vitamini A

Dzina lapadziko lonse lapansi - Retinol.

Mavitamini osungunuka ndi mafuta, chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakukula bwino, mapangidwe a mafupa ndi mano, komanso mapangidwe a maselo. Ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwona masomphenya a usiku, ndikofunikira kuti muteteze ku matenda am'mimba, m'mimba ndi mkodzo. Udindo wa kukongola ndi unyamata wa khungu, thanzi la tsitsi ndi misomali, zowoneka bwino. Vitamini A amatengeka m'thupi mwa mawonekedwe a Retinol, omwe amapezeka m'chiwindi, mafuta a nsomba, yolk ya dzira, mkaka ndikuwonjezera margarine. Carotene, yomwe imasandulika kukhala Retinol m'thupi, imapezeka m'masamba ndi zipatso zambiri.

Mbiri yakupeza

Zofunikira zoyambirira kuti mavitamini A apezeke komanso zotsatira zakusowa kwake zidawonekeranso mchaka cha 1819, pomwe katswiri wazolimbitsa thupi waku France komanso wama psychologist Magendie adazindikira kuti agalu osapatsidwa thanzi amatha kutenga zilonda zam'mimba ndikukhala ndi chiwerengerochi.

Mu 1912, wasayansi waku Britain Frederick Gowland Hopkins adapeza zinthu zosadziwika mkaka zomwe sizimafanana ndi mafuta, chakudya, kapena mapuloteni. Atayang'anitsitsa, zidapezeka kuti amalimbikitsa kukula kwa mbewa za labotale. Chifukwa cha zomwe anapeza, Hopkins adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu 1929. Mu 1917, Elmer McCollum, Lafayette Mendel, ndi Thomas Burr Osborne nawonso adawona zinthu zofananira pophunzira za mafuta azakudya. Mu 1918, "zowonjezera izi" zidapezeka kuti zimasungunuka mafuta, ndipo mu 1920 pomaliza adatchedwa Vitamini A.

Vitamini A zakudya zolemera

Ikuwonetsa pafupifupi kupezeka kwa 100 g ya mankhwala

Kabichi wokhotakhota 500 μg
Cilantro 337 μg
Tchizi chofewa cha mbuzi 288 μg
+ Zakudya 16 zowonjezera vitamini A (kuchuluka kwa μg mu 100 g ya chipangizocho chikuwonetsedwa):
Basil264Dzira la zinziri156wamango54Phwetekere42
Nsomba yaying'ono ya mackerel218Cream124Fennel, mizu48maula39
Rosehip, zipatso217Apurikoti96Chili48Burokoli31
Dzira losaphika160Liki83manyumwa46oyisitara8

Zofunikira tsiku ndi tsiku za vitamini A

Malangizo a mavitamini A omwe amadya tsiku lililonse amatengera kuchuluka kwa Retinol kwa miyezi ingapo pasadakhale. Malo osungirawa amathandizira kugwiranso ntchito kwa thupi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti njira zoberekera zathanzi, chitetezo chokwanira, masomphenya ndi magwiridwe antchito.

Mu 1993, European Scientific Committee on Nutrition idasindikiza zambiri pazakudya za vitamini A:

AgeAmuna (mcg patsiku)Akazi (mcg patsiku)
miyezi 6-12350350
zaka 1-3400400
zaka 4-6400400
zaka 7-10500500
zaka 11-14600600
zaka 15-17700600
Zaka 18 kapena kupitirira700600
Pregnancy-700
Kuchepetsa-950

Makomiti ambiri azakudya zaku Europe, monga Germany Nutrition Society (DGE), amalimbikitsa 0,8 mg (800 mcg) wa vitamini A (Retinol) patsiku kwa azimayi ndi 1 mg (1000 mcg) ya amuna. Popeza vitamini A imathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa mwana wosabadwayo ndi mwana wakhanda, amayi apakati amalangizidwa kuti atenge 1,1 mg wa vitamini A kuyambira mwezi wachinayi wamimba. Amayi omwe akuyamwitsa ayenera kulandira 4 mg wa vitamini A patsiku.

Mu 2015, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) idakhazikitsa kuti kudya kwa vitamini A tsiku lililonse kuyenera kukhala 750 mcg kwa amuna, 650 mcg azimayi, komanso kwa akhanda ndi ana 250 mpaka 750 mcg wa vitamini A patsiku, poganizira zaka . … Pakati pa mimba ndi mkaka wa m'mawere, mavitamini owonjezera omwe amayenera kulowa m'thupi chifukwa cha kudzikundikira kwa Retinol m'matumba a mwana wosabadwayo ndi amayi, komanso kuyamwa kwa Retinol mkaka wa m'mawere, kunawonetsedwa mu kuchuluka kwa 700 ndi 1,300 mcg patsiku, motsatana.

