Mitundu yambiri ya nyama imatha kugonera. Kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya m'zamoyo zawo kumachepetsedwa kakhumi. Iwo sangakhoze kudya ndipo nkomwe kupuma. Matendawa akupitiriza kukhala chimodzi mwa zinsinsi zazikulu za sayansi. Kuthetsa kutha kubweretsa zopambana m'malo ambiri, kuchokera ku oncology kupita kumlengalenga. Asayansi akufuna kupangitsa munthu kugona.
Lyudmila Kramarova, wofufuza wamkulu pa Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Pushchino) anavomereza kuti: “Ndinagwira ntchito ku Sweden kwa chaka chimodzi ndipo sindinathe kuwachititsa kugona kwa chaka chimodzi.
Kumadzulo, ufulu wa zinyama za laboratory umafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane - Declaration of Human Rights ikupuma. Koma kuyesa pa kafukufuku wa hibernation sikungatheke.
– Funso n’lakuti, n’chifukwa chiyani ayenera kugona ngati kuli kutentha m’nyumba ya gopher ndi kudyetsedwa kuchokera m’mimba? Gophers si opusa. Kuno mu labotale yathu, amagona nane mwachangu!
Wokoma mtima kwambiri Lyudmila Ivanovna amamenya mwamphamvu chala chake patebulo ndikulankhula za gopher wa labotale yemwe amakhala pamalo ake. "Susya!" Adayitana ali pakhomo. "Pay-pay!" – anayankha gopher, amene zambiri osati kuweta. Susya uyu sanagone ngakhale kamodzi pazaka zitatu kunyumba. M’nyengo yozizira, kunkazizira kwambiri m’nyumbamo, ankakwera pansi pa radiator ndi kutentha mutu wake. “Chifukwa chiyani?” akufunsa Lyudmila Ivanovna. Mwinamwake malo olamulira a hibernation ali kwinakwake mu ubongo? Asayansi sakudziwabe. Chikhalidwe cha hibernation ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zovuta kwambiri mu biology yamakono.
Imfa yakanthawi
Chifukwa cha Microsoft, chilankhulo chathu chalemeretsedwa ndi mawu enanso - hibernation. Ili ndilo dzina la njira yomwe Windows Vista imalowetsa pakompyuta kuti muchepetse mphamvu. Makinawa akuwoneka kuti azimitsidwa, koma deta yonse imasungidwa nthawi imodzi: Ndinakanikiza batani - ndipo zonse zinagwira ntchito ngati palibe chomwe chinachitika. N’chimodzimodzinso ndi zamoyo. Mitundu yambirimbiri yosiyanasiyana - kuchokera ku mabakiteriya akale kupita ku ma lemurs apamwamba - amatha "kufa" kwakanthawi, komwe kumatchedwa hibernation, kapena hypobiosis.
Chitsanzo chapamwamba ndi gophers. Mukudziwa chiyani za gophers? Makoswe otere ochokera ku banja la gologolo. Amakumba minks yawo, amadya udzu, amaswana. Nthawi yozizira ikafika, gophers amapita mobisa. Apa ndipamene, kuchokera kumalingaliro asayansi, chinthu chosangalatsa kwambiri chimachitika. Gopher hibernation imatha mpaka miyezi 8. Pamwamba, chisanu nthawi zina chimafika -50, dzenje limaundana mpaka -5. Ndiye kutentha kwa miyendo ya nyama kumatsikira ku -2, ndi ziwalo zamkati kufika -2,9 madigiri. Mwa njira, m'nyengo yozizira, gopher amagona mzere kwa milungu itatu yokha. Kenako imatuluka mu hibernation kwa maola angapo, kenako ndikugonanso. Popanda kulowa muzachilengedwe, tinene kuti amadzuka kukakodza ndi kutambasula.
Gologolo wamtundu wozizira amakhala woyenda pang'onopang'ono: kugunda kwa mtima wake kumatsika kuchokera ku 200-300 mpaka 1-4 kugunda pamphindi, kupuma kwa episodic - kupuma kwa 5-10, ndiyeno kusapezeka kwawo kwathunthu kwa ola limodzi. Kutumiza kwa magazi ku ubongo kumachepetsedwa pafupifupi 90%. Munthu wamba sangakhale ndi moyo pafupi ndi izi. Sangathe ngakhale kukhala ngati chimbalangondo, chomwe kutentha kwake kumatsika pang'ono panthawi ya hibernation - kuchokera 37 mpaka 34-31 madigiri. Madigiri atatu kapena asanu awa akanatikwanira: thupi likadamenyera ufulu wosunga kugunda kwa mtima, kupuma kwanthawi yayitali ndikubwezeretsa kutentha kwa thupi kwa maola angapo, koma mphamvu ikatha, imfa ndiyosapeŵeka.
mbatata yaubweya
Kodi mukudziwa momwe gopher imawonekera ikagona? akufunsa Zarif Amirkhanov, wofufuza wamkulu pa Institute of Cell Biophysics. “Monga mbatata zochokera m’chipinda chapansi pa nyumba. Zovuta komanso zozizira. Ubweya wokha.
