Mpaka lero, matenda a Alzheimer alibe mankhwala. Komabe, angapo Mankhwala zikukula ndikubweretsa chiyembekezo. The njira zochiritsira, omwe pakali pano ali mu gawo la kafukufuku, cholinga chake ndi kuthana ndi ndondomeko ya matenda a matendawa ndi chiyembekezo chochiza kapena kuimitsa. Komanso, pali mankhwala kuchepetsa zizindikiro ndi zomwe zimapititsa patsogolo kugwira ntchito kwachidziwitso kumlingo wina.

Kuchita bwino kwa mankhwalawa kumawunikidwa ndi dokotala pakadutsa miyezi 3 mpaka 6. Ngati ndi kotheka, mankhwalawo amasinthidwa. Pakalipano, ubwino wa mankhwalawa ndi wochepa ndipo mankhwala saletsa kuti matendawa apite patsogolo.³⁰.

Bungwe la Foundation for Medical Research linati mu 2016 panali anthu pafupifupi 900 omwe anakhudzidwa ndi matenda a Alzheimer ku France. (onani infographic)

Mankhwala

The Mankhwala zotsatirazi zilipo pamankhwala. Sitingathe kudziwa a priori zomwe zingagwirizane bwino ndi wodwalayo. Nthawi zina zimatenga miyezi ingapo kuti mupeze chithandizo choyenera. Malingana ndi kafukufuku, pambuyo pa chaka cha 1 cha mankhwala, 40% ya anthu amawona kuti matenda awo akuyenda bwino, 40% ali ndi chikhalidwe chokhazikika ndipo 20% samamva kuti alibe mphamvu.

Cholinesterase inhibitors

Iwo makamaka ntchito kuchiza zofatsa kapena zolimbitsa thupi. Banja la mankhwala limathandiza kuonjezera zovuta mu acetylcholine m'madera ena a ubongo (pochepetsa kuwonongeka kwake). Acetylcholine amalola kufala kwa zikhumbo za minyewa pakati pa ma neurons. Zadziwika kuti anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Alzheimer's ali ndi acetylcholine yochepa mu ubongo chifukwa kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha yawo kumachepetsa kupanga kwa neurotransmitter iyi.

Pamsika waku Canada, pali ma inhibitors atatu a cholinesterase (enzyme yomwe imawononga acetylcholine):

• Le donepezil kapena E2020 (Aricept®). Amatengedwa ngati mapiritsi. Amachepetsa zizindikiro zofatsa, zolimbitsa thupi komanso zapamwamba za matendawa;
• La rivastigmine (Exelon®). Kuyambira February 2008, adaperekedwanso ngati chigamba cha khungu: mankhwalawa amatengedwa pang'onopang'ono ndi thupi pa maola 24. Rivastigmine ndi yoyenera kwa odwala omwe ali ndi zizindikiro zochepa kapena zochepa;
• Le galantamine bromhydrate (Reminyl®). Amagulitsidwa ngati piritsi lotengedwa kamodzi patsiku chifukwa chazizindikiro zofatsa kapena zolimbitsa thupi.

Mankhwalawa amasiya kugwira ntchito pakapita nthawi, chifukwa ma neuron amatulutsabe acetylcholine pang'ono. Zingayambitsenso zotsatira zake, monga nseru ndi kusanza, kusowa chilakolako cha chakudya ndi kupweteka kwa m'mimba. Pankhaniyi, ndikofunikira kuti muwone dokotala kachiwiri, yemwe angasinthe mlingo ngati pakufunika.

Ku United States ndi France, tacrine (Cognex®) imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati choletsa cha cholinesterase. Komabe, zitha kuyambitsa zovuta zoyipa ndipo sizivomerezedwa ku Canada.

Wotsutsa wa NMDA wolandila

Kuyambira 2004, memantine hydrochloride (Ebixa®) yaperekedwa kuti ichepetse zolimbitsa thupi kapena zowopsa za matenda. Molekyuyi imagwira ntchito pomanga ma receptor a NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) omwe amakhala pa neuroni muubongo. Choncho zimatenga malo a glutamate omwe, akakhala ochuluka kwambiri m'madera a neuroni, amathandizira ku matendawa. Palibe chomwe chikuwonetsa, komabe, kuti mankhwalawa amachepetsa kuchepa kwa ma neurons.

Kafukufuku wopitirira

Khama lalikulu likugwiritsidwa ntchito pofunafuna mankhwala atsopano. Zolinga zazikulu ndi:

• Kuwononga mapuloteni a beta-amyloid, chifukwa cha jakisoni wa ma antibodies omwe amatha kuwapondereza. Zolemba zimenezi, kwenikweni, ndi chimodzi mwa zotupa za muubongo zofunika kwambiri pa matendawa. Antibody yotere yapangidwa (dzina la molekyulu ndi bapineuzumab) ndipo likuwunikiridwa mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa. Njira imeneyi imatchedwa "katemera wochizira". Njira ina yoyesedwa ingakhale kuyambitsa ma cell ena aubongo (microglia) kuti achotse zolembera zomwe zikufunsidwa;
• Sinthani ma neuroni. Gulu la asayansi limayika chiyembekezo chachikulu pakusintha, mothandizidwa ndi kuyika, kwa ma neuron omwe adawonongedwa ndi matendawa. Masiku ano, ochita kafukufuku amatha kupanga maselo omwe amafanana ndi ma neurons kuchokera ku maselo amtundu omwe amapezeka pakhungu la munthu. Komabe, njira si bwino kwambiri. Sizinatheke kupanga ma neurons omwe ali ndi zida zonse za "manyuroni" achilengedwe.

Zochita zolimbitsa thupi

Madokotala amalimbikitsa kwambiri anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a Alzheimer's kuti atengezolimbitsa. Imawonjezera mphamvu, kupirira, thanzi la mtima, kugona, kufalikira kwa magazi ndi malingaliro, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ndi mphamvu. Kuphatikiza apo, masewera olimbitsa thupi amakhala ndi zopindulitsa makamaka kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matendawa:

• imathandizira kukhalabe ndi luso lamagalimoto;
• limapereka chithunzithunzi cha tanthauzo ndi cholinga;
• imakhala ndi kukhazika mtima pansi;
• imasunga mlingo wa mphamvu, kusinthasintha ndi kusinthasintha;
• amachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuvulala kwakukulu pakagwa.

Anthu amene amasamalira odwala amatha kupha mbalame ziwiri ndi mwala umodzi pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi imodzi ndi odwala awo¹⁷.

Chithandizo chamagulu

Amatengedwa chigawo chimodzi cha mankhwala, ndi chithandizo cha chikhalidwe kubweretsedwa kwa odwala ndikofunikira. Madokotala amalangiza njira zosiyanasiyana kuti banja ndi osamalira odwala.

• Muziyendera odwala pafupipafupi kuti muwathandize malinga ndi zosowa zawo;
• Apatseni zothandizira kukumbukira;
• Pangani nyumba yokhazikika komanso yodekha m'nyumba;
• Khazikitsani mwambo wogona;
• Onetsetsani kuti malo awo omwe ali pafupi ndi owopsa;
• Onetsetsani kuti nthawi zonse amakhala ndi khadi (kapena chibangili) m'thumba ndi chisonyezero cha thanzi lawo, komanso manambala a foni ngati atayika.

Mabungwe amaperekanso chithandizo m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Onani gawo la Sites of Interest.