Mu 2001, American Food and Nutrition Board idakhazikitsanso kuchuluka kwa vitamini A:

AgeAmuna (mcg patsiku)Akazi (mcg patsiku)
miyezi 0-6400400
miyezi 7-12500500
zaka 1-3300300
zaka 4-8400400
zaka 9-13600600
zaka 14-18900700
Zaka 19 kapena kupitirira900700
Mimba (zaka 18 ndi zochepa)-750
Mimba (zaka 19 kapena kupitirira)-770
Kuyamwitsa (wazaka 18 ndi kupitirira)-1200
Kuyamwitsa (zaka 19 kapena kupitirira)-1300

Monga tikuwonera, ngakhale kuchuluka kwake kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana, kuchuluka kwa vitamini A tsiku lililonse kumatsalira pamlingo womwewo.

Kufunika kwa vitamini A kumawonjezeka ndi:

  1. 1 kunenepa;
  2. 2 ntchito yolemetsa;
  3. 3 ntchito usiku mosinthana;
  4. Kutenga nawo mbali m'mipikisano yamasewera;
  5. 5 zovuta zochitika;
  6. 6 imagwira ntchito m'malo owunikira kosayenera;
  7. Zowonjezera zina za 7 zowonera;
  8. 8 mimba, yoyamwitsa;
  9. Mavuto a 9 ndimatumbo;
  10. 10 ma ARVI.

Mankhwala ndi mankhwala

Vitamini A ndi mafuta osungunuka a vitamini omwe ali m'gulu la mamolekyu omwe ali ndi dongosolo lofanana - retinoids - ndipo amapezeka mumitundu yambiri yamankhwala: aldehydes (retinal), mowa (Retinol), ndi asidi (retinoic acid). Muzinthu zanyama, mtundu wodziwika bwino wa vitamini A ndi ester, makamaka retinyl palmitate, yomwe imapangidwa mu Retinol m'matumbo aang'ono. Ma provitamins - biochemical precursors a vitamini A - amapezeka muzakudya zamasamba, ndi zigawo za gulu la carotenoid. Carotenoids ndi ma organic pigments omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe mu ma chromoplasts a zomera. Pansi pa 10% ya carotenoids 563 yodziwika ndi sayansi imatha kupangidwa kukhala vitamini A m'thupi.

Vitamini A ndi mavitamini osungunuka mafuta. Ili ndi dzina la gulu la mavitamini, olowetsa thupi lomwe limafunikira kudya mafuta, mafuta kapena lipids. Izi zikuphatikiza, mwachitsanzo, zophikira ,,,, ma avocado.

Zakudya zopatsa thanzi za Vitamini A nthawi zambiri zimapezeka mu makapisozi odzaza mafuta kuti mavitaminiwo alowerere mthupi. Anthu omwe samadya mafuta okwanira amakhala ndi mavitamini osungunuka kwambiri. Vuto lofananalo limatha kuchitika kwa anthu omwe samamwa mafuta bwino. Mwamwayi, mavitamini osungunuka ndi mafuta omwe amapezeka mwachilengedwe nthawi zambiri amapezeka muzakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta. Chifukwa chake, ndi chakudya chokwanira, kusowa kwa mavitamini otere ndikosowa.

Kuti vitamini A kapena carotene alowe m'magazi m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, m'pofunika kuti, monga mavitamini ena osungunuka mafuta, aziphatikizana ndi bile. Ngati chakudya pakadali pano chili ndi mafuta pang'ono, ndiye kuti bile yaying'ono imasungidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malabsorption iwonongeke mpaka 90% ya carotene ndi vitamini A mu ndowe.

Pafupifupi 30% ya beta-carotene imachokera mu zakudya zamasamba, pafupifupi theka la beta-carotene amasandulika kukhala vitamini A. Kuchokera pa 6 mg wa carotene mthupi, 1 mg wa vitamini A amapangidwa, chifukwa chake kutembenuka kwa kuchuluka ya carotene mu kuchuluka kwa vitamini A ndi 1: 6.

Tikukulimbikitsani kuti mudziwe zambiri za vitamini A zomwe zili zazikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Pali zinthu zopitilira 30,000 zokonda zachilengedwe, mitengo yowoneka bwino komanso kukwezedwa pafupipafupi, kosalekeza 5% kuchotsera ndi nambala yampikisano CGD4899, kutumiza kwaulere padziko lonse lapansi kulipo.

Zopindulitsa za vitamini A

Vitamini A imagwira ntchito zingapo mthupi. Chodziwika kwambiri ndi momwe zimakhudzira masomphenya. Retinyl ester imatumizidwa ku diso, lomwe lili mkati mwa diso, komwe limasandulika chinthu chotchedwa 11-cis-retinal. Komanso, 11-cis-retinal imathera mu ndodo (imodzi mwa ma photoreceptors), pomwe imaphatikizana ndi puloteni ya opsin ndikupanga mtundu wa pigment "rhodopsin". Ndodo zokhala ndi Rhodopsin zimatha kuzindikira ngakhale kuwala kocheperako, kuzipangitsa kukhala zofunikira pakuwona usiku. Kuyamwa kwa photon ya kuwala kumathandizira kusintha kwa 11-cis-retinal kubwerera kuma trans-retinal onse ndikupangitsa kuti amasulidwe kuchokera ku protein. Izi zimayambitsa zochitika zingapo zomwe zimabweretsa m'badwo wa chizindikiro chamagetsi chamagetsi ku mitsempha yamawonedwe, yomwe imasinthidwa ndikumasuliridwa ndi ubongo. Kuperewera kwa Retinol komwe kumapezeka mu diso kumabweretsa kusintha kwa mdima wotchedwa khungu usiku.

