Mabakiteriya osamva maantibayotiki akuchulukirachulukira. Umunthu palokha ndi mlandu wa izi, amene anatulukira mankhwala ndi anayamba ntchito kwambiri, nthawi zambiri ngakhale popanda kufunika. Mabakiteriyawo sanachitire mwina koma kusintha. Kupambana kwina kwachilengedwe - mawonekedwe a jini ya NDM-1 - akuwopseza kukhala komaliza. Zotani nazo?
Anthu nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki pazifukwa zazing'ono (ndipo nthawi zina popanda chifukwa). Umu ndi momwe matenda osamva mankhwala ambiri amawonekera, omwe samathandizidwa ndi maantibayotiki omwe amadziwika ndi mankhwala amakono. Mankhwala opha tizilombo alibe ntchito pochiza matenda obwera chifukwa cha ma virus chifukwa sagwira ntchito pa ma virus. Koma amachitapo kanthu pa mabakiteriya, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhalapo m'thupi la munthu. Komabe, mwachilungamo, ziyenera kunenedwa kuti chithandizo "cholondola" cha matenda a bakiteriya ndi maantibayotiki, ndithudi, chimathandizanso kuti azitha kusintha kuti azitha kusintha zachilengedwe.
Monga momwe nyuzipepala ya Guardian ikulembera, “Mbadwo wa mankhwala opha maantibayotiki ukutha. Tsiku lina tidzaona kuti mibadwo iwiri yopanda matenda inali nthawi yabwino kwambiri yamankhwala. Mpaka pano mabakiteriya sanathe kuyambiranso. Zingawoneke kuti mapeto a mbiri ya matenda opatsirana ali pafupi kwambiri. Koma tsopano pandandanda wa "post-antibiotic" apocalypse.
Kuchuluka kwa mankhwala opha tizilombo m'zaka za m'ma 1928 kunayambitsa nthawi yatsopano ya mankhwala. Mankhwala oyamba a penicillin, anapezeka ndi Alexander Fleming mu XNUMX. Wasayansiyo anaupatula ku mtundu wa bowa wotchedwa Penicillium notatum, umene kukula kwake pafupi ndi mabakiteriya ena kunawakhudza kwambiri. Kupanga kwakukulu kwa mankhwalawa kunakhazikitsidwa kumapeto kwa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse ndipo kunatha kupulumutsa miyoyo yambiri, yomwe imati matenda a bakiteriya omwe adakhudza asilikali ovulala pambuyo pa opaleshoni. Nkhondo itatha, makampani opanga mankhwala adagwira nawo ntchito yopanga ndi kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya maantibayotiki, yogwira mtima komanso yogwira ntchito pamitundu yambiri yowopsa. Komabe, posakhalitsa zinadziwika kuti maantibayotiki sangakhale njira yothetsera matenda a bakiteriya, chifukwa chakuti mitundu yambiri ya mabakiteriya a pathogenic ndi yaikulu kwambiri ndipo ena amatha kukana zotsatira za mankhwala. Koma chachikulu ndi chakuti mabakiteriya amatha kusintha ndi kupanga njira zolimbana ndi maantibayotiki.
Poyerekeza ndi zamoyo zina, ponena za chisinthiko, mabakiteriya ali ndi ubwino umodzi wosatsutsika - bakiteriya aliyense sakhala ndi moyo wautali, ndipo palimodzi amachulukana mofulumira, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti njira yowonekera ndi kuphatikizika kwa kusintha "koyenera" kumawatengera pang'ono. nthawi kuposa, tiyerekeze munthu. Kuwonekera kwa kukana mankhwala, ndiko kuti, kuchepa kwa mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito maantibayotiki, madokotala awona kwa nthawi yayitali. Chodziwika kwambiri chinali kutulukira koyamba kwa mankhwala osamva mankhwala, ndiyeno matenda a TB osamva mankhwala ambiri. Ziwerengero zapadziko lonse lapansi zikuwonetsa kuti pafupifupi 7% ya odwala TB ali ndi matenda amtundu wotere. Chisinthiko cha chifuwa chachikulu cha Mycobacterium sichinayimire pamenepo - ndipo vuto lalikulu lolimbana ndi mankhwala linawoneka, lomwe silingatheke kuchiza. Chifuwa chachikulu ndi matenda omwe ali ndi ma virus ambiri, chifukwa chake mawonekedwe ake osagwirizana kwambiri adazindikirika ndi World Health Organisation ngati owopsa kwambiri ndipo amatengedwa pansi paulamuliro wapadera wa UN.
