Ahimsa amatanthauza "kusachita chiwawa". Kwa zaka masauzande ambiri, lingaliro limeneli lasonkhezera zipembedzo zambiri zakum’maŵa kuphatikizapo chipembedzo chachihindu. Masiku ano m'dera lathu lakumadzulo, kusachita zachiwawa ndi gawo loyamba panjira yopita kumayendedwe a yoga.

Lingaliro lamtendere

Mawu akuti "Ahimsa" kwenikweni amatanthauza "kusachita chiwawa" mu Sanskrit. Chilankhulo ichi cha Indo-European chinkayankhulidwa kale ku India subcontinent. Imagwiritsidwabe ntchito m'malemba achipembedzo Achihindu ndi Chibuda ngati chilankhulo chachipembedzo. Kunena zowona, "himsa" amatanthawuza "kuchitapo kanthu kuwononga" ndipo "a" ndi chiyambi chachinsinsi. Ahimsa ndi lingaliro lamtendere lomwe limalimbikitsa kusavulaza ena kapena chamoyo chilichonse.

Lingaliro lachipembedzo ndi lakummawa

Ahimsa ndi lingaliro lomwe lalimbikitsa zipembedzo zingapo zakum'mawa. Iyi ndi nkhani yoyamba ya Chihindu chomwe ndi chimodzi mwa zipembedzo zakale kwambiri za milungu yambiri padziko lapansi (zolemba zoyambira zidalembedwa pakati pa 1500 ndi 600 BC). Dziko la Indian subcontinent mpaka pano ndilo likulu la anthu ndipo likadali chipembedzo chachitatu padziko lonse lapansi. Mu Chihindu, kusachita chiwawa kumaimiridwa ndi mulungu wamkazi Ahimsa, mkazi wa Mulungu Dharma ndi mayi wa Mulungu Vishnu. Kusachita chiwawa ndilo lamulo loyamba mwa malamulo asanu amene a yoga (Hindu ascetic amene amachita yoga) ayenera kugonjera. Upanishad ambiri (malemba achipembedzo Achihindu) amalankhula za kusachita chiwawa. Kuphatikiza apo, Ahimsa akufotokozedwanso m'malemba oyambilira a miyambo yachihindu: Malamulo a Manu, komanso m'nkhani zanthano zachihindu (monga epics za Mahabharata ndi Râmâyana).

Ahimsa alinso lingaliro lalikulu la Jainism. Chipembedzo ichi chinabadwira ku India cha m'ma XNUMX BC. J.-Cet anapatukana ndi Chihindu chifukwa chakuti sichizindikira mulungu wina aliyense kunja kwa chikumbumtima cha munthu.

Ahimsa amalimbikitsanso Chibuda. Chipembedzo chosakhulupirira ichi (chomwe sichinakhazikike pa kukhalapo kwa mulungu) chidachokera ku India m'zaka za zana la XNUMX BC. AD Inakhazikitsidwa ndi Siddhartha Gautama yemwe amadziwika kuti "Buddha", mtsogoleri wauzimu wa gulu la amonke oyendayenda omwe adzabereke Chibuda. Chipembedzo chimenechi ndi chachinayi padziko lonse lapansi. Ahimsa sapezeka m'malemba akale achibuda, koma kusachita chiwawa kumatanthauzidwa nthawi zonse pamenepo.

Ahimsa alinso pamtima pa chikhalidwe (Chipembedzo cha ku India chokhulupirira Mulungu mmodzi chomwe chimatuluka pa 15^st zaka zana): akufotokozedwa ndi Kabir, wolemba ndakatulo wanzeru wa ku India yemwe amalemekezedwabe mpaka lero ndi Ahindu ndi Asilamu ena. Pomaliza, kusachita chiwawa ndi lingaliro la Kufuna (chizindikiro cha esoteric ndi chachinsinsi cha Chisilamu).

Osavulaza

Kwa akatswiri a Chihindu (makamaka ma yogis), kusachita zachiwawa kumaphatikizapo kusavulaza mwamakhalidwe kapena mwakuthupi munthu wamoyo. Izi zikutanthauza kupewa chiwawa mwa zochita, mawu komanso maganizo oipa.