Vitamini A monga mawonekedwe a retinoic acid amatenga gawo lofunikira pakukhazikitsa mawonekedwe amtundu. Retinol ikangolowetsedwa ndi selo, imatha kupangidwanso kukhala retinal, yomwe imaphatikizidwa ndi retinoic acid. Retinoic acid ndi molekyulu yamphamvu kwambiri yomwe imamangiriza kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana za nyukiliya kuyambitsa kapena kuletsa mawonekedwe amtundu. Kupyolera mu kayendedwe ka majini enieni, retinoic acid imathandiza kwambiri pakusiyanitsa kwa maselo, chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zokhudza thupi.

Vitamini A amafunika kuti magwiridwe antchito amthupi azigwira bwino ntchito. Retinol ndi ma metabolites amafunikira kuti akhalebe okhulupirika ndi magwiridwe antchito am'magazi akhungu ndi mamina am'mimba (kupuma, kugaya chakudya ndi kwamikodzo). Minofu imeneyi imagwira ntchito yotchinga ndipo ndiyo njira yoyamba yodzitetezera kumatenda. Vitamini A imagwira gawo lalikulu pakukula ndi kusiyanitsa kwa maselo oyera amwazi, ma lymphocyte, omwe ndi othandizira pakuyankha chitetezo chamthupi.

Vitamini A ndiwofunikira pakukula kwa mluza, kutenga gawo limodzi pakukula kwamiyendo, mapangidwe a mtima, maso ndi makutu a mwana wosabadwa. Kuphatikiza apo, retinoic acid imakhudza kuwonekera kwa jini lokula la mahomoni. Kusowa konse komanso kuchepa kwa vitamini A kumatha kubweretsa zolepheretsa kubadwa.

Vitamini A imagwiritsidwa ntchito pakukula kwamaselo am'magazi kukhala maselo ofiira amwazi. Kuphatikiza apo, vitamini A ikuwoneka kuti ikuthandizira kulimbikitsa chitsulo kuchokera m'malo osungira m'thupi, ndikulitsogolera kumaselo ofiira ofiira. Kumeneko, chitsulo chimaphatikizidwa ndi hemoglobin - chonyamulira cha oxygen m'mitsempha yamagazi. Vitamini A metabolism amakhulupirira kuti imalumikizana ndi m'njira zingapo. Kulephera kwa nthaka kumatha kubweretsa kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe a Retinol, kuchepa kwa kutulutsa kwa Retinol m'chiwindi komanso kuchepa kwa Retinol kukhala diso. Vitamini A zowonjezera zimathandizira kuperewera kwachitsulo (kuchepa magazi) ndikusintha mayamwidwe achitsulo mwa ana ndi amayi apakati. Kuphatikiza kwa vitamini A ndi chitsulo kumawoneka kuti kumachira bwino kuposa kungowonjezera chitsulo kapena vitamini A.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa awonetsa kuti vitamini A, carotenoids, ndi provitamin A carotenoids zitha kukhala zothandiza popewa kukula kwa matenda amtima. Ntchito ya antioxidant ya vitamini A ndi carotenoids imaperekedwa ndi hydrophobic unyolo wama polyene mayunitsi, omwe amatha kuzimitsa singlet oxygen (ma molekyulu a oxygen ndi zochita zambiri), amachepetsa ma thiyl radicals, ndikukhazikika kwa peroxyl radicals. Mwachidule, kutalika kwa unyolo wa polyene, kumawonjezera kukhazikika kwa peroxyl kwakukulu. Chifukwa cha kapangidwe kake, vitamini A ndi carotenoids zitha kupangidwanso oxidized pamene O2 imachulukitsidwa ndipo chifukwa chake ndi ma antioxidants othandiza kwambiri pamavuto otsika a oxygen omwe amadziwika ndimatupi athu omwe amapezeka m'matumba. Ponseponse, umboni wamavuto akusonyeza kuti vitamini A ndi carotenoids ndizofunikira pakudya pochepetsa matenda amtima.

European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), yomwe imapereka upangiri wasayansi kwa omwe amapanga mfundo, yatsimikizira kuti zabwino zotsatirazi zathanzi zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi vitamini A:

  • magawano abwinobwino am'magulu;
  • chitukuko wabwinobwino ndi kugwira ntchito kwa chitetezo cha m'thupi;
  • kusunga khungu labwinobwino ndi nembanemba yam'mimba;
  • kukonza masomphenya;
  • kagayidwe kabwino kazitsulo.

