Truffle

Kufotokozera

Truffle (Tuber) ndi bowa wokwera mtengo kwambiri padziko lapansi, chakudya chokoma chosowa ndi chokoma ndi kukoma kwapadera komanso fungo lamphamvu. Bowa adatchulidwanso chifukwa chofanana ndi thupi lake lobala zipatso ndi zotengera za mbatata kapena ma cones (mawu achi Latin akuti terrae tuber amafanana ndi lingaliro la "matope adothi").

Truffle ya bowa ndi ya dipatimenti ya ascomycetes, magawo a Pezizomycotina, gulu la pec, dongosolo la pec, banja la truffle, mtundu wa truffle.

Truffle ya bowa: kufotokoza ndi mawonekedwe. Kodi truffle imawoneka bwanji?

Nthawi zambiri, bowa wa truffle amakhala wokulirapo kuposa mtedza, koma mitundu ina yamtunduwu imatha kukhala yayikulupo kuposa tuber yayikulu ndipo imalemera kilogalamu imodzi.

Truffle yokha imawoneka ngati mbatata. Mbali yakunja (peridium) yophimba bowa imatha kukhala yosalala kapena ming'alu yambiri, imathanso kudzazidwa ndi njerewere zambiri.

Gawo la bowa limapangidwa mosiyanasiyana. Amapangidwa ndikusinthasintha kwa "mitsempha yamkati" yopepuka ndi "mitsempha yakunja" ya mthunzi wakuda, pomwe matumba a spore amapezeka, omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana.

Mtundu wa zamkati za truffle umatengera mitundu: imatha kukhala yoyera, yakuda, chokoleti, imvi.

Mitundu ya truffles, mayina ndi zithunzi

Mtundu wa ma truffles umaphatikizapo mitundu yoposa zana ya bowa, yomwe imagawika malinga ndi gulu lawo komanso malo ake komanso potengera phindu la gastronomic (lakuda, loyera, lofiira).

Ma truffles odziwika kwambiri ndi awa:

Truffle yachilimwe yakuda (Russian truffle) (Tuber aestivum)

Imafikira 10 cm m'mimba mwake ndipo imalemera magalamu 400. Kusintha kokhudzana ndiukalamba mthupi la truffle kumawonetsedwa pakusintha kwamitundu kuchokera pamawonekedwe oyera mpaka utoto wachikaso-bulauni ndi imvi-bulauni. Kusasinthasintha kwake kumasinthanso kuchoka ku wandiweyani wa bowa wachichepere kupita kumasamba akale. Russian truffle ili ndi kununkhira kwa mtedza wokoma komanso kununkhira kwachilendo.

Mtundu uwu wa truffle umakula mu Transcaucasia ndi Crimea, ku Europe gawo la Russia ndi Europe. Amapezeka pansi pa mitengo monga thundu, paini, hazel. Kubala kuyambira June mpaka koyambirira kwa Okutobala.

Black Autumn Burgundy Truffle (Tuber mesentericum)

Bowawo ndi wozungulira ndipo amalemera mpaka 320 g, osapitilira masentimita 8 kukula. Zamkati za truffle wokhwima ali ndi mtundu wa mkaka chokoleti, walowerera ndi mitsempha yoyera. Fungo la truffle limakhala ndi mthunzi wa koko, bowa womwewo umakhala ndi kulawa kowawa.

Black truffle yozizira (Tuber brumale)

Mawonekedwe amtundu wa zipatso amatha kukhala ozungulira mosakhazikika kapena ozungulira. Kukula kwa truffle kumasiyana masentimita 8 mpaka 15-20, ndipo kulemera kwake kumatha kufika 1.5 kg. Pamwamba pa buluu wofiira wa bowa ali ndi zipilala zophatikizika. Ndi zaka, mtundu wa peridium umasandulika wakuda, ndipo mnofu woyera umasanduka wa imvi. Truffle yachisanu imakhala ndi fungo labwino, lotchedwa musky.

Mtundu uwu wa truffle umakula kuyambira Novembala mpaka Januware-February pa dothi lonyowa pansi pa hazel kapena linden. Amapezeka ku France, Italy, Switzerland ndi our country.

Black Perigord (Chifalansa) Truffle (Tuber melanosporum)

Zipatso zimakhala zosazolowereka kapena zozungulira pang'ono, zimafikira 9 masentimita. Pamwamba pa bowa, wokutidwa ndi ziphuphu zinayi kapena zamakona anayi, amasintha utoto wake kuchokera kufiira kofiirira kukhala wakuda wamakala ndi ukalamba. Thupi loyera la truffle nthawi zina lokhala ndi pinki limatembenuka kukhala lofiirira kapena lofiirira kwakuda.