Khalani odziletsa

Kwa Jain, kusachita zachiwawa kumafika pamalingaliro a kudzigwira : a kudzigwira amalola munthu kuchotsa “karma” yake (yomwe imafotokozedwa ngati fumbi limene lingaipitse moyo wa wokhulupirira) ndi kufikira kugalamuka kwake kwauzimu (kotchedwa “moksha”). Ahimsa imakhudza kupewa chiwawa cha 4 mitundu: chiwawa changozi kapena mwangozi, chiwawa chodzitchinjiriza (chomwe chingalungamitsidwe), chiwawa pochita ntchito kapena ntchito, chiwawa chadala (chomwe chiri choipitsitsa).

Osapha

Abuda amatanthauzira kusachita zachiwawa kukhala kusapha munthu wamoyo. Amatsutsa kuchotsa mimba ndi kudzipha. Komabe, malemba ena amalekerera nkhondo ngati njira yodzitetezera. Mahayana Buddhism amapita patsogolo potsutsa cholinga chenicheni chopha.

Momwemonso, chi Jainism chikukupemphaninso kuti musagwiritse ntchito nyali kapena makandulo powunikira kuti mutha kukopa ndi kuyatsa tizilombo. Malinga ndi chipembedzo chimenechi, tsiku la wokhulupirira liyenera kukhala la kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa ndi kutuluka kwa dzuŵa.

Menyani mwamtendere

Kumadzulo, kusagwirizana ndi chiwawa ndi lingaliro lomwe lafalikira kuchokera ku nkhondo za pacifist (omwe sagwiritsa ntchito chiwawa) motsutsana ndi tsankho la anthu andale monga Mahatma Ghandi (1869-1948) kapena Martin Luther King (1929-1968). Ahimsa akadali kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi masiku ano kudzera m'machitidwe a yoga kapena moyo wa vegan (kudya kosachita zachiwawa).

Zakudya za Yogi

M’chipembedzo chachihindu, a veganism sichiri chokakamizika koma amakhalabe wosalekanitsidwa ndi kusunga kwabwino kwa Ahimsa. Clémentine Erpicum, mphunzitsi komanso wokonda kwambiri yoga, akufotokoza m'buku lake Zakudya za Yogi, zakudya za yogi ndi chiyani: " Kudya yoga kumatanthauza kudya mopanda chiwawa: kukonda zakudya zomwe zimakhala ndi thanzi labwino koma zomwe zimateteza chilengedwe ndi zamoyo zina momwe zingathere. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ochita yoga ambiri - kuphatikiza inenso - amasankha zamasamba," akufotokoza.

Komabe, iye amayenerera ndemanga zake mwa kufotokoza kuti aliyense ayenera kuchita mogwirizana ndi zikhulupiriro zake zozama: “Yoga siikakamiza chirichonse. Ndi filosofi ya tsiku ndi tsiku, yomwe imakhala ndi kugwirizanitsa mfundo zake ndi zochita zake. Zili kwa aliyense kutenga udindo, kudziyang'anira (kodi zakudya izi zimandichitira zabwino, pakanthawi kochepa komanso kwakanthawi?), Kuwona chilengedwe (kodi zakudya izi zimawononga thanzi la dziko lapansi, zamoyo zina?)… ”.

Vegetalism ndi kusala kudya, machitidwe osachita zachiwawa

Malinga ndi Jainism, Ahimsa amalimbikitsa veganism: zikutanthauza osadya zinthu zanyama. Koma kusachita chiwawa kumalimbikitsanso kupewa kudya mizu yomwe ingaphe mbewuyo. Pomalizira pake, Ajain ena anafa mwamtendere (ndiko kunena kuti mwa kusiya kudya kapena kusala kudya) pamene anali ukalamba kapena matenda osachiritsika.

Zipembedzo zina zimalimbikitsanso kudya mopanda chiwawa pogwiritsa ntchito zamasamba kapena zamasamba. Buddhism imalola kudya nyama zomwe sizinaphedwe mwadala. Asilamu amatsutsa kudya nyama ndi mazira.

Ahimsa ndi imodzi mwazipilala zisanu (kapena Yamas) zomwe zimakhazikika mchitidwe wa yoga komanso makamaka raja yoga (yotchedwanso yoga ashtanga). Kupatula kusachita zachiwawa, mfundo izi ndi:

• chowonadi (satya) kapena kukhala chowona;
• mfundo yosaba (asteya);
• kudziletsa kapena kukhala kutali ndi chilichonse chomwe chingandisokoneze (brahmacarya);
• kusakhala ndi zinthu kapena kusakhala wadyera;
• ndipo osatenga zomwe sindikuzifuna (