuka ndikuyeretsa khungu kuchokera ku mawanga ndi mawanga.

Zovuta komanso zotsutsana

Ndikofunika kukumbukira kuchuluka kwa zopatsa mphamvu zomwe zili mu mpunga. Ndipo kumbukirani kuti izi sizopangira zakudya. Chidziwitso kwa onse okonda chimanga ichi: 100 magalamu ake ali ndi zopatsa mphamvu 350. Chifukwa chake, kudya mpunga pochepetsa thupi si lingaliro labwino.

Ndipo ngati kulemera kwanu ndikokwera kangapo kuposa momwe zimakhalira, mpunga nthawi zambiri umatsutsana.

Mbewu iyi pamodzi ndi nyama ndizovuta kwambiri pamimba.
Madokotala amalangiza kuti musadye mpunga wa m'mimba komanso kudzimbidwa.

Momwe mungaphikire mpunga

Kukonzekera

Ngati mukufuna kuphika mpunga wosasunthika, muzimutsuka m'madzi ozizira musanaphike. Izi zichotsa wowuma womwe umayambitsa kukakamira. Tsukani mpungawo kasanu kapena kuposerapo mpaka madzi atuluke. Njira yabwino kwambiri yochitira izi ndikusefa kwabwino.

Zakudya zina, monga risotto, zimafuna mpunga wosaneneka kuti ziphike. Poterepa, simuyenera kutsuka. Pomaliza, mutha kudziletsa kutsuka kamodzi kuti musambe zochulukirapo.

Kuti muphike mpunga mwachangu, mutha kuthira kwa mphindi 30-60. Nthawi yophika idzachepetsedwa pafupifupi theka. Komabe, pankhaniyi, ndibwino kuchepetsa madzi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika.

Kawirikawiri amakhulupirira kuti kuphika njerezi kumafuna madzi owirikiza kawiri. Koma ichi ndi chiwerengero chofanana. Ndi bwino kuyeza kuchuluka kwa madzi kutengera mtundu:

• tirigu wautali - 1: 1.5-2;
• tirigu wapakatikati - 1: 2-2.5;
• tirigu wozungulira - 1: 2.5-3;
• zotentha - 1: 2;
• zofiirira - 1: 2.5-3;
• zakutchire - 1: 3.5.

Onetsetsani kuti mukuwerenga malangizowo. Wopanga zinthu amadziwa bwino momwe mpunga wagwirira ntchito ndipo akuwonetsa kuchuluka kwa madzi.

Zakudya

Ndi bwino kuphika mpunga mu poto wozama pansi: kutentha kwake kumagawidwa mofanana. Muthanso kuphika mu skillet yayikulu. Cauldron nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa pilaf.

Malamulo ophika

Ngati mumaphika mpunga mu poto, tengani madzi amchere kuwira, ndikutsanulira phalalo. Muziyambitsa kamodzi kuti njere zisamamatire pansi. Kenako dikirani mpaka mbaleyo iyambe kuwira, kuchepetsa kutentha kutsika, ndikuphimba poto ndi chivindikiro.

Osakweza chivindikirocho pophika. Kupanda kutero, mpunga utenga nthawi yayitali kuphika. Ngati mukufuna kuti mpunga ukhale wosasunthika, musawusunthire (kupatula nthawi yoyamba). Kupanda kutero, njere zimathyoka ndikutulutsa wowuma.

Nthawi yophika, kutengera mtundu, ndi:

• zoyera - mphindi 20;
• parboiler - Mphindi 30;
• bulauni - Mphindi 40;
• zakutchire - Mphindi 40-60.

Phala likakonzeka, chotsani pamoto ndikuyimira kwa mphindi 10-15. Ngati pali madzi mu mpunga womalizidwa, thirani kapena kuphimba poto ndi chopukutira chouma: imamwa chinyezi chowonjezera.

Momwe mungasankhire mpunga

White, wakuda, bulauni, ndipo ngakhale zakutchire - zosiyanasiyana pakati mbewu monga chimanga ndi khalidwe chabe mpunga. Zotsatira za mbale yomwe idakonzedweratu zimatengera mawonekedwe ake, kutalika kwake, ndi utoto wake. Mitundu yosankhidwa bwino imatsimikizira 90% ya kupambana pakuphika pilaf, sushi, ndipo, nawonso, phala wamba. Ngati, mwalamulo, anthu wamba alibe mafunso aliwonse okhudza kuphika tirigu wozungulira, ogula ena azolowere mayina ena monga "arborio," "jasmine," ndi "indica." Kumvetsetsa zovuta za kusankha mpunga.

