Zamkatimu
Kufotokozera
Mafuta a mpendadzuwa ndi chomera chomwe chimapezeka posindikiza kapena kutulutsa mitundu ya mpendadzuwa. Ndi mafuta otchuka kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika ndi cosmetology.
Mpendadzuwa amapezeka ku North America, ndipo, malinga ndi mbiri yakale, nzika za kontinentiyi zinagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ake pokonza mankhwala ndi utoto zaka zikwi zisanu zapitazo. Chomerachi chimawerengedwa kuti ndi chopatulika, koma sichimalimidwa mwamphamvu.
Inapezeka ku Europe chifukwa cha oyendetsa sitima aku Spain koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la 16. Mbiri yayikulu pakusintha matekinoloje opanga mafuta ndi aku Britain, omwe adalandira ziphaso zoyambirira kupanga. Masiku ano mafuta a mpendadzuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakampani azakudya, mankhwala, cosmetology, ulimi, komanso ntchito zina.
Kuchokera m'nkhaniyi muphunzira za mitundu yayikulu, njira zotsukira, komwe mafuta a mpendadzuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito, kapangidwe kake, mafuta a mpendadzuwa ndi othandiza komanso ngati ali ndi zotsutsana zilizonse zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.
Mbiri ya mpendadzuwa
M'nthawi zoiwalika ndi makolo, maluwa a mpendadzuwa amawoneka ngati chomera chokongoletsera chokhudzana ndi dzuwa, amapembedzedwa, amawoneka ngati duwa lopatulika loyimira chuma, thanzi ndi chonde.
Mpendadzuwa amabzalidwa m'mapaki, m'minda, m'minda, amakongoletsa minda yamasamba, koma sanagwiritsidwe ntchito kuphika kapena mankhwala. Ndipo kokha mu 1829 alimi aku Russia Daniil Bokarev, atabzala mpendadzuwa zingapo m'munda wake, adayesera kukhala woyamba kumenya mafuta ochokera ku mpendadzuwa pogwiritsa ntchito dzanja.
Pambuyo popanga bwino mafuta a mpendadzuwa, zonunkhira zoyamba zidapangidwa m'mudzimo. Kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19, mafuta a mpendadzuwa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri osati ku Russia kokha, komanso ku Europe ndi mayiko ena akumadzulo.
Masiku ano, kupanga mafuta a mpendadzuwa kumawerengera pafupifupi 70% yamafuta onse azamasamba ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'maiko onse padziko lapansi. Pali mitundu pafupifupi 50 ya mpendadzuwa, koma mpendadzuwa wa mafuta, womwe umalimidwa padziko lonse lapansi, umagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mafuta a masamba.
M'nthawi yathu ino, mafuta a mpendadzuwa amaonedwa kuti ndi chinthu chofunikira chomera chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pophika. Kuphatikiza apo, potengera mawonekedwe ake apadera ndi machiritso, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza ndi kupewa matenda angapo.
Pakapangidwe ka mafuta azamasamba, mbewu za mpendadzuwa zimadutsa magawo angapo osakira kuti apeze mafuta omwe akufuna, omwe ali ndi fungo labwino komanso kukoma kwake.
Mitundu ya mafuta a mpendadzuwa
Mafuta a mpendadzuwa amapezeka m'njira ziwiri: kukanikiza ndi kutulutsa. Njira yoyamba ndiyowonongera zachilengedwe, komanso, pomaliza pake ndizotheka kusunga michere yambiri: mavitamini, ma antioxidants. Choyamba, izi zimakhudza mafuta osazizira.
Mafuta osindikizidwa kwambiri amapezeka potenthetsa timbewu tonunkhira mu brazier, zomwe zimapatsa mankhwalawa kukoma komwe kumatikumbutsa mbewu zokazinga. Njira yochotsera imaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osungunulira zinthu zamadzimadzi. Njirayi imachitika mu zotulutsa zapadera, zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta osungunulira, komanso chinthu cholimba - chakudya.
Mafutawa amapezeka ndi distillation mu distillers, kenako kusefera. Njirayi ndi yachuma, komabe, zakudya zopangidwa ndi zotsalazo ndizotsika kwambiri kuposa mafuta omwe amapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito makina. Zosakanizidwa (zoyimbidwa koyamba) ndimafuta ozizira kapena otentha omwe ali ndi kukoma kosangalatsa ndipo amatha kuyeretsedwa mosavuta (kusefera kapena kupaka mphamvu).
Pakazizira kozizira, mavitamini ndi ma phytosterol ambiri amasungidwa mumafuta, koma ukadaulo uwu sagwiritsidwa ntchito moyera, chifukwa chake kuchuluka kwa michere kumatha kusiyanasiyana.
