Nyengo ya ayezi isanayambike, pamene anthu ankakhala, mwina osati m’paradaiso, koma m’nyengo yodalitsika kotheratu, ntchito yaikulu inali kusonkhana. Kusaka ndi kuŵeta ng'ombe ndi zazing'ono kusiyana ndi kusonkhanitsa ndi ulimi, monga momwe sayansi imatsimikizira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti makolo athu sanadye nyama. Tsoka ilo, chizoloŵezi chodyera nyama, chomwe chinapezedwa panthawi yamavuto a nyengo, chapitirizabe pambuyo pa kutha kwa madzi oundana. Ndipo kudya nyama ndi chikhalidwe chabe cha chikhalidwe, ngakhale choperekedwa ndi kufunikira kokhala ndi moyo mu nthawi yochepa (poyerekeza ndi chisinthiko) ya mbiri yakale.
Mbiri ya chikhalidwe imasonyeza kuti zamasamba zinali zogwirizana kwambiri ndi mwambo wauzimu. Chotero kunalinso Kum’maŵa kwakale, kumene chikhulupiriro cha kubadwanso kwina chinayambitsa mkhalidwe waulemu ndi wosamala kulinga ku zinyama monga zamoyo zokhala ndi moyo; ndiponso ku Middle East, mwachitsanzo, ku Igupto wakale, ansembe sanali kudya nyama yokha, komanso sanali kukhudza mitembo ya nyama. Igupto wakale, monga tikudziwira, kunali komwe kunali njira yamphamvu komanso yogwira ntchito yaulimi. Zikhalidwe za ku Egypt ndi Mesopotamiya zidakhala maziko a zenizeni "zaulimi" malingaliro a dziko, - momwe nyengo imalowa m'malo mwa nyengo, dzuŵa limapita mozungulira, kuyenda kwa cyclical ndiko chinsinsi cha bata ndi chitukuko. Pliny the Elder (AD 23-79, wolemba mbiri ya chilengedwe m’Buku la XXXVII. AD 77) analemba za chikhalidwe cha ku Igupto wakale kuti: “Isis, mmodzi wa milungu yaikazi yokondedwa kwambiri ya Aigupto, anawaphunzitsa [monga iwo ankakhulupirira] luso lophika mkate kuchokera ku Aigupto. mbewu zomwe zidamera kale. Komabe, m’nthaŵi zakale, Aigupto ankakhala ndi zipatso, mizu, ndi zomera. Mulungu wamkazi Isis ankalambiridwa mu Igupto yense, ndipo akachisi aakulu anamangidwa polemekeza iye. Ansembe ake, omwe analumbirira chiyero, anakakamizika kuvala zovala za bafuta popanda kusakaniza ulusi wa nyama, kuti asamadye chakudya cha nyama, komanso masamba omwe ankaonedwa kuti ndi odetsedwa - nyemba, adyo, anyezi wamba ndi leeks.
Mu chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya, chomwe chinakula kuchokera ku "chozizwitsa cha Chigiriki cha filosofi", kwenikweni, maumboni a zikhalidwe zakale izi amamveka - ndi nthano zawo za bata ndi chitukuko. Ndizosangalatsa kuti Milungu ya ku Iguputo inkagwiritsa ntchito zifaniziro za nyama popereka uthenga wauzimu kwa anthu. Chotero mulungu wamkazi wa chikondi ndi kukongola anali Hathor, amene anawonekera m’maonekedwe a ng’ombe yokongola, ndipo nkhandwe yolusayo inali imodzi mwa nkhope za Anubis, mulungu wa imfa.
Milungu ya Agiriki ndi Aroma ili ndi nkhope ndi zizolowezi za anthu chabe. Kuwerenga "Nthano za ku Greece Yakale", mutha kuzindikira mikangano ya mibadwo ndi mabanja, onani mikhalidwe yamunthu mwa milungu ndi ngwazi. Koma dziwani - milungu inadya timadzi tokoma ndi ambrosia, panalibe mbale za nyama patebulo lawo, mosiyana ndi anthu akufa, aukali ndi amalingaliro opapatiza. Mosaoneka bwino mu chikhalidwe cha ku Europe panali zabwino - chifaniziro cha umulungu, ndi zamasamba! "Chowiringula kwa zolengedwa zomvetsa chisoni zomwe zidayamba kudya nyama zitha kukhala kusowa kokwanira komanso kusowa kwa njira zopezera zofunika pamoyo, popeza iwo (anthu achikale) adakhala ndi zizolowezi zokhetsa magazi osati chifukwa chongofuna kukhudzika ndi zofuna zawo, osati kuti achite nawo. zachilendo voluptuousness mkati mochulukira chirichonse chofunika, koma chifukwa chosowa. Koma kodi tingakhale ndi chifukwa chotani m’nthawi yathu ino?' anafuula Plutarch.