Pakalipano, gopher amawoneka ngati gopher - amaluma mbewu mokondwera. Sikophweka kuganiza kuti cholengedwa chosangalalachi chikhoza kugwa mwadzidzidzi popanda chifukwa ndi kuthera nthawi yambiri ya chaka monga chonchi, ndiyeno, popanda chifukwa, "kugwa" mu mpumulo umenewu.
Chimodzi mwa zinsinsi za hypobiosis ndikuti chinyama chimatha kudziwongolera pachokha. Kusintha kwa kutentha kozungulira sikofunikira konse pa izi - ma lemurs ochokera ku Madagascar amagwera mu hibernation. Kamodzi pachaka, amapeza dzenje, amatseka pakhomo ndi kugona kwa miyezi isanu ndi iwiri, kutsitsa kutentha kwa thupi lawo kufika madigiri +10. Ndipo mumsewu nthawi yomweyo zonse +30. Agologolo ena apansi, mwachitsanzo, a ku Turkestan, amathanso kugonera pakatentha. Sikuti kutentha kwambiri mozungulira, koma kagayidwe mkati: kuchuluka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya kumatsika ndi 60-70%.
"Mukuwona, ili ndi thupi losiyana kwambiri," akutero Zarif. - Kutentha kwa thupi kumatsika osati chifukwa, koma chifukwa chake. Njira ina yoyendetsera ntchito yatsegulidwa. Ntchito za mapuloteni ambiri amasintha, maselo amasiya kugawanika, nthawi zambiri, thupi limamangidwanso m'maola ochepa. Ndiyeno mu maola ochepa omwewo imamangidwanso. Palibe zikoka zakunja.
nkhuni ndi mbaula
Kupadera kwa hibernation ndikuti nyamayo imatha kuziziritsa kaye kenako ndikuwotha popanda thandizo lakunja. Funso ndilakuti bwanji?
"Ndizosavuta," akutero Lyudmila Kramarova. "Brown adipose tissue, mwamva?
Nyama zonse zamagazi ofunda, kuphatikizapo anthu, zimakhala ndi mafuta odabwitsawa. Komanso, mwa makanda zimakhala zambiri kuposa wamkulu. Kwa nthawi yayitali, ntchito yake m'thupi inali yosamvetsetseka. Ndipotu, pali mafuta wamba, chifukwa chiyani komanso bulauni?
- Kotero, zinapezeka kuti mafuta a bulauni amasewera chitofu, - akufotokoza Lyudmila, - ndi mafuta oyera ndi nkhuni chabe.
Mafuta a bulauni amatha kutenthetsa thupi kuchokera ku 0 mpaka 15 madigiri. Ndiyeno nsalu zina zikuphatikizidwa mu ntchitoyi. Koma popeza tapeza chitofu sizitanthauza kuti tapeza mmene tingachigwiritsire ntchito.
"Payenera kukhala china chake chomwe chimayatsa makinawa," akutero Zarif. - Ntchito ya chamoyo chonse ikusintha, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti pali malo ena omwe amawongolera ndikuyambitsa zonsezi.
Aristotle anapatsidwa mwayi kuti aphunzire za hibernation. Sitinganene kuti sayansi yakhala ikuchita zimenezi kuyambira zaka 2500. Mozama vuto limeneli linayamba kuganiziridwa zaka 50 zapitazo. Funso lalikulu ndilakuti: ndi chiyani chomwe chimayambitsa hibernation m'thupi? Tikachipeza, tidzamvetsetsa momwe chimagwirira ntchito, ndipo ngati timvetsetsa momwe chimagwirira ntchito, tidzaphunzira momwe tingapangire hibernation mwa osagona. Moyenera, tili ndi inu. Izi ndiye logic ya sayansi. Komabe, ndi hypobiosis, malingaliro abwinobwino sanagwire ntchito.
