Zamkatimu
Chiwindi ndi nyongolotsi ya parasitic yomwe imakhala m'thupi la munthu kapena nyama, yomwe imakhudza chiwindi ndi njira za bile. Matenda a chiwindi afalikira padziko lonse lapansi, amayambitsa matenda otchedwa fascioliasis. Nthawi zambiri, nyongolotsi imafalikira m'thupi la ng'ombe zazikulu ndi zazing'ono, ngakhale miliri yayikulu komanso yapang'onopang'ono yowukira pakati pa anthu imadziwika. Zomwe zili pazovuta zenizeni zimasiyana mosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi magwero osiyanasiyana, chiwerengero chonse cha anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a fascioliasis ndi anthu 2,5-17 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi. Ku Russia, chimfine cha chiwindi chimafalikira pakati pa nyama, makamaka m'madera omwe ali ndi msipu wadambo. Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timasowa anthu.
Chiwindi fluke ndi trematode ndi thupi lathyathyathya ngati tsamba, mayamwidwe awiri ali pamutu pake. Ndi chithandizo cha ma suckers awa kuti tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timasungidwa m'thupi la mwini wake wokhazikika. Mphutsi yaikulu imatha kufika 30 mm kutalika ndi 12 mm mulifupi. Magawo akukula kwa chiwopsezo cha chiwindi ndi awa:
Stage marita chiwindi fluke
Marita ndi gawo la kukhwima kwa kugonana kwa nyongolotsi, pamene tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timatha kumasula mazira kumalo akunja. Nyongolotsi ndi hermaphrodite. Thupi la marita limapangidwa ngati tsamba lathyathyathya. Mkamwa woyamwa uli kumapeto kwenikweni kwa thupi. Woyamwa wina ali pamphepete mwa thupi la nyongolotsi. Ndi chithandizo chake, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timamangiriridwa ku ziwalo zamkati za wolandira. Marita amabala mazira pawokha, chifukwa ndi hermaphrodite. Mazirawa amatulutsidwa ndi ndowe. Kuti dzira lipitirize kukula ndikudutsa mu siteji ya larval, liyenera kulowa m'madzi.
Gawo la larval la chimfine cha chiwindi - miracidium
Miracidium imachokera m'dzira. Mphutsi ili ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira oval, thupi lake limakutidwa ndi cilia. Kutsogolo kwa miracidium kuli maso awiri ndi ziwalo zotulutsa zinyalala. Kumbuyo kwa thupi kumaperekedwa pansi pa ma cell a majeremusi, omwe pambuyo pake amalola kuti tiziromboti tichuluke. Mothandizidwa ndi cilia, miracidium imatha kusuntha mwachangu m'madzi ndikuyang'ana munthu wapakatikati (mollusk yamadzi abwino). Nkhonozi zikapezeka, mphutsiyo imamera mizu m’thupi lake.
Sporocyst siteji ya chiwindi fluke
Kamodzi m'thupi la mollusk, miracidium imadutsa mu gawo lotsatira - sac-like sporocyst. Mkati mwa sporocyst, mphutsi zatsopano zimayamba kukhwima kuchokera ku majeremusi. Gawo ili la chiwopsezo cha chiwindi limatchedwa redia.
Mphutsi za chimfine - redia
Panthawiyi, thupi la tizilomboto limatalika, limakhala ndi pharynx, matumbo, excretory ndi mantha amabadwa. Mu sporocyst iliyonse ya chiwopsezo cha chiwindi, pakhoza kukhala kuyambira 8 mpaka 100 redia, zomwe zimatengera mtundu wa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Redia ikakhwima, imatuluka mu sporocyst ndikulowa mu minofu ya mollusk. Mkati mwa redia iliyonse mumakhala majeremusi omwe amalola kuti chiwopsezo cha chiwindi chipitirire ku gawo lotsatira.
Circaria siteji ya chiwindi fluke
Panthawi imeneyi, mphutsi ya chiwindi fluke amapeza mchira ndi suckers awiri. Mu cercariae, dongosolo la excretory limapangidwa kale ndipo zoyambira za ubereki zimawonekera. The cercariae amasiya chipolopolo cha redia, ndiyeno thupi la wapakatikati khamu, ndi kubowola izo. Kuti achite izi, ali ndi mawonekedwe akuthwa kapena gulu la spikes. Munthawi imeneyi, mphutsi imatha kuyenda momasuka m'madzi. Imamangirizidwa ku chinthu chilichonse ndipo imakhalabe pamenepo kuyembekezera mwiniwake wamuyaya. Nthawi zambiri, zinthu zotere ndi zomera zam'madzi.
Gawo la adolescaria (metatsercaria) la hepatic fluke
Ichi ndi gawo lomaliza la chiphuphu cha chiwindi. Mu mawonekedwe awa, tiziromboti takonzeka kulowa m'thupi la nyama kapena munthu. Mkati mwa chamoyo cha wolandira wokhazikika, metacercariae imasandulika kukhala marita.
Kayendedwe ka chimfine cha chiwindi ndizovuta kwambiri, motero mphutsi zambiri zimafa osasintha kukhala munthu wokhwima pakugonana. Moyo wa tiziromboti ukhoza kusokonezedwa pa siteji ya dzira ngati sililowa m'madzi kapena silipeza mtundu woyenera wa mollusk. Komabe, mphutsi sizinafe ndipo zikupitiriza kuchulukitsa, zomwe zimafotokozedwa ndi njira zothandizira. Choyamba, ali ndi njira yoberekera yopangidwa bwino kwambiri. Marita wamkulu amatha kubereka mazira masauzande ambiri. Kachiwiri, sporocyst iliyonse imakhala ndi redia 100, ndipo redia iliyonse imatha kuberekanso ma cercariae opitilira 20. Zotsatira zake, mpaka 200 zikwi zatsopano za chiwindi zitha kuwoneka kuchokera ku tiziromboti.
Ziweto zimadwala matenda nthawi zambiri zikamadya udzu wa m’madambo, kapena zikamamwa madzi a m’madamu osasunthika. Munthu amatha kutenga kachilombo kokha ngati ameza mphutsi mu gawo la adolescaria. Magawo ena a chiwopsezo cha chiwindi sizowopsa kwa iye. Pofuna kupewa kutenga matenda, muyenera kutsuka masamba ndi zipatso zomwe zimadyedwa zosaphika, komanso osamwa madzi omwe sanakonzekere.
Kamodzi m'thupi la munthu kapena nyama, adolescaria imalowa m'chiwindi ndi ma ducts a bile, imamangiriza pamenepo ndikuyamba kuberekana. Ndi ma suckers awo ndi misana, tizilombo toyambitsa matenda timawononga minofu ya chiwindi, yomwe imayambitsa kukula kwake, kuoneka kwa ma tubercles. Izi, nazonso, zimathandizira kupangika kwa cirrhosis. Ngati ma ducts a bile atsekeka, ndiye kuti munthuyo amayamba jaundice.