Agiriki ankaona kuti zakudya za zomera n’zabwino m’maganizo ndi m’thupi. Ndiye, komabe, monga tsopano, panali masamba ambiri, tchizi, mkate, mafuta a azitona pa matebulo awo. Sizongochitika mwangozi kuti mulungu wamkazi Athena adakhala woyang'anira Greece. Pomenya mwala ndi mkondo, iye anabzala mtengo wa azitona, womwe unakhala chizindikiro cha chitukuko cha Greece. Chisamaliro chinaperekedwa ku dongosolo la zakudya zoyenera Ansembe achi Greek, afilosofi ndi othamanga. Onsewa ankakonda zakudya zamasamba. Zimadziwika motsimikiza kuti filosofi ndi masamu Pythagoras anali wokonda zamasamba, adayambitsidwa mu chidziwitso chakale chachinsinsi, osati sayansi yokha, komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi omwe anaphunzitsidwa kusukulu yake. Ophunzirawo, monga Pythagoras iyemwini, adadya mkate, uchi ndi azitona. Ndipo iye mwiniyo anakhala ndi moyo wautali mwapadera kwa nthaŵizo ndipo anakhalabe ndi thupi labwino ndi maganizo ake mpaka atakalamba. Plutarch analemba m’nkhani yake yotchedwa On Meat-Eating kuti: “Kodi mungafunsedi zifukwa zimene Pythagoras anapeŵera kudya nyama? Kwa ine, ndikufunsa funso pazifukwa ziti komanso momwe munthu amaganizira poyamba kulawa kukoma kwa magazi, kutambasula milomo yake ku mnofu wa mtembo ndikukongoletsa tebulo lake ndi matupi akufa, ovunda, ndi momwe amachitira. Kenako anadzilola kuti atchule zidutswa za zinthu zomwe zitatsala pang'ono kuti zikhalebe ndi kulira, kusuntha ndi kukhala ndi moyo ... Chifukwa cha thupi, timawabera dzuwa, kuwala ndi moyo, zomwe ali nazo ufulu wobadwira. Odya zamasamba anali Socrates ndi wophunzira wake Plato, Hippocrates, Ovid ndi Seneca.
Pamene malingaliro achikristu anafika, kusadya zamasamba kunakhala mbali ya filosofi ya kudziletsa ndi kudziletsa.. Zimadziwika kuti abambo ambiri a tchalitchi choyambirira ankatsatira zakudya zamasamba, kuphatikizapo Origen, Tertullian, Clement waku Alexandria ndi ena. Mtumwi Paulo analemba m’kalata yake yopita kwa Aroma kuti: “Musawononge ntchito za Mulungu chifukwa cha chakudya. Chilichonse ndi choyera, koma nchoyipa kwa munthu amene amadya kuti ayese. Ndi bwino kusadya nyama, kusamwa vinyo, kapena kusachita chilichonse chimene mbale wako akhumudwa nacho, kapena kukhumudwa, kapena kukomoka.
M'zaka za m'ma Middle Ages, lingaliro la zamasamba monga chakudya choyenera chogwirizana ndi umunthu linatayika. Anali pafupi ndi lingaliro la kudziletsa ndi kusala kudya, kuyeretsedwa monga njira yofikira kwa Mulungu, kulapa. N’zoona kuti anthu ambiri m’zaka za m’ma XNUMX mpaka m’ma XNUMX ankadya nyama yaing’ono, kapena sankadya n’komwe. Monga momwe olemba mbiri amalembera, chakudya chatsiku ndi tsiku cha anthu ambiri a ku Ulaya chinali masamba ndi tirigu, zomwe kawirikawiri sizinali za mkaka. Koma mu Renaissance, zamasamba monga lingaliro zinabwereranso mu mafashoni. Ambiri ojambula zithunzi ndi asayansi amatsatira izo, zimadziwika kuti Newton ndi Spinoza, Michelangelo ndi Leonardo da Vinci anali ochirikiza zakudya zomera zomera, ndi New Age, Jean-Jacques Rousseau ndi Wolfgang Goethe, Lord Byron ndi Shelley, Bernard. Shaw ndi Heinrich Ibsen anali otsatira zamasamba.