Vitamini A imagwirizana kwambiri ndi mavitamini C ndi E komanso mchere wachitsulo ndi zinc. Mavitamini C ndi E amateteza vitamini A ku makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Vitamini E imakulitsa kuyamwa kwa vitamini A, koma pokhapokha ngati vitamini E imadyedwa pang'ono. Mavitamini E omwe ali ndi zakudya zambiri, amachititsa kuti vitamini A. ayambe kuyamwa kwambiri. Vitamini A imathandizira kuyamwa kwa chitsulo ndipo imakhudza magwiritsidwe azitsulo zomwe zimapezeka m'chiwindi.

Vitamini A imagwiranso ntchito ndi mavitamini D ndi K2, magnesium, ndi mafuta azakudya. Mavitamini A, D ndi K2 amagwira ntchito mogwirizana kuti athandizire chitetezo chamthupi, kulimbikitsa kukula kokwanira, kukhala ndi thanzi la mafupa ndi mano, komanso kuteteza minofu yofewa ku calcification. Magnesium ndiyofunikira popanga mapuloteni onse, kuphatikiza omwe amalumikizana ndi mavitamini A ndi D. Mapuloteni ambiri omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kagayidwe kake ka vitamini A komanso zolandilira mavitamini A ndi D onse zimagwira bwino ntchito pokhapokha ngati kuli zinc.

Mavitamini A ndi D amagwiranso ntchito limodzi popanga mapuloteni ena odalira mavitamini. Vitamini K akangoyambitsa mapuloteniwa, amathandizira kuthyolako mafupa ndi mano, kuteteza mitsempha ndi ziwalo zina zofewa ku calcification yachilendo, komanso kuteteza ku kufa kwa cell.

Zakudya za vitamini A zimadyedwa bwino ndi zakudya zomwe zili ndi mafuta "athanzi". Mwachitsanzo, sipinachi, yomwe ili ndi vitamini A yambiri ndi lutein, ikulimbikitsidwa kuti ikhale pamodzi. Zomwezo zimapita ku letesi ndi kaloti, zomwe zimayenda bwino ndi mapeyala mu saladi. Monga lamulo, zinthu zanyama zomwe zili ndi vitamini A zambiri zili kale ndi mafuta ena, okwanira kuyamwa kwake. Ponena za masamba ndi zipatso, tikulimbikitsidwa kuwonjezera mafuta pang'ono a masamba ku saladi kapena madzi ophwanyidwa mwatsopano - motere tidzakhala otsimikiza kuti thupi lidzalandira vitamini wofunikira mokwanira.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti gwero labwino kwambiri la vitamini A makamaka, komanso zinthu zina zopindulitsa, ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi komanso zachilengedwe, osati zowonjezera zakudya. Kugwiritsa ntchito mavitamini mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala, n'zosavuta kulakwitsa ndi mlingo ndikupeza zambiri kuposa momwe thupi limafunira. Kuchuluka kwa vitamini kapena mchere wina m'thupi kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zoyipa kwambiri. Chiwopsezo chokhala ndi matenda a oncological chikhoza kuwonjezeka, kuchuluka kwa thupi kumawonongeka, kagayidwe kazakudya komanso magwiridwe antchito a ziwalo zimasokonekera. Choncho, kugwiritsa ntchito mavitamini m'mapiritsi kuyenera kuchitika pokhapokha ngati kuli kofunikira komanso kukaonana ndi dokotala.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala

Kugwiritsa ntchito vitamini A wambiri kumayikidwa potsatira izi:

  • kuchepa kwa vitamini A, komwe kumatha kupezeka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la protein, chotupa chithokomiro, kutentha thupi, matenda a chiwindi, cystic fibrosis, kapena matenda obadwa nawo otchedwa abelatipoproteinemia.
  • ndi khansa ya m'mawere. Azimayi otha msinkhu omwe ali ndi mbiri ya khansa ya m'mawere omwe amadya vitamini A wambiri pazakudya zawo amaganiza kuti amachepetsa chiopsezo chokhala ndi khansa ya m'mawere. Sizikudziwika ngati vitamini A supplementation imakhalanso ndi zotsatira zofananira.
  • … Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kudya kwambiri vitamini A mu zakudya kumabweretsa kuchepa kwakanthawi kokhala ndi ng'ala.
  • ndi kutsekula m'mimba komwe kumayambitsidwa ndi. Kutenga vitamini A limodzi ndi mankhwala ochiritsira zikuwoneka kuti kumachepetsa chiopsezo chofa ndi matenda otsekula m'mimba mwa ana omwe ali ndi HIV omwe alibe vitamini A.
  • … Kutenga vitamini A pakamwa kumachepetsa zizindikilo za malungo kwa ana ochepera zaka zitatu kudera lomwe malungo amapezeka.
  • … Kutenga vitamini A pakamwa kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda kapena chikuku kwa ana omwe ali ndi chikuku amene alibe vitamini A.
  • ndi zotupa zotsogola pakamwa (pakamwa leukoplakia). Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kutenga vitamini A kumatha kuchiza zotupa zoyipa pakamwa.
  • pochira opaleshoni yamaso ya laser. Kutenga vitamini A pakamwa pamodzi ndi vitamini E kumawongolera machiritso pambuyo pa opaleshoni yamaso ya laser.
  • ndi zovuta pambuyo pathupi. Kutenga vitamini A kumachepetsa ngozi yotsekula m'mimba ndi malungo pambuyo pathupi mwa amayi operewera zakudya m'thupi.
  • ndi zovuta panthawi yoyembekezera. Kutenga vitamini A pakamwa kumachepetsa chiopsezo chofa kapena khungu usiku panthawi yapakati mwa amayi operewera zakudya m'thupi.
  • matenda amaso okhudza diso (retinitis pigmentosa). Kafukufuku akuwonetsa kuti kumwa vitamini A kumatha kuchepetsa kukula kwa matenda amaso omwe amawononga diso.