Kutentha kotentha kumaphatikizapo kutentha timbewu mpaka madigiri 100, chifukwa cha mavitamini ambiri ndi mavitamini omwe amawonongeka. Kutengera mitundu ya mafuta, mitundu yotsatirayi yamafuta imadziwika:
Zosadziwika.
Amapeza ndi kuchotsera kwamakina ndikutsatira kusefera kwamafuta kosavuta. Ili ndi fungo labwino komanso mtundu wonenepa wa amber. Ndiwo mtsogoleri wazakudya zambiri ndi mavitamini. Alumali moyo wa mafuta umasiyanasiyana miyezi 3 mpaka 4.
Oyengedwa.
Amapangidwa kuchokera ku unrefined pochita kuyeretsa kwathunthu. Zoterezi zimakhala ndi mavitamini ochepa (mavitamini E, A, K amasungidwa mmenemo, ndipo mavitamini B ndi C, phytosterols amawonongedwa kwathunthu). Alumali moyo wa mafuta ndi pafupifupi 1 chaka.
Kutsekemera.
Ndi chinthu chomwe chimapezeka pochiza mafuta osasankhidwa ndi madzi, omwe amachotsa mapuloteni ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi phosphorous mmenemo. Mwakuwoneka kwake, mafuta otere amawonekera poyera komanso owoneka bwino kuposa osafotokozedwanso, ndipo mavitamini ndi zinthu zina zothandiza zimasungidwa mmenemo kuposa zoyengedwa. Ikhoza kusungidwa mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
Achisanu.
Amapangidwa kuchokera pamafuta osasankhidwa komanso oyengedwa pochotsa sera pofundira. Njira iyi imalepheretsa kugulitsa kwamatope ndi mapangidwe a matope. Mafutawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zakudya, zakudya za ana.
Kutsukidwa.
Mafuta amapita kusefera kowonjezera, komwe kumachotsa ma carotenoids, phula ndikupanga chisankho chabwino kwambiri pakuwotcha. Ndi mafuta opepuka kwambiri kuposa onse omwe alipo.
Kuchotsedwa.
Zida zonse zomwe zimayambitsa kukoma ndi kununkhira kwa mankhwala zimachotsedwa m'mafuta. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kukazinga.
Mafuta a mpendadzuwa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti
Mafuta a mpendadzuwa ndi amodzi mwa mafuta odziwika kwambiri ochokera ku masamba, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kuphika (popangira mazira, masaladi), m'makampani azakudya (popanga mafuta, popanga zakudya zamzitini), komanso pazolinga zaukadaulo (za mafuta opaka mafuta, popanga sopo, utoto ndi mafakitale a varnish).
Mapangidwe ndi zabwino za mafuta a mpendadzuwa
Mafuta a mpendadzuwa ndiosiyanasiyana ndipo zimadalira mpendadzuwa komanso malo olimapo, njira yopezera malonda ndi njira zoyeretsera. Chogulitsiracho chili ndi mafuta ochulukirapo omwe sanapangidwe m'thupi ndipo amayenera kuchokera kunja, ma phytosterol, mavitamini.
Mafutawa ali ndi mafuta amadzimadzi otsatirawa, omwe amatenga nawo gawo pantchito yamanjenje, pakupanga ziwalo zaminyewa yam'mimba ndi khungu:
- linoleic;
- oleic;
- chikhatho;
- stearic;
- linolenic;
- arachidonic.
Zopindulitsa za mafuta a mpendadzuwa zimadalira makamaka njira yodzipatula ndikukonzanso. Mavitamini otsatirawa amapezeka mu mafuta osasankhidwa:
- Vitamini A (Retinol). Ndiwofunikira kutenga nawo gawo pamagwiritsidwe amthupi. Kudya kwake kokwanira mthupi kumapangitsa khungu komanso chitetezo cha mthupi kukhala chokhazikika. Zili ndi phindu pantchito ya ziwalo zambiri zamkati.
- Vitamini D (calciferol). Imakhala ndi udindo pakukula kwamatenda ndi mafupa, kumathandiza kupewa kukulira kwamatenda ndi kufooka kwa mafupa. Ngati chakudyacho sichikwanira, chithokomiro chimasokonekera, ndipo chitetezo chimachepa. Kafukufuku wambiri watsimikizira gawo lofunikira la vitamini D popewa kupangika kwa maselo owopsa.