Kubala kuyambira Disembala mpaka kumapeto kwa Marichi. Amalimidwa ku Europe ndi Crimea, Australia, New Zealand, China, South Africa. Pakati pa truffles wakuda, mtundu uwu umatengedwa kuti ndiwofunika kwambiri; amatchedwanso "daimondi yakuda". Ili ndi fungo lamphamvu komanso kukoma kosangalatsa. Dzina la bowa limachokera ku dzina la dera la Perigord ku France.

Truffle Yakuda Yakuda (Tuber himalayensis)

Bowa wokhala ndi matupi ang'onoang'ono azipatso komanso wolemera 50 g. Chifukwa chakuchepa kwake, truffle iyi ndi yovuta kupeza.

White Piedmont (Chitaliyana) Truffle (Tuber magnatum)

Matupi azipatso amakhala osakhazikika bwino ndipo amafika mpaka masentimita 12 m'mimba mwake. Kwenikweni, kulemera kwa truffle sikupitilira 300 g, koma zitsanzo zosowa zimatha kulemera kwa kilogalamu imodzi. Peridium ndi yofiira chikasu kapena yofiirira. Zamkati zimakhala zoyera kapena zoterera, nthawi zina zimakhala ndi utoto wofiyira pang'ono.

Piedmont truffle ndiye mtengo wapatali kwambiri wa ma truffle oyera ndipo amadziwika kuti ndi bowa wokwera mtengo kwambiri padziko lapansi. Truffle waku Italiya amakoma bwino ndipo fungo labwino limakumbutsa tchizi ndi adyo. Bowa limakula kumpoto kwa Italy.

Truffle ya White Oregon (American) (Tuber oregonense)

Bowa limafikira mainchesi 5-7 ndikulemera mpaka 250 g. Amakula m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya kumadzulo kwa United States. Kawirikawiri amapezeka pamtunda, womwe umakhala ndi singano zosweka. Pachifukwa ichi, kununkhira kwa truffle kumakhala ndi maluwa ndi zitsamba.

Truffle wofiira (Tuber rufum)

Ali ndi fungo la zitsamba ndi kokoma kwa vinyo. Kukula kwa bowa sikupitirira masentimita 4, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 80 g. Zamkati ndi zothithikana. Imakula makamaka ku Europe m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zowoneka bwino. Nthawi yobweretsera kuyambira Seputembala mpaka Januware.

Truffle yofiira yofiira (Tuber nitidum)

Truffle iyi imakhala ndi fungo labwino la vinyo-peyala-kokonati. Matupi oberekera amafika 3 cm m'mimba mwake ndikulemera mpaka 45 g. Amakulira m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zowoneka bwino. Nthawi yobala zipatso kuyambira Meyi mpaka Ogasiti (nthawi zina, m'malo abwino, imabala zipatso kuyambira Epulo mpaka Seputembara).

Yophukira Truffle (Burgundy) (Tuber uncinatum)

Mtundu wina wa truffle wakuda waku France. Amakula makamaka kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa France, amapezeka ku Italy, makamaka ku UK. Bowa ali ndi fungo lokoma la hazelnut lokhala ndi cholembera chopepuka, chimayamikiridwa kwambiri ndi ma gourmets chifukwa chapamwamba kwambiri pamimba ndi mtengo "wotsika mtengo" poyerekeza ndi mitundu ina ya ma truffles: mtengo wa truffle uli mkati mwa ma euro 600 pa kilogalamu imodzi .

Mtundu uwu wa truffle umapsa mu Juni-Okutobala, kutengera nyengo. Zamkati za bowa ndizolimba kwambiri, ndipo kusasinthasintha kwake sikusintha nthawi yonse yakucha, imakhala ndi utoto wofiirira womwe umalowa mkati mwa mitsempha ya "marble" yowala.

Chinese (Asia) Truffle (Tuber sinensis, Tuber chizindikiro)

Ngakhale linali ndi dzina, bowa woyamba wamtunduwu sanapezeke ku China, koma m'nkhalango za Himalaya, ndipo patangopita zaka zana limodzi, truffle yaku Asia idapezeka ku China.