Mavitamini A amtundu wa vitamini A amatha kukhala osiyana. Mu zamankhwala, imapezeka ngati mapiritsi, madontho oyendetsera mkamwa, madontho oyendetsera pakamwa mu mawonekedwe amafuta, makapisozi, yankho lamafuta pakulowetsa mnofu, yankho lamafuta pakulankhulira pakamwa, ngati mapiritsi okutidwa ndi kanema. Vitamini A amatengedwa kuti ateteze komanso ngati mankhwala, monga lamulo, mphindi 10-15 mutatha kudya. Njira zothetsera mafuta zimatengedwa ngati malabsorption m'matumbo kapena m'matenda akulu. Nthawi yomwe chithandizo chanthawi yayitali chimafunika, yankho la jekeseni wamitsempha limaphatikizidwa ndi makapisozi. Mu pharmacology, vitamini A amatchulidwa kawirikawiri mu Units International. Pakuchepa kwa mavitamini ochepa, akulu amapatsidwa mayunitsi 33 apadziko lonse lapansi; ndi hemeralopia, xerophthalmia - 50-100 zikwi IU / tsiku; ana - 1-5 zikwi IU / tsiku, kutengera zaka; matenda khungu kwa akulu - 50-100 zikwi IU / tsiku; ana - 5-20 zikwi IU / tsiku.

Mankhwala achikhalidwe amalangiza kugwiritsa ntchito vitamini A ngati mankhwala akhungu komanso osakhala bwino. Pachifukwa ichi, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a nsomba, chiwindi, mafuta ndi mazira, komanso masamba omwe ali ndi vitamini A - dzungu, apricots, kaloti. Madzi a kaloti ongopangidwa kumene ndi kuwonjezera kirimu kapena mafuta a masamba ndi njira yabwino yothetsera vuto. Wina wowerengeka yothetsera kupeza vitamini imatengedwa kuti decoction wa tubers wa tuber potbelly - ntchito ngati zimandilimbikitsa, zobwezeretsa ndi antirheumatic wothandizira. Mbeu za fulakesi zimawonedwanso ngati gwero lamtengo wapatali la vitamini A, komanso zinthu zina zothandiza, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati komanso ngati gawo la masks akunja, mafuta odzola ndi decoctions. Malinga ndi malipoti ena, kuchuluka kwa vitamini A kumakhala pamwamba pa kaloti, kuposa zipatso zomwezo. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuphika, komanso kupanga decoction, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito mkati ngati maphunziro kwa mwezi umodzi.

Kafukufuku Waposachedwa pa Vitamini A:

Ofufuza ku Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine apeza kuti kagayidwe kosalamulirika ka vitamini A m'matumbo kangayambitse kutupa koopsa. Kupeza kumeneku kumakhazikitsa kulumikizana pakati pazakudya ndi matenda otupa - ndi zilonda zam'mimba.

Werengani zambiri

Ofufuza apeza malo oyambira mu njira ya metabolic ya vitamini A yomwe imadalira puloteni inayake yotchedwa ISX. Chiyambi cha njira ndi beta-carotene - chinthu chopatsa thanzi kwambiri cha pigment, chifukwa chomwe mtundu wa mbatata ndi kaloti umapangidwa. Beta-carotene imasinthidwa kukhala vitamini A m'mimba. Kuchokera pamenepo, gawo lalikulu la vitamini A limatumizidwa ku minofu ina, kuonetsetsa kuti masomphenya abwino ndi ntchito zina zofunika. Pakafukufuku wa mbewa zomwe ISX idachotsedwa, asayansi adawona kuti mapuloteni amathandiza kuti thupi liziyenda bwino. Mapuloteni amathandiza matumbo aang'ono kudziwa Nthawi yomwe beta-carotene imafunika kuti thupi likhale ndi vitamini A. Maselo a chitetezo cha mthupi amadalira njira yolamulira iyi kuti ayankhe bwino chakudya cholowa m'matumbo aang'ono. Izi zimapereka chotchinga chogwira ntchito motsutsana ndi ziwopsezo zokhudzana ndi chakudya. Ofufuzawo adapeza kuti ISX ikalibe, ma cell a chitetezo m'matumbo am'mimba amatha kuyankha kwambiri pazakudya zokhala ndi beta-carotene. Zotsatira zawo zimatsimikizira kuti ISX ndiye ulalo waukulu pakati pa zomwe timadya komanso chitetezo cham'matumbo. Asayansi adatsimikiza kuti kuchotsa puloteni ya ISX kumafulumizitsa kufotokozera kwa jini yomwe imasintha beta carotene kukhala vitamini A 200-fold. Chifukwa cha izi, mbewa zochotsedwa ndi ISX zinalandira vitamini A wochuluka ndipo zinayamba kuzisintha kukhala retinoic acid, molekyulu yomwe imayang'anira ntchito za majini ambiri, kuphatikizapo omwe amapanga chitetezo. Izi zinayambitsa kutupa komweko pamene maselo a chitetezo cha mthupi adadzaza dera la m'matumbo pakati pa mimba ndi m'matumbo ndikuyamba kuchulukana. Kutupa kwakukulu kumeneku kunafalikira ku kapamba ndipo kunayambitsa immunodeficiency mu mbewa.