“Kutha kwa nthawi ya mankhwala ophera maantibayotiki” yolengezedwa ndi Guardian sichizoloŵezi chochita mantha ndi atolankhani. Vutoli linadziwika ndi pulofesa wachingelezi Tim Walsh, yemwe nkhani yake "Kutuluka kwa Njira Zatsopano Zotsutsana ndi Antibiotic ku India, Pakistan ndi UK: Molecular, Biological and Epidemiological Aspects" inasindikizidwa pa August 11, 2010 m'magazini otchuka a Lancet Infectious Diseases. . Nkhani ya Walsh ndi anzake akudzipereka pa phunziro la jini la NDM-1, lomwe linapezedwa ndi Walsh mu September 2009. Jini ili, lolekanitsidwa kwa nthawi yoyamba kuchokera ku chikhalidwe cha mabakiteriya omwe analandira kuchokera kwa odwala omwe adachoka ku England kupita ku India ndipo adatha. tebulo opaleshoni kumeneko, n'zosavuta kwambiri kusamutsa pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mabakiteriya chifukwa cha otchedwa yopingasa jini kutengerapo. Makamaka, Walsh anafotokoza kusamutsidwa koteroko pakati pa Escherichia coli E. coli wofala kwambiri ndi Klebsiella pneumoniae, mmodzi wa oyambitsa chibayo. Chinthu chachikulu cha NDM-1 ndikuti chimapangitsa kuti mabakiteriya asagwirizane ndi maantibayotiki amphamvu kwambiri komanso amakono monga carbapenems. Kafukufuku watsopano wa Walsh akuwonetsa kuti mabakiteriya omwe ali ndi majini awa ndiwofala kale ku India. Infection kumachitika pa opaleshoni. Malinga ndi Walsh, mawonekedwe a jini yotereyi ndi owopsa kwambiri, chifukwa palibe maantibayotiki olimbana ndi mabakiteriya am'mimba omwe ali ndi jini yotere. Mankhwala akuwoneka kuti ali ndi zaka pafupifupi 10 mpaka kusintha kwa ma genetic kufalikira.
Izi sizowonjezereka, chifukwa chakuti chitukuko cha antibiotic yatsopano, mayesero ake azachipatala ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa kupanga kwakukulu kumatenga nthawi yaitali kwambiri. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, makampani opanga mankhwala amafunikabe kutsimikizira kuti ndi nthawi yoti achitepo kanthu. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, makampani opanga mankhwala alibe chidwi kwambiri ndi kupanga maantibayotiki atsopano. Bungwe Loona za Umoyo Padziko Lonse linanena mokwiya kuti n’zopanda phindu kuti makampani opanga mankhwala azipanga mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Matendawa nthawi zambiri amachira msanga: maantibayotiki amatha masiku angapo. Yerekezerani ndi mankhwala amtima omwe amatenga miyezi kapena zaka. Ndipo ngati sichofunikira kwambiri pakupanga mankhwala ambiri, ndiye kuti phindu limakhala locheperako, ndipo chikhumbo chamakampani kuti akhazikitse ndalama zasayansi panjira iyi chimakhala chochepa. Kuphatikiza apo, matenda ambiri opatsirana ndi achilendo kwambiri, makamaka matenda a parasitic ndi otentha, ndipo amapezeka kutali ndi Kumadzulo, komwe kumatha kulipira mankhwala.
Kuphatikiza pazachuma, palinso malire achilengedwe - mankhwala ambiri oletsa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda amapezeka ngati mitundu yakale, chifukwa chake mabakiteriya "amawazolowera" mwachangu. Kupezeka kwa mtundu watsopano wa maantibayotiki m'zaka zaposachedwa sikuchitika kawirikawiri. Inde, kuwonjezera pa maantibayotiki, chithandizo chamankhwala chikupanganso njira zina zochizira matenda - bacteriophages, antimicrobial peptides, probiotics. Koma mphamvu zawo zikadali zotsika. Mulimonsemo, palibe chosinthira maantibayotiki popewa matenda a bakiteriya pambuyo pa opaleshoni. Ntchito zopatsirananso ndizofunikira kwambiri: kuponderezedwa kwakanthawi kwa chitetezo chamthupi kofunikira pakuyika ziwalo kumafuna kugwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki kuti atsimikizire wodwalayo kuti asatenge matenda. Mofananamo, maantibayotiki amagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi ya khansa ya khansa. Kusakhalapo kwa chitetezo choterocho kungapangitse kuti chithandizo chonsechi, ngati sichopanda pake, chikhale chowopsa kwambiri.
Ngakhale asayansi akuyang'ana ndalama kuchokera ku chiwopsezo chatsopano (ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo ndalama zothandizira kafukufuku wotsutsa mankhwala), kodi tonsefe tiyenera kuchita chiyani? Gwiritsani ntchito maantibayotiki mosamala komanso mosamala: kugwiritsa ntchito kulikonse kumapereka "mdani", mabakiteriya, mwayi wopeza njira zopewera. Koma chinthu chachikulu ndikukumbukira kuti nkhondo yabwino kwambiri (kuchokera ku malingaliro osiyanasiyana a zakudya zathanzi ndi zachilengedwe, mankhwala achikhalidwe - Ayurveda yemweyo, komanso momveka bwino) ndi kupewa. Njira yabwino yothanirana ndi matenda ndikugwira ntchito nthawi zonse kulimbikitsa thupi lanu, ndikulibweretsa kuti likhale logwirizana.