Ponena za kukoma ndi mphamvu ya fungo, bowa uyu ndi wotsika kwambiri kuposa mchimwene wake - truffle yakuda yaku France, komabe, ndiyofunikira kwa akatswiri odziwa zokometsera izi. Mnofu wa bowa ndi woderapo, nthawi zina wakuda, wokhala ndi mizere ingapo ya utoto wonyezimira.

Truffle yaku China imakula osati mdera la China lokha: imapezeka ku India, m'nkhalango za Korea, ndipo kumapeto kwa 2015, m'modzi mwa anthu okhala mumzinda wa Russia wa Ussuriisk adapeza truffle pomwepo pa chiwembu chake, mu Munda pansi pa mtengo wawung'ono wa thundu.

Kodi truffles amakula kuti ndipo amakula bwanji?

Bowa wa Truffle amakula mobisa m'magulu ang'onoang'ono, momwe mumakhala matupi 3 mpaka 7 obala zipatso, omwe amakhala ndi mawonekedwe amtundu wamtundu kapena mnofu.

Malo ogawira ma truffles ndi ochulukirapo: chakudya chokoma ichi chimakololedwa m'nkhalango zowoneka bwino komanso zowoneka bwino ku Europe ndi Asia, North Africa ndi United States of America.

Mwachitsanzo, mycelium ya Piedmontese truffle, yomwe imamera kumpoto kwa Italy, imapanga mgwirizano ndi mizu ya birch, poplar, elm ndi linden, ndipo matupi azipatso za Black Perigord truffle amapezeka ku Spain, Switzerland ndi kumwera ya France m'minda yokhala ndi mitengo ya thundu, nyanga kapena mitengo ya beech.

Chilimwe chakuda cham'mlengalenga chimakonda nkhalango zowirira kapena zosakanikirana ndi dothi lowoneka bwino la Central Europe, Scandinavia, gombe la Black Sea ku Caucasus, our country, komanso zigawo zina za Central Asia.

Nyengo yachisanu imakula osati m'mapiri a Switzerland ndi France, komanso m'mapiri a Crimea. Mitengo ya zipatso zoyera zaku Moroccan zitha kupezeka m'nkhalango zomwe zili m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Mediterranean ndi North Africa. Izi bowa truffle limakula pafupi ndi mizu ya mkungudza, thundu ndi paini.

Kodi ma truffles amakula kuti ku Russia?

Ma truffle a chilimwe (truffle yakuda yaku Russia) amakula ku Russia. Amapezeka ku Caucasus, pagombe la Black Sea, ku Crimea m'nkhalango zowirira komanso zosakanikirana. Ndi bwino kuwayang'ana pansi pa mizu ya nyanga, beech, thundu. Sapezeka kawirikawiri m'nkhalango zoterezi.

Muthanso kupeza ma truffle achisanu ku Crimea. Bowa uwu umakula kuyambira Novembala mpaka February-Marichi.

Ma truffles oyera (golide truffles), omwe ndi mitundu yosawerengeka kwambiri, amakulanso ku Russia. Amapezeka ku Vladimir, Oryol, Kuibyshev, Nizhny Novgorod, Smolensk ndi Samara. Ma truffles oyera amakulanso m'chigawo cha Moscow (m'chigawo cha Moscow) ndi dera la Leningrad.

Kukula ma truffle kunyumba

Anthu ambiri amafunsa funso ngati ndizotheka kulima ma truffle pawokha, momwe angamere bowa uyu komanso zomwe zimakhalira pakulima truffles. Mwachilengedwe, kufalikira kwa bowa uku kumachitika chifukwa cha okhala m'nkhalango omwe amapeza bowa wakupsa ndikudya.

Mitengo ya ma truffle, pamodzi ndi zonyansa zochotsedwa mthupi la nyama, zimalowa muzu wamtengo ndikupanga mgwirizano nawo. Komabe, m'maiko ambiri ku Europe ndi PRC, kulima kwamtundu wakuda wakuda kwakhala kofala kwazaka zambiri. Ndizofunikira kudziwa kuti ma truffle oyera samachita kubzala.

Kuswana bwino kwa truffle kumafunikira zifukwa zingapo kuti zigwirizane: nyengo yabwino, dothi loyenera ndi mitengo yoyenera. Lero, kuti apange minda ya truffle, minda yopangidwa ndi anthu imabzalidwa kuchokera kuzipatso za mtengo womwe bowa udapezedwa.