Zonse zinayamba kuchokera kumapeto. Mu 1952, wofufuza wa ku Germany Kroll adafalitsa zotsatira za kuyesa kochititsa chidwi. Mwa kuyambitsa Tingafinye mu ubongo wa ogona hamsters, hedgehogs ndi mileme mu thupi la amphaka ndi agalu, iye anayambitsa mkhalidwe hypobiosis mu nyama osagona. Vutoli litayamba kuthetsedwa bwino kwambiri, zidapezeka kuti chinthu cha hypobiosis sichipezeka muubongo wokha, komanso mu chiwalo chilichonse cha nyama yogona. Makoswe momvera ankagona m’tulo ngati atabaidwa ndi madzi a m’magazi, zotulutsa m’mimba, ngakhalenso mkodzo wa agologolo akugona. Kuchokera pagalasi la mkodzo wa gopher, anyani nawonso adagona. Zotsatira zake zimapangidwanso nthawi zonse. Komabe, izo m'mbali amakana kuti chinanso mu zoyesayesa kudzipatula: mkodzo kapena magazi chifukwa hypobiosis, koma zigawo zikuluzikulu payokha satero. Palibe agologolo apansi, kapena ma lemurs, kapena, mwambiri, aliyense wa hibernators m'thupi adapezeka chilichonse chomwe chingawasiyanitsa ndi ena onse.
Kusaka kwa hypobiosis factor kwakhala kukuchitika kwa zaka 50, koma zotsatira zake ndi pafupifupi ziro. Palibe majini omwe amachititsa kuti munthu agone kapena zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa sizinapezeke. Sizikudziwika kuti ndi chiwalo chiti chomwe chimayambitsa vutoli. Kuyesera kosiyanasiyana kumaphatikizapo ma adrenal glands, ndi pituitary gland, ndi hypothalamus, ndi chithokomiro cha chithokomiro pamndandanda wa "okayikira", koma nthawi iliyonse zidapezeka kuti anali otenga nawo mbali pazochitikazo, koma osati oyambitsa.
"Zikuwonekeratu kuti kutali ndi mitundu yonse ya zinthu zomwe zili m'gawo lonyansali ndizothandiza," akutero Lyudmila Kramarova. — Chabwino, kokha chifukwa chakuti ifenso ambiri tiri nawo. Mapuloteni ambiri ndi ma peptides omwe amatsogolera moyo wathu ndi agologolo apansi aphunziridwa. Koma palibe aliyense wa iwo - mwachindunji, osachepera - wolumikizidwa ndi hibernation.
Zatsimikiziridwa ndendende kuti kuchuluka kwa zinthu kokha kumasintha mu thupi la gopher wogona, koma ngati chinachake chatsopano chapangidwa sichidziwikabe. Asayansi akamapitirizabe kupita patsogolo, m’pamenenso amayamba kuganiza kuti vuto si “chinthu chogona” chodabwitsa.
"Nthawi zambiri, izi ndizovuta kwambiri zomwe zimachitika pazachilengedwe," akutero Kramarova. - Mwina malo ogulitsira akugwira ntchito, ndiye kuti, kusakaniza kwa zinthu zingapo pagulu linalake. Mwina ndi cascacade. Ndiko kuti, kusinthasintha kwazinthu zingapo. Komanso, mwina, awa ndi mapuloteni odziwika kwa nthawi yayitali omwe aliyense ali nawo.
Zikuoneka kuti hibernation ndi equation ndi onse odziwika. Zikakhala zosavuta, zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuzithetsa.
Chisokonezo chonse
Ndi kuthekera kwa hibernation, chilengedwe chinapanga chisokonezo chonse. Kudyetsa ana ndi mkaka, kuikira mazira, kusunga kutentha kwa thupi kosalekeza - makhalidwe awa amapachikidwa bwino pa nthambi za mtengo wa chisinthiko. Ndipo hypobiosis imatha kuwonetsedwa bwino mumtundu umodzi ndipo nthawi yomweyo kulibe m'bale wake wapamtima. Mwachitsanzo, mbira ndi agologolo ochokera ku banja la agologolo amagona m’mitsinje yawo kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Ndipo agologolowo samaganiza kuti agone ngakhale m'nyengo yozizira kwambiri. Koma mileme ina ( mileme ), tizilombo towononga ( hedgehogs ), ma marsupial ndi anyani ( ma lemur ) amagwera m’tulo. Koma iwo sali ngakhale msuweni wachiwiri kwa gophers.
Mbalame zina, zokwawa, tizilombo timagona. Nthawi zambiri, sizikudziwika bwino pazomwe chilengedwe chinawasankha, osati ena, monga hibernators. Ndipo anasankha? Ngakhale zamoyo zomwe sizikudziŵa n'komwe za kugonekedwa kwa hibernation, pansi pazifukwa zina, zimangoganiza kuti ndi chiyani. Mwachitsanzo, galu wa m’tchire wakuda (banja la makoswe) amagona m’chipinda cha labotale ngati alandidwa madzi ndi chakudya ndi kuikidwa m’chipinda chamdima, chozizira.