Kafukufuku waposachedwa akuwonetsa kuti vitamini A imakulitsa zochitika za insulin-cell zotulutsa insulin. Asayansi apeza kuti maselo a beta omwe amapangidwa ndi insulin amakhala ndi mapulogalamu ambiri pamtundu wawo omwe amamvera vitamini A. Ofufuza amakhulupirira kuti izi ndichifukwa choti vitamini A imathandizira pakukula kwamaselo a beta kumayambiriro kwa moyo. , komanso zowona ndikugwira ntchito nthawi yonse ya moyo, makamaka munthawi ya matenda - ndiye kuti, ndi matenda ena otupa.

Werengani zambiri

Kuti aphunzire kufunikira kwa vitamini A mu matenda ashuga, ofufuzawa adagwira ntchito ndi maselo a insulin ochokera mbewa, anthu athanzi, komanso anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amtundu wa 2. Asayansi anatsekereza ma receptors ndi kupatsa odwala shuga. Adawona kuti kuthekera kwama cell kutulutsa insulin kumachepa. Zomwezo zitha kuwonetsedwa poyerekeza maselo a insulin ochokera kwa omwe amapereka ndi matenda amtundu wa 2. Maselo ochokera kwa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga amtundu wa 2 anali osakwanitsa kupanga insulin poyerekeza ndi maselo ochokera kwa anthu omwe alibe matenda ashuga. Asayansi apezanso kuti kukana kwa maselo a beta pakuchepa kumachepa pakakhala kuti vitamini A. Pakakhala kuti vitamini A kulibe, maselo amafa. Kafukufukuyu amathanso kukhala ndi tanthauzo ku mitundu ina ya matenda ashuga amtundu wa 1, pomwe maselo a beta sanakule bwino koyambirira. "Momwe zidawonekera pambuyo pofufuza ndi nyama, mbewa zomwe zangobadwa kumene zimafunikira vitamini A kuti maselo awo a beta akule bwino. Tili otsimikiza kuti ndizofanana mwa anthu. Ana ayenera kupeza vitamini A wokwanira pa zakudya zawo, ”anatero Albert Salehi, Senior Research Fellow ku Diabetes Center ku Lund University ku Sweden.

Asayansi ku Yunivesite ya Lund ku Sweden apeza momwe mavitamini A adakhudzidwapo pakukula kwa m'mimba. Kafukufuku wawo akuwonetsa kuti vitamini A imathandizira pakupanga maselo amwazi. Molekyu yosonyeza kuti retinoic acid ndi vitamini A chochokera chomwe chimathandiza kudziwa momwe mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya minofu imapangira mwana wosabadwayo.

Werengani zambiri

Kafukufuku yemwe sanachitikepo ndi labotale ya Pulofesa Niels-Bjarn Woods ku Lund Stam Cell Center ku Sweden adawonetsa zotsatira za asidi wa retinoic pakukula kwa maselo ofiira ofiira, maselo oyera amwazi ndi ma platelets ochokera ku cell stem. Mu labotale, maselo amadzimadzi amatengera mamolekyu ena osonyeza mawonekedwe, omwe amasandulika kukhala maselo am'magazi. Asayansi awona kuti asidi wambiri wa retinoic acid amachepetsa mwachangu kuchuluka kwama cell amwazi omwe amapangidwa. Kutsika kwa retinoic acid, kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa maselo amwazi ndi 300%. Ngakhale kuti vitamini A imafunika pakakhala pathupi, zapezeka kuti kuchuluka kwa vitamini A kumavulaza mluza, kuyambitsa chiopsezo cha kusokonekera kapena kutha kwa mimba. Poganizira izi, amayi apakati amalangizidwa mwamphamvu kuti asamadye zakudya zomwe zili ndi vitamini A wambiri ngati ma retinoid, monga chiwindi. "Zotsatira za kafukufuku wathu zikuwonetsa kuti mavitamini A ambiri amakhala ndi vuto la hematopoiesis. Izi zikusonyeza kuti amayi apakati nawonso ayenera kupewa kudya kwambiri vitamini A, ”akutero Niels-Bjarn Woods.

Vitamini A mu cosmetology

Ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zopangira khungu labwino komanso lamtundu. Mukalandira mavitamini okwanira, mutha kuyiwala zovuta monga kutopa kwa khungu, mawanga azaka, ziphuphu, kuuma.

