Njira yolumikizira ma enzyme immunoabsorption assay - mu Chingerezi Enzyme-Linked Immuno Assay - kapena kuyesa kwa ELISA ndi kuyesa kwa immunological komwe kumalola kuzindikira kapena kuyesedwa kwa mamolekyu mu zitsanzo zachilengedwe. Idaganiziridwa ndikupangidwa ndi asayansi awiri aku Sweden, Peter Perlmann ndi Eva Engvall ku Yunivesite ya Stockholm ku 1971.

Mamolekyu omwe amayesedwa ndi njira ya ELISA nthawi zambiri amakhala mapuloteni. Ndipo mitundu yazitsanzo imaphatikizapo zinthu zamadzimadzi zachilengedwe - plasma, seramu, mkodzo, thukuta -, media media, kapena puloteni yophatikizanso - mapuloteni opangidwa ndi selo lomwe chibadwa chake chasinthidwa ndi kuyanjananso kwa majini - oyeretsedwa kukhala yankho.

Kuyesa kwa ELISA kumagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mu immunology kuzindikira ndi / kapena kuyeza kupezeka kwa mapuloteni, ma antibodies kapena ma antigen mu zitsanzo. Mayeso a serologicalwa amazindikira makamaka ma antibodies opangidwa ndi thupi poyankha kuipitsidwa ndi ma virus.

Kugwiritsa ntchito ma antibodies pozindikira matenda opatsirana kumayimira njira yeniyeni komanso yofulumira. Njira ya ELISA ndi njira ya immuno-enzymatic yomwe imapangitsa kuti zitheke kuwona, kuchokera ku chitsanzo chachilengedwe, zomwe zimachitika pakati pa antigen - thupi lomwe limawonedwa ngati lachilendo ndi chamoyo chamoyo - ndi anti-antibody yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mawonekedwe amtundu wopangidwa ndi chizindikiro cha enzyme - Nthawi zambiri alkaline phosphatase ndi peroxidase - zomwe zidalumikizidwa kale ndi antibody. Kusintha kwa mtundu kumatsimikizira kuzindikirika kwa bakiteriya wodzipatula kapena kukhalapo kwa kachilombo komwe kakufunika komanso kulimba kwa mtunduwo kumapereka chizindikiritso cha kuchuluka kwa ma antigen kapena ma antibodies mu zitsanzo zomwe zaperekedwa.

Pali mitundu inayi yayikulu ya mayeso a ELISA:

• ELISA mwachindunji, zimapangitsa kuti zitheke kuzindikira kapena kuyeza ma antibodies. Amangogwiritsa ntchito antibody yoyamba;
• ELISA mwachindunji, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, imapangitsanso kukhala kotheka kuzindikira kapena kuyesa ma antibodies. Amagwiritsa ntchito anti-antibody yachiwiri yomwe imapatsa chidwi kwambiri kuposa ELISA yolunjika;
• ELISA mu mpikisano, amalola mlingo wa ma antigen. Zopangidwa ndi mpikisano wa zomangira, sizigwiritsa ntchito enzyme;
• ELISA "mu sangweji", amalola mlingo wa ma antigen. Njira imeneyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pofufuza.

Mayeso a ELISA amagwiritsidwa ntchito:

• Pezani ndi kuyeza ma antibodies mu serology kuti mudziwe matenda opatsirana: virology, parasitology, bacteriology, etc.;
• Mlingo mapuloteni pa otsika woipa: yeniyeni Mlingo wa ena plasma mapuloteni (immunoglobulin E (IgE), ferritin, mapuloteni mahomoni, etc.), zolembera chotupa, etc.;
• Mulingo wa mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono: mahomoni a steroid, mahomoni a chithokomiro, mankhwala ...

Mayeso a ELISA amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pozindikira matenda ambiri opatsirana:

Matenda opatsirana pogonana (STDs)

Kuphatikizapo chiwindi, chindoko, mauka ndi HIV. Alangizidwa ndi akuluakulu azaumoyo, ndiye kuyesa kwakukulu koyezetsa Edzi: kumawonetsa kukhalapo kwa ma anti-HIV ndi ma antigen a p24 patatha milungu isanu ndi umodzi kachilomboka.

Matenda a m'madera kapena opezeka paliponse

Yellow fever, Marburg virus matenda (MVM), Ladengue, Lyme matenda, Chikungunya, Rift Valley fever, Ebola, Lassa fever, etc.

Covid-19

Kuti zichitike pakadutsa milungu iwiri mpaka 2 zizindikiro zitayamba, kuyezetsa kwa ELISA kumapangitsa kuzindikira, pasanathe ola limodzi, kukhalapo kwa ma antibodies anti-SARS-CoV-3.

Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda omwe timayambitsa matenda am'mimba

Toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex mwachitsanzo.

Milandu ina

Koma adapezanso ntchito pakuzindikira:

• Mimba;
• Matenda a Autoimmune;
• Zakudya zosagwirizana ndi zakudya: kuchuluka kwa ma immunoglobulins E (IgE) kumathandizira pakuwunika ndi kuchiza ziwengo;
• Kusokonezeka kwa Hormonal;
• Zolemba zotupa;
• Zomera ma virus;
• Ndi zina zambiri

Monga gawo la kuzindikira kwa ma antibodies a anti-SARS-CoV-2, kafukufuku woyendetsa ndege yemwe adachitika mu Ogasiti 2020 ndi Institut Pasteur, CNRS, Inserm ndi University of Paris amatsimikizira kudalirika kwa mayeso a ELISA: mayeso onse a ELISA adayesedwa kugwiritsa ntchito. puloteni yonse ya N ya SARS-CoV-2 (ELISA N) kapena dera la extracellular la virus spike (S) ngati ma antigen. Njirayi ingapangitse kuti zitheke kuzindikira ma antibodies mu milandu yopitilira 90%, ndi chiwopsezo chochepa kwambiri chabodza cha 1%.

Ochitidwa posanthula ma labotale pazamankhwala, mayeso a Elisa amawononga pafupifupi ma euro 10 ndipo amabwezeredwa 100% ndi Health Insurance.

Zopangidwa muzidziwitso zaulere, zowunikira komanso zowunikira (CeGIDD), zitha kukhala zaulere ku HIV ndi SARS-CoV-2.