Njira ina ndikupatsira mizu ya mmera ndi truffle mycelium wokonzedwa mwapadera. Kulima ma truffles ndi njira yayitali komanso yotsika mtengo, chifukwa chake mtengo wa truffle yakunyumba umasiyana pang'ono ndi mtengo wa truffle wachilengedwe, ngakhale kukoma kwa bowa wokumba kumakhala kotsika pang'ono.

Kodi mungapeze bwanji truffles? Nyama zosaka bowa

Kusaka ndi kusonkhanitsa ma truffle sikophweka: okonda "kusaka mwakachetechete" amagwiritsa ntchito zanzeru zambiri kuti abwere kunyumba ndi nyama yomwe akufuna. Malo omwe mungapeze ma truffles nthawi zambiri amakhala osiyana ndi zomera zina, nthaka imakhala ndi phulusa la imvi.

Mafangayi samatulukira pamwamba panthaka, nthawi zambiri amabisala pansi, koma muyenera kulabadira mapiri: ngati zikuwoneka kuti malo anu ndi "truffle", musakhale aulesi kukumba mapiri angapo - mutha kugwa ndi banja la bowa wokoma.

Akatswiri odula bowa akamasaka ma truffle amatha kudziwa momwe bowa amasinthira mwa kungogogoda pansi ndi ndodo, koma izi ndizomwe zakhala zikuchitika kwa zaka zambiri. Nthawi zambiri, midge imazungulira ma truffle okhwima, omwe amathanso kuthandizira pakufunafuna nkhalango yokoma.

Truffle ya bowa ndi gwero la fungo lamphamvu kwambiri, ndipo ngati sizingatheke kuti munthu ayigwire pansi, ndiye kuti nyama zimamva patali. Ndi chifukwa chake njirayi idakhazikitsidwa, pomwe nyama zidaphunzitsidwa mwapadera kusaka ma truffle: agalu ngakhale nkhumba!

Chodabwitsa, nkhumba imatha kununkhiza truffleyo pamtunda wa 20-25 mita. Kenako amayamba kufunafuna chakudyacho mwachangu, chifukwa chake ntchito yayikulu yonyamula bowa ndikusokoneza nyama ikangoti "yaima" pa bowa.

Kwa agalu, truffle yokha siyosangalatsa kwenikweni pankhani ya chakudya, koma "ofufuza" amiyendo inayi amayenera kuphunzitsidwa kwa nthawi yayitali kuti awaphunzitse kununkhiza truffle.

Mwa njira, galu wabwino wotola bowa lero atha kulipira ndalama zoposa ma euro 5,000.

Zothandiza katundu wa truffles

Makhalidwe apadera a truffles akhala akudziwika kale. Ndizoyenera popanga ma pie, masukisi ndi mapayi, komanso kuwonjezera pa nkhuku ndi mbale za nsomba. Nthawi zina amatha kutumizidwa ngati mbale yosiyana. Ma truffles amatha kukololedwa kuti adzagwiritsidwe ntchito mtsogolo poziziritsa kapena kuzimata mumchere wapamwamba kwambiri.

The truffle lili masamba mapuloteni, chakudya, mavitamini a gulu B, PP ndi C, mchere zosiyanasiyana, antioxidants, pheromones, amene amathandiza kusintha maganizo a munthu, ndi wambirimbiri CHIKWANGWANI.

Msuzi wa truffle ndi wabwino kwa matenda ena amaso, ndipo zamkati mwa bowa zimabweretsa mpumulo kwa anthu omwe akudwala gout. Palibe zotsutsana zapadera pakudya bowa, zomwe zimakhala zofunikira kwambiri ndi bowa watsopano komanso kusowa kwa thupi lawo chifukwa cha penicillin.

Mfundo zosangalatsa za truffle

1. Ma truffle okhwima amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi anandamide, chinthu chomwe chimagwira ntchito yamanjenje amunthu mofanana ndi chamba.
2. Truffles amasakidwa usiku chifukwa chakuti mumlengalenga ozizira, agalu osaka kapena nkhumba zimamveketsa fungo labwino la bowa.
3. M'mbuyomu ku Italy, nkhumba zophunzitsidwa bwino zimathandizira kusaka ndi kusungitsa ma truffle. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti sizowononga nthaka, komanso amayesetsa kudya nyama, adasinthidwa ndi agalu.
4. Ku Russia, kusanachitike kusintha kwa 1917, zimbalangondo zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kusaka ma truffles atachotsedwa mano.
5. Truffle amatchedwa aphrodisiac yamphamvu.