Vitamini A mu mawonekedwe ake oyera, okhazikika amatha kupezeka mosavuta m'ma pharmacies, monga makapisozi, njira zamafuta ndi ma ampoules. Ndikoyenera kukumbukira kuti ichi ndi gawo logwira ntchito, choncho, liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala, ndipo makamaka pambuyo pa zaka 35. Cosmetologists amalangiza kupanga masks okhala ndi vitamini A nthawi yozizira komanso kamodzi pamwezi. Ngati pali zotsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a vitamini A pakupanga masks, mutha m'malo mwake ndi zinthu zachilengedwe zomwe zili ndi vitamini iyi - kalina, parsley, sipinachi, yolks dzira, mkaka, dzungu, kaloti, mafuta a nsomba, algae.

Pali maphikidwe ambiri a masks omwe ali ndi vitamini A. Nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi mafuta - mafuta a kirimu wowawasa, mafuta a burdock. Vitamini A (yankho la mafuta ndi Retinol acetate) amagwira ntchito bwino ndi madzi a aloe, oatmeal ndi uchi. Kuchotsa makwinya ndi mikwingwirima pansi pa maso, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito chisakanizo cha vitamini A ndi mafuta aliwonse a masamba, kapena mankhwala a Aevit, omwe ali kale ndi vitamini A ndi vitamini E. Njira yabwino yodzitetezera komanso yochizira ziphuphu zakumaso ndi chigoba ndi nthaka, vitamini A mu ampoule kapena mafuta pang'ono a zinki, amagwiritsidwa ntchito 2 pa mwezi. Pamaso pa ziwengo, mabala otseguka ndi kuwonongeka kwa khungu, matenda ake aliwonse, muyenera kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito masks otere.

Vitamini A ndi wabwino pa thanzi la misomali akasakaniza ndi zinthu zina. Mwachitsanzo, mutha kukonza chigoba chamanja chokhala ndi mavitamini A, B, ndi D amadzimadzi, kirimu chamafuta am'manja, madzi a mandimu, ndi dontho la ayodini. Izi osakaniza ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa khungu la manja ndi msomali mbale, kutikita minofu kwa mphindi 20 ndi kusiya kuyamwa. Kuchita izi pafupipafupi kumathandizira kuti zikhadabo ndi manja anu ziziyenda bwino.

Zotsatira za vitamini A pa thanzi la tsitsi ndi kukongola sikuyenera kunyalanyazidwa. Ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku shamposi (nthawi iliyonse isanachitike, kuti tipewe makutidwe ndi okosijeni azinthu zikawonjezeredwa phukusi lonse la shampu), m'masks - kukulitsa kuwala, kufewa kwa mphamvu ya tsitsi. Monga momwe zimakhalira kumaso, vitamini A imalimbikitsidwa kuphatikizidwa ndi zosakaniza zina - vitamini E, mafuta osiyanasiyana, decoctions (chamomile, horsetail), (chifukwa cha kufewa), mpiru kapena tsabola (kuti ufulumizitse kukula kwa tsitsi). Ndalamazi ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala kwa iwo omwe sagwirizana ndi mankhwala a vitamini A komanso kwa iwo omwe tsitsi lawo limakhala ndi mafuta ambiri.

Vitamini A mu ziweto, mbewu ndi mafakitale

Amapezeka muudzu wobiriwira, nyemba zamtengo wapatali ndi mafuta ena a nsomba, vitamini A, wotchedwa Retinol, ndi imodzi mwa michere yofunikira yathanzi la nkhuku. Kulephera kwa Vitamini A kumabweretsa nthenga zochepa pamodzi ndi kufooka, mavuto amaso ndi milomo, mpaka kuwonongeka. Chinanso chofunikira pakupanga ndikuti kuchepa kwa vitamini A kumatha kuchepetsa kukula.

Vitamini A imakhala ndi alumali lalifupi kwambiri, chifukwa chake, zakudya zowuma zomwe zimasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali sizikhala ndi vitamini A. Wodwala kapena wopanikizika, chitetezo cha mbalame chimakhala chofooka kwambiri. Powonjezerapo mavitamini A ochepa kudyetsa kapena kuthirira, matenda ena amatha kupewedwa, popeza alibe vitamini A wokwanira, mbalame zimatha kutenga tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tambiri.

Vitamini A ndiyofunikanso pakukula bwino kwa zinyama, kukhalabe ndi njala, kuvala thanzi komanso chitetezo chokwanira.

Zambiri zosangalatsa za vitamini A

  • ndi vitamini woyamba kupezeka ndi anthu;
  • chiwindi cha polar chimakhala ndi vitamini A wambiri kotero kuti kudya chiwindi chonse kumatha kupha anthu;
  • pafupifupi ana 259 mpaka 500 miliyoni amataya khungu chaka chilichonse chifukwa chakuchepa kwa vitamini A;
  • mu zodzoladzola, vitamini A amapezeka nthawi zambiri pansi pa mayina a Retinol acetate, retinyl linoleate ndi retinyl palmitate;
  • Mpunga wokhala ndi Vitamini A, wopangidwa pafupifupi zaka 15 zapitazo, ukhoza kuletsa ana masauzande ambiri akhungu. Koma chifukwa chodandaula za zakudya zomwe zidasinthidwa, sizinapangidwenso.