Zikuwoneka kuti malingaliro achilengedwe adakhazikitsidwa ndendende pa izi: ngati mtundu uyenera kupulumuka nyengo yanjala kuti ukhale ndi moyo, uli ndi mwayi wokhala ndi hypobiosis posungira.
"Zikuwoneka kuti tikuchita ndi njira yakale yoyendetsera, yomwe imakhala yamoyo aliyense," Zarif akuganiza mokweza. - Ndipo izi zimatifikitsa ku lingaliro lodabwitsa: sizodabwitsa kuti gophers amagona. Chodabwitsa n’chakuti ife tokha sitigona m’tulo. Mwina titha kukhala okhoza hypobiosis ngati chilichonse mwachisinthiko chidachitika molunjika, ndiye kuti, molingana ndi mfundo yowonjezera mikhalidwe yatsopano ndikusunga zakale.
Komabe, malinga ndi asayansi, munthu wokhudzana ndi kugona amakhala wopanda chiyembekezo. Aaborijini aku Australia, osiyanasiyana ngale, Indian yogas amatha kuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito amthupi. Lolani luso limeneli likwaniritsidwe ndi maphunziro aatali, koma apindula! Mpaka pano, palibe wasayansi amene wakwanitsa kuika munthu mu hibernation mokwanira. Narcosis, kugona tulo, coma ndi mayiko omwe ali pafupi ndi hypobiosis, koma ali ndi maziko osiyana, ndipo amadziwika ngati matenda.
Mayesero odziwitsa munthu mu hibernation posachedwa ayamba madokotala aku our country. Njira yomwe adapanga idakhazikitsidwa pazifukwa ziwiri: kuchuluka kwa carbon dioxide mumpweya ndi kutentha kochepa. Mwina zoyesererazi sizingatilole kuti timvetsetse bwino za chikhalidwe cha hibernation, koma osatembenuza hypobiosis kukhala njira yokhazikika yachipatala.
Wodwala anatumizidwa kukagona
Pa nthawi ya hibernation, gopher saopa kuzizira kokha, komanso matenda akuluakulu a gopher: ischemia, matenda, ndi matenda a oncological. Kuchokera ku mliri, nyama yodzuka imafa tsiku limodzi, ndipo ngati itagwidwa ndi tulo, sichisamala. Pali mwayi waukulu kwa madokotala. Chimodzimodzinso opaleshoni si mkhalidwe wosangalatsa kwambiri kwa thupi. Bwanji osasintha ndi kubisala mwachibadwa?
Tangoganizirani momwe zinthu zilili: wodwalayo ali pafupi ndi moyo ndi imfa, wotchi imawerengera. Ndipo nthawi zambiri maola awa sakwanira kuchita opareshoni kapena kupeza wopereka. Ndipo mu hibernation, pafupifupi matenda aliwonse amayamba ngati kuyenda pang'onopang'ono, ndipo sitikulankhulanso za maola, koma za masiku, kapena masabata. Ngati mupereka malingaliro anu mwaufulu, mutha kulingalira momwe odwala opanda chiyembekezo amamizidwa mumkhalidwe wa hypobiosis ndikuyembekeza kuti tsiku lina njira zofunika zothandizira chithandizo chawo zidzapezeka. Makampani omwe akuchita nawo cryonics amachitanso chimodzimodzi, amangowumitsa munthu wakufa kale, ndipo sizingatheke kubwezeretsa chamoyo chomwe chakhala kwa zaka khumi mu nitrogen yamadzimadzi.
Njira ya hibernation ingathandize kumvetsetsa matenda osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, wasayansi wa ku Bulgaria Veselin Denkov m’buku lake lakuti “On the Edge of Life” akupereka lingaliro lakuti kulabadira za biochemistry ya chimbalangondo chogona: “Ngati asayansi akwanitsa kupeza m’mpangidwe wake weniweni chinthu (mwinamwake chotchedwa hormone) chimene chimalowa m’thupi. kuchokera ku hypothalamus ya zimbalangondo, mothandizidwa ndi zomwe njira za moyo zimayendetsedwa panthawi ya hibernation, ndiye kuti adzatha kuchiza anthu omwe akudwala matenda a impso.
Pakadali pano, madokotala amasamala kwambiri za lingaliro la kugwiritsa ntchito hibernation. Komabe, n’koopsa kulimbana ndi chinthu chimene sichikumveka bwino.