- Vitamini E (tocopherol). Ili ndi ntchito yoteteza, kuteteza makutidwe ndi okosijeni azipangizo zamagetsi. Imagwira nawo mbali zambiri zofunika mthupi: imayang'anira zochitika zogonana, imathandizira magwiridwe antchito a minofu, imathandizira magwiridwe antchito a maselo, imalepheretsa kuwundana kwa magazi, imachedwetsa ukalamba, ndi zina zambiri.
- Mavitamini B (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6). Amawonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito amanjenje ndi mtima amayenda bwino, amawongolera magwiridwe antchito am'mimba, momwe khungu limakhalira, amalola kulolerana kwakulimbitsa thupi, zovuta.
Ubwino wamafuta a mpendadzuwa wa thupi la munthu amafotokozedwa motere:
- kukonza ntchito ya mtima (kutsitsa mafuta m'thupi, kulimbikitsa makoma a mitsempha, kuteteza motsutsana ndi atherosclerosis, mitsempha yayikulu yamatenda ndi mtima);
- zotsatira zabwino muubongo (kuwongolera magwiridwe antchito);
- kuteteza matenda m'mimba;
- zotsatira zabwino pamakina a endocrine ndi genitourinary;
- kupewa kukalamba msanga (chifukwa cha tocopherol, yomwe imapitilira katatu kuposa mafuta a maolivi).
Mafuta a mpendadzuwa amatsutsana
Mafuta a mpendadzuwa alibe zotsutsana kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito, koma ziyenera kudyedwa pang'ono. Kuzunza kumawononga thanzi la anthu onenepa kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti magazi azikhala ndi shuga wambiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a mpendadzuwa sikuvomerezeka kwa anthu omwe akudwala cholelithiasis, omwe amakonda kudwala. Kuwonongeka kwa mafuta a mpendadzuwa ku thanzi laumunthu kungayambitsidwe ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otsika kwambiri.
Njira zosankhira mafuta a mpendadzuwa
Mukamagula mafuta a mpendadzuwa, sankhani omwe amasungidwa m'malo amdima - ndikuwunikiridwa ndi kuwala, mankhwalawo amataya zinthu zofunikira, ndipo moyo wawo wa alumali umachepa. Tsiku loti mankhwalawo litha kuyandikira, mtengo wake wa peroxide ukuwonjezeka kwambiri, womwe umakhudza kupezeka kwa mafuta.
Zida zamtengo wapatali wa peroxide zimatha msanga katundu wawo ndikukhala amisala. Mitambo yamafuta ndi chisonyezo chakuti mankhwalawa awonongeka. Pachifukwa ichi, kupezeka kwa matope mu mafuta osasankhidwa amaloledwa, chifukwa nthawi zambiri zigawo zake ndi phospholipids zothandiza m'thupi.
Mafuta a mpendadzuwa mu cosmetology
Chifukwa cha machiritso a mafuta a masamba, amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri mu cosmetology ngati mankhwala opatsa mphamvu komanso otsitsimula. Komanso, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa tsitsi, khungu, masks, zodzola tsitsi, zopaka ndi zinthu zina zodzikongoletsera zopangidwa ndi izo.
Chigoba chakumaso chopatsa thanzi. Mufunika 20 ml yamafuta osagulitsidwa a mpendadzuwa, onetsetsani kuti mukugwiritsa ntchito swab ya thonje ndikuthira pakhungu kwa mphindi 20. Kenako tengani nsalu yoyera yoviikidwa m'madzi ofunda ndikuchotsa mafuta. Mafuta otsalira amatha kuchotsedwa ndi chopukutira chonyowa.
Mafuta a mpendadzuwa osamalira tsitsi. Mafuta a mpendadzuwa amakhudza bwino tsitsi, amawadyetsa ndi zinthu zofunikira, amawapangitsa kukhala athanzi komanso olimba. Mafuta a mpendadzuwa amatha kuwonjezeredwa ndi madontho angapo ku chigoba chilichonse cha tsitsi.
Mukamapanga chigoba chilichonse chakunyumba, mutha kuwonjezera madontho ochepa a mafuta a mpendadzuwa, izi zimapangitsa khungu kukhala lonyowa, lotanuka komanso lokongola.
Malinga ndi zomwe tafotokozazi, titha kunena kuti mafuta osapanganidwa a mpendadzuwa ndi chinthu chapadera kwambiri pochizira ndi kupewa matenda ambiri.
Koma nthawi yomweyo, mankhwalawa sayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yokhayo yothandizira matendawa kapena matendawa. Ndi dokotala yekhayo, atatha kufufuza, yemwe angakupatseni mankhwala othandiza, ndipo mafuta a mpendadzuwa atha kukhala chida choyenera cha mankhwala ovuta.