Zowopsa za vitamini A, zotsutsana ndi machenjezo

Vitamini A imagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha kwambiri, koma imawonongeka ndi dzuwa. Chifukwa chake, sungani zakudya zopatsa mavitamini ndi zowonjezera zamankhwala m'malo amdima.

Zizindikiro Zakusowa kwa Vitamini A.

Kuperewera kwa Vitamini A kumachitika nthawi zambiri chifukwa chodya zakudya zosakwanira vitamini A, beta-carotene kapena provitamin A carotenoids; omwe amapangika kukhala vitamini A mthupi. Kuphatikiza pa mavuto azakudya, kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso komanso malabsorption kumatha kuyambitsa vuto la vitamini A.

Chizindikiro choyambirira cha kusowa kwa vitamini A ndikumvetsetsa kwamdima, kapena khungu usiku. Kulephera kwa vitamini A kwakanthawi kapena kwakanthawi kumayambitsa kusintha kwa ma cornea, omwe pamapeto pake amatsogolera zilonda zam'mimba. Kulephera kwa Vitamini A pakati pa ana m'mayiko omwe akutukuka kumene ndi komwe kumayambitsa khungu.

Kuperewera kwa Vitamini A kumalumikizidwanso ndi kuchepa kwa thupi m'thupi, komwe kumachepetsa mphamvu yolimbana ndi matenda. Ngakhale ana omwe ali ndi vuto la kuchepa kwa vitamini A amakhala ndi matenda opatsirana komanso otsekula m'mimba, komanso kufa kwambiri kuchokera ku matenda opatsirana (makamaka), poyerekeza ndi ana omwe amadya vitamini A. Komanso, kuchepa kwa vitamini A kumatha kuyambitsa Kulephera kukula ndi mapangidwe a mafupa mwa ana ndi achinyamata. Osuta fodya, kusowa kwa vitamini A kumatha kuyambitsa matenda osachiritsika am'mapapo (COPD) ndi emphysema, omwe amaganiza kuti amachulukitsa chiopsezo cha khansa yamapapo.

Zizindikiro zowonjezera Vitamini A

Vitamini A hypervitaminosis yemwe amayamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwambiri kwa Retinol, komwe kumayamwa mwachangu komanso kutulutsidwa pang'onopang'ono mthupi, ndikosowa. Zizindikiro zake zimaphatikizapo kunyoza, kupweteka mutu, kutopa, kusowa njala, chizungulire, khungu louma, ndi edema yaubongo. Pali maphunziro omwe amatsimikizira kuti mavitamini A owonjezera m'thupi amatha kupangitsa kuti pakhale kufooka kwa mafupa. Zotengera zina za Retinol zopangidwa (mwachitsanzo tretinate, isotretinoin, tretinoin) zimatha kuyambitsa zilema m'mimba motero siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yapakati kapena poyesera kutenga pakati. Zikatero, beta-carotene amawerengedwa kuti ndi gwero labwino kwambiri la vitamini A.

Zotsatira za Beta-Carotene ndi Retinol Efficacy Study (CARET) zikuwonetsa kuti vitamini A (Retinol) ndi beta-carotene supplementation ziyenera kupewedwa kwa nthawi yayitali mwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha khansa yamapapo, monga omwe amasuta komanso anthu owonekera kupita ku asibesitosi.

Kuyanjana ndi mankhwala ena

Vitamini A, yemwe walowa kale m'magazi, amayamba kuwonongeka mwachangu ngati thupi lilibe vitamini E. Ndipo ngati vitamini B4 (choline) ikusowa, ndiye kuti vitamini A sasungidwa kuti adzagwiritse ntchito mtsogolo. Maantibayotiki amaganiziridwa kuti amachepetsa pang'ono zotsatira za vitamini A. Kuphatikiza apo, vitamini A imatha kuyambitsa zovuta za chinthu chotchedwa isotretinoin ndikuwononga zoyipa.

Tasonkhanitsa mfundo zofunika kwambiri za vitamini A mu fanizoli ndipo tikhala othokoza ngati mutagawana chithunzichi pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti kapena pa blog, yolumikizana ndi tsambali:

Magwero azidziwitso
  1. Nkhani ya Wikipedia "Vitamini A"
  2. Bungwe la Britain Medical. AZ Family Medical Encyclopedia
  3. Maria Polevaya. Kaloti motsutsana zotupa ndi urolithiasis.
  4. Vladimir Kallistratov Lavrenov. Encyclopedia yazomera zamankhwala.
  5. Mapuloteni amawongolera mavitamini A pamagetsi, amaletsa kutupa,
  6. Udindo wa vitamini A mu matenda ashuga,
  7. Zotsatira zosadziwika za vitamini A zidadziwika,
  8. Walter A. Droessler. Ndizabwino kudya komanso kuwoneka bwino (tsamba 64)
  9. USDA Kapangidwe Kakudya,
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