Kwa "zamasamba" zonse zowunikiridwa zidalumikizidwa ndi lingaliro la umunthu, zomwe zili zolondola ndi zomwe zimatsogolera kukuyenda bwino kwa thupi ndi ungwiro wauzimu. Zaka za m'ma XNUMX nthawi zambiri zinali zotanganidwa lingaliro la "chilengedwe", ndipo, ndithudi, izi sizikanatheka koma zimakhudza nkhani za zakudya zoyenera. Cuvier, m'nkhani yake yokhudza zakudya, adawonetsa:Munthu ndinazolowera, mwachionekere, kudyetsa makamaka zipatso, mizu ndi zina zokoma mbali ya zomera. Rousseau nayenso adagwirizana naye, mosakayikira sanadye nyama (chomwe ndi chosowa ku France ndi chikhalidwe chake cha gastronomy!).
Ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale, malingaliro awa adatayika. Chitukuko chatsala pang'ono kugonjetsa chilengedwe, kuswana ng'ombe kwatenga mitundu ya mafakitale, nyama yakhala yotsika mtengo. Ndiyenera kunena kuti kunali ku England komwe kunabuka ku Manchester "British Vegetarian Society" yoyamba padziko lonse lapansi. Maonekedwe ake amachokera ku 1847. Oyambitsa anthu adasewera mosangalala ndi matanthauzo a mawu akuti "zamasamba" - wathanzi, wamphamvu, watsopano, ndi "masamba" - masamba. Chifukwa chake, kalabu yachingerezi idapereka chilimbikitso ku chitukuko chatsopano chazamasamba, chomwe chidakhala gulu lamphamvu lachiyanjano ndipo likukulabe.
Mu 1849 magazini ya Vegetarian Society, The Vegetarian Courier, inasindikizidwa. "Courier" inafotokoza za thanzi ndi moyo, maphikidwe ofalitsidwa ndi nkhani zolembedwa "pankhaniyi." Lofalitsidwa m'magazini ino ndipo Bernard Shaw, wodziwika ndi nzeru zake zosachepera kuposa zamasamba. Shaw ankakonda kunena kuti: “Nyama ndi anzanga. Sindidya anzanga.” Alinso ndi limodzi la mawu ochirikiza ochirikiza zamasamba otchuka kwambiri: “Munthu akapha nyalugwe, amachitcha maseŵera; nyalugwe akapha munthu, amaona kuti ndi kufuna magazi. Achingelezi sakanakhala a Chingerezi ngati sadatengeke ndi masewera. Odyera zamasamba nawonso. Vegetarian Union yakhazikitsa gulu lawo lamasewera - Kalabu yamasewera odyetserako zamasamba, omwe mamembala ake ankalimbikitsa kupalasa njinga ndi maseŵera othamanga. Mamembala a kalabuyi pakati pa 1887 ndi 1980 adayika zolemba 68 zadziko ndi 77 zampikisano, ndipo adapambana mendulo ziwiri zagolide pa Masewera a IV a Olimpiki ku London mu 1908.
Patapita nthawi ku England, gulu la zamasamba linayamba kukhala ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu ku kontinenti. Ku Germany maganizo a zamasamba anathandizidwa kwambiri ndi kufalikira kwa theosophy ndi anthroposophy, ndipo poyamba, monga momwe zinalili m'zaka za zana la 1867, magulu adalengedwa polimbana ndi moyo wathanzi. Kotero, mu 1868, m'busa Eduard Balzer adayambitsa "Union of Friends of the Natural Way of Life" ku Nordhausen, ndipo mu 1892 Gustav von Struve adalenga "Vegetarian Society" ku Stuttgart. Magulu awiriwa adalumikizana mu XNUMX kupanga "German Vegetarian Union". Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri, zamasamba zidalimbikitsidwa ndi anthroposophists motsogozedwa ndi Rudolf Steiner. Ndipo mawu a Franz Kafka, opita ku nsomba zam'madzi: "Nditha kukuyang'anani modekha, sindimakudyeraninso," adakhaladi mapiko ndikusandulika kukhala mawu okonda zamasamba padziko lonse lapansi.
