Zamkatimu
Kufotokozera
Vinyo (lat. Anzanu) ndi chakumwa choledzeretsa chomwe chimapangidwa ndi kutentha kwa mphesa kapena msuzi wina uliwonse wa zipatso. Mphamvu ya chakumwa pambuyo nayonso mphamvu ndi pafupifupi 9-16.
Mwa mitundu yolimba, mphamvu zazikulu zimakwaniritsidwa pakuchepetsa vinyo ndi mowa mpaka kuchuluka komwe angafune.
Vinyo ndiye chakumwa choledzeretsa chakale kwambiri. Pali nthano zambiri zopezeka koyamba chakumwa, zomwe zimawonetsedwa m'mabuku a nthano zachi Greek, Ancient Roman, and Persian. Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kutuluka kwa winemaking ndikukula kwake kumayenderana ndi kapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha anthu.
Chakumwa chakale kwambiri chomwe chidatsalira ngati zotsalira zakale chidayamba ku 5400-5000 BC. Archaeologists adapeza m'dera lamakono la Caucasus.
Kupanga ukadaulo
Ukadaulo wakumwa nthawi zonse umasintha. Izi zidachitika mpaka opanga atafotokoza bwino magawo akulu. Njira yopangira vinyo woyera ndi wofiira ndi yosiyana.
Red
Chifukwa chake opanga vinyo wofiira amapanga kuchokera ku mphesa zofiira. Amakolola mphesa zakucha ndikudutsa mu crusher, pomwe mizere yapadera imagawaniza zipatso ndi nthambi. Pochita opaleshoniyi, fupa liyenera kukhalabe lolimba. Apo ayi, chakumwacho chimakhala chofewa kwambiri. Kenako amaphesa mphesa pamodzi ndi yisiti m'mayikowo mwapadera momwe zimayambira. Pambuyo pa masabata 2-3, mphamvu ya nayonso mphamvu imachepa, ndipo mowa umafika pachimake. Pakakhala osakwanira shuga wachilengedwe m'miphesa- opanga amaphatikiza shuga wowona. Pamapeto pa nayonso mphamvu, amathira vinyo, amafinya ndi kusefa kekeyo.
Opanga vinyo achichepere amatha kutungira botolo nthawi yomweyo. Zotsatira zake ndi mtundu wotsika mtengo wa vinyo. Mitengo yotsika mtengo kwambiri, imakhala yokalamba mumiphika ya thundu m'chipinda chapansi pa nyumba osachepera zaka 1-2. Munthawi imeneyi, vinyo amasanduka nthunzi ndipo amakhala pansi penipeni. Kuti mukwaniritse zakumwa zabwino kwambiri m'migolo, zimangokhalira kukweza ndikusamutsira mbiya yatsopano kuti muyeretsedwe. Chakumwa chamaluwa chomwe amakapaka kusefera komaliza ndikumamatira mabotolo.
White
Popanga vinyo woyera, amasenda zipatso za mphesa isanayambike, ndipo polowetsa, amangogwiritsa ntchito madzi osungunuka osafinya. Njira yokalamba ya vinyo woyera siyidutsa zaka 1.5.
Kutengera ndi shuga womwe uli mu vinyo komanso mphamvu zake, zakumwa izi zimagawika patebulo, zolimba, zonunkhira komanso zonyezimira.
Anthu amapanga vinyo kulikonse padziko lonse lapansi, koma malonda asanu apamwamba a vinyo akuphatikizapo France, Italy, Spain, USA, Argentina.
Chakumwa chilichonse chamtundu uliwonse chimakhala chabwino kutentha kapena kutentha pang'ono.
Ubwino wa vinyo
Madokotala ambiri amakhulupirira kuti kumwa vinyo pang'ono tsiku ndi tsiku kumathandiza kwambiri kuti thupi lonse likhale labwino (osapitilira galasi limodzi patsiku). Lili ndi michere yambiri, zidulo (malic, tartaric), mavitamini (B1, B2, C, P), mchere (calcium, sodium, potaziyamu, phosphorus, magnesium), ndi zinthu zina zachilengedwe.
Chifukwa chake vinyo wofiira ndi wolemera kwambiri mu antioxidant iyi, monga resveratrol. Malo ake oyenera ndi amphamvu nthawi 10-20 kuposa vitamini E. Vinyo amakhalanso ndi chitsulo ndi zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mayamwidwe ake aziwonjezera kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin. Zopindulitsa za mafupa ofiira amathandizira kupanga maselo ofiira (erythrocytes).
Kugwiritsa ntchito vinyo kumalimbitsa chimbudzi, kulakalaka, komanso kutulutsa tiziwalo timene timatulutsa mate. Ili ndi mankhwala opha tizilombo komanso ma antibacterial, olepheretsa oyambitsa matenda a kolera, malungo, ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Madokotala ena amalamula kuti azidya mitundu yofiira yamatenda am'mimba. Kupezeka kwa ma tannins kumathandizira kuchiritsa zilonda mwachangu.
Vinyo woyera ndi wofiira amachepetsa mafuta m'magazi, amachepetsa kagayidwe kake, komanso amalimbikitsa kutulutsa poizoni. Amasinthanso mchere; timalimbikitsa kugwiritsa ntchito vinyo kuti muchepetse mchere womwe umasungidwa.
Zomwe zili mu vinyo, chakudya, ndi mitundu ina ya mapuloteni zimapatsa thupi mphamvu zowonjezera. Tartaric acid imathandizira kuphatikiza kwa mapuloteni ovuta amtundu wa nyama.
Mavuto a vinyo ndi zotsutsana
Choyamba, zida zothandiza zimakhala ndi zakumwa zachilengedwe zokha popanda zowonjezera ndi utoto.
Kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kumatha kudzetsa matenda amtima, chiwindi chodwala, komanso matenda ashuga. Komanso, kumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso kungalimbikitse kukula ndi kukula kwa khansa.
Pomaliza, ziyenera kuchotsedwa pazakudya za amayi pa nthawi yapakati ndi yoyamwitsa. Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a chiwindi ndi kapamba omwe ali ndi cystitis pachimake ndipo mankhwalawa ndi maantibayotiki ndi ana menyu.