Kutalika komanso kutalika

Mpunga wa tirigu wautali (indica) ndi woyenera kwa iwo omwe amalimbikitsa kusinthasintha. Mbeu zotere sizimamatirana nthawi yophika ndipo zimapezeka kuti zikuphwanyaphwanya. Njere zapakatikati ndizofupikitsa komanso zokulirapo kuposa njere zazitali, ndipo pophika, zimatenga chinyezi chochulukirapo, kotero mbewu zake zimamatirana pang'ono, koma nthawi yomweyo, mbaleyo imakhala yofewa. Mitunduyi ndiyabwino msuzi, pilaf, risotto, ndi paella. Mitundu yotchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu akumaloko ndi njere zozungulira. Lili ndi wowuma wambiri, ndiye kuti ndiyotakasa mukamaliza. Mpunga wozungulira ndiwabwino kupanga sushi, ma pie, phala lowoneka bwino, ma pudding, casseroles.

Mpunga ukhoza kukhala mitundu iwiri, yopukutidwa komanso yosapukutidwa. Mpunga wopukutidwa ndi njere yosenda. Sizangochitika mwangozi kuti mafani amoyo wathanzi akutsutsa chimanga chamtunduwu. Potengera mavitamini ndi ma microelements, ndizocheperako kuposa mitundu yosasankhidwa. Tirigu wosasunthika, momwe chipolopolocho chimasungidwa, amadziwika kuti ndi chakudya chopatsa thanzi. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mpunga wosasungunuka umatengera kawiri kuphika ndipo, ngakhale utalandira chithandizo cha kutentha kwanthawi yayitali, ukhala wolimba kuposa mitundu ina.

Chilichonse chimakhala ndi mtundu wake

Zonsezi, pali mitundu yoposa 20 ya mpunga komanso mitundu yoposa 150. Mtundu, ma groats ndi oyera mithunzi, komanso mwachilengedwe; Palinso njere zofiira, zofiirira, zachikasu, komanso zakuda. Tiyeni tikambirane mitundu yotchuka kwambiri.

Basmati. Mu Hindi, mawu oti "basmati" amatanthauza "onunkhira". Uwu ndi mpunga wabwino kwambiri womwe umakula ku India ndi Pakistan. Basmati ili ndi kukoma kosavuta kwa mtedza, sikumamatirana nthawi yophika, ndipo imakhala yopanda pake. Chakudya cham'mbali choyenera cha mbale zambiri.

Jasmine. Mitundu iyi yambewu ya ku Thailand ili ndi fungo labwino lokumbutsa maluwa a jasmine. Mpunga woyera umakhala wofewa, koma nthawi yomweyo, njere zake zazitali siziphika ndikusunga mawonekedwe ake. Zakudya izi ndizabwino kukonzekera saladi, mbale zam'mbali, ndi mchere.

Ofiira. Ku France, komwe chimanga ichi chimakula, kwakhala kukugwirizanitsidwa kale ndi udzu. Koma ku Asia, mbewu zofiira zimakhala ndi malingaliro ena. Kumeneko, mitundu iyi yakhala yofunika kuyambira nthawi zakale ndipo ndi imodzi mwazothandiza kwambiri. Mpunga wofiira sumawira ndipo umakhala ndi mtedza wosakhwima kumapeto kwa kuwira.

Chitibeta chakuda. Wamtchire wakuda (wakuda) kwenikweni ndi udzu wobzala wabanja lanjere. Dziko lakwawo ndi North America, koma tsopano mpunga wamtchire umadziwikanso kumadera ena. Kuphatikiza pa mavitamini omwe amapezeka mu groats, phala ili ndilolemera kwambiri mu magnesium ndi zinc, potaziyamu, ndi folic acid.

arborium. Mpunga wa ku Arborio wokhala ndi tirigu wapakati amakhala ndi malo ake apadera: nthawi yophika, umakhala wosasinthasintha pang'ono ndipo umayamwa kukoma ndi fungo la zosakaniza zonse m'mbale.

Camolino. Mbewu zazikulu komanso zozungulira za ku Aigupto zimakhala bwino ndi mafuta a masamba, chifukwa chake amakhala ndi mthunzi wa ngale-kirimu. Mukatha kuwira, mpunga umakhalabe wofewa komanso womata, koma mbewuzo sizimamatirana. Sushi, phala, ndi mchere wosakhwima amagwiritsa ntchito camolino.

Mitundu ina

Chisipanishi. Bomba, Valencia, ndi Calasparra ndi mitundu yabwino kwambiri. Пкфшты imayamwa bwino madzi ndikukhalabe crumbly. Mpunga waku Spain umapanga paella ndi pilaf wokoma.

@Alirezatalischioriginal Mbewu yozungulira iyi ndi yakumpoto kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Mpunga wa Krasnodar ndiwabwino kupanga msuzi, sushi, mapira, ndi chimanga.

Uzbek kwa pilaf. Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya chungara, devzira, ndi dastar-saryk ndi yotchuka popanga pilaf weniweni waku Asia. Mbewu zonenepa komanso zolemera zonona, zofiirira komanso zofiirira, chifukwa chakapangidwe kake, zimayamwa chinyezi ndi mafuta ochulukirapo, ndipo mbaleyo ndi yopepuka komanso yonunkhira.