Mbiri yakusadya nyama ku Netherlands ogwirizana ndi mayina otchuka Ferdinand Domel Nieuwenhuis. Munthu wodziwika bwino wazaka za m'ma XNUMX adakhala woyamba kuteteza zamasamba. Iye ankanena kuti munthu wotukuka m’gulu la anthu olungama alibe ufulu wopha nyama. Domela anali munthu wasosholisti komanso wosagwirizana ndi malamulo, munthu wamalingaliro ndi wokonda. Iye analephera kufotokoza achibale ake za zamasamba, koma anafesa lingalirolo. Pa Seputembara 30, 1894, Netherlands Vegetarian Union idakhazikitsidwa. pakuchita kwa dokotala Anton Verskhor, Union idaphatikizapo anthu 33. Sosaite inakumana ndi otsutsa oyambirira a nyama ndi chidani. Nyuzipepala ya “Amsterdamets” inafalitsa nkhani yolembedwa ndi Dr. Peter Teske kuti: “Pali zitsiru pakati pathu zimene amakhulupirira kuti mazira, nyemba, mphodza ndi masamba aakulu kwambiri a masamba angalowe m’malo mwa chop, entrecote kapena mwendo wa nkhuku. Chilichonse chikhoza kuyembekezera kwa anthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro onyenga otere: ndizotheka kuti posachedwa adzayenda m'misewu amaliseche. Zamasamba, osati ndi kuwala "dzanja" (kapena m'malo chitsanzo!) Domely anayamba kuyanjana ndi freethinking. Nyuzipepala ya “People” ya “People” inadzudzula ambiri mwa akazi onse osadya masamba kuti: “Uwu ndi mtundu wapadera wa akazi: mmodzi wa awo amene amameta tsitsi lawo kukhala lalifupi ngakhalenso kufunsira kutengamo mbali m’zisankho! Komabe, kale mu 1898 malo odyera oyamba a zamasamba adatsegulidwa ku The Hague, ndipo patatha zaka 10 kukhazikitsidwa kwa Vegetarian Union, chiwerengero cha mamembala ake chinaposa anthu 1000!
Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse itatha, mkangano wokhudza kusadya zamasamba unatha, ndipo kafukufuku wa sayansi anatsimikizira kufunika kodya zomanga thupi za nyama. Ndipo mu 70s ya zaka za m'ma XNUMX, Holland adadabwitsa aliyense ndi njira yatsopano yodyera zamasamba - Kafukufuku wa katswiri wa zamoyo Veren Van Putten watsimikizira kuti nyama zimatha kuganiza ndi kumva! Wasayansiyo adadabwa kwambiri ndi luso lamaganizo la nkhumba, zomwe sizinali zotsika kuposa za agalu. Mu 1972, Tasty Beast Animal Rights Society idakhazikitsidwa. mamembala ake anatsutsa mikhalidwe yonyansa ya nyama ndi kuphedwa kwake. Sanatengedwenso ngati eccentrics - kusadya zamasamba pang'onopang'ono kunayamba kuvomerezedwa ngati chizolowezi.
Chochititsa chidwi n’chakuti, m’mayiko achikatolika mwamwambo. ku France, Italy, Spain, kusadya zamasamba kunakula pang'onopang'ono ndipo sikunakhale gulu lodziwika bwino la anthu. Komabe, panalinso anthu omwe amatsatira zakudya za "anti-nyama", ngakhale kuti mikangano yambiri yokhudzana ndi ubwino kapena zovulaza za zamasamba zinali zokhudzana ndi physiology ndi mankhwala - zinakambidwa momwe zilili zabwino kwa thupi.
Ku Italy kusadya zamasamba kunayamba, titero kunena kwake, mwachibadwa. Zakudya za ku Mediterranean, makamaka, zimagwiritsa ntchito nyama yaying'ono, kutsindika kwakukulu pazakudya ndi zamasamba ndi mkaka, zomwe zimapangidwira ku Italiya "patsogolo pa ena". Palibe amene anayesa kupanga lingaliro kuchokera ku zamasamba m'derali, ndipo palibe zotsutsana ndi anthu zomwe zinazindikiridwa. Koma ku FranceZokonda Zamasamba sizinayambebe. Pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi - ndiye kuti, m'zaka za zana la XNUMX! Malo odyera zamasamba ndi malo odyera adayamba kuwonekera. Ndipo ngati mutayesa kupempha zakudya zamasamba, titi, mu lesitilanti ya zakudya zachikhalidwe za ku France, ndiye kuti simungamvetsetse bwino. Chizoloŵezi cha zakudya zaku France ndikusangalala ndi kukonza zakudya zosiyanasiyana komanso zokoma, zoperekedwa bwino. Ndipo ndi nyengo! Choncho, chilichonse chimene munthu anganene, nthawi zina ndi nyama. Zamasamba zinabwera ku France pamodzi ndi mafashoni a machitidwe akum'maŵa, chisangalalo chomwe chikukula pang'onopang'ono. Komabe, miyambo ndi yolimba, choncho France ndi "osadya zamasamba" kwambiri m'mayiko onse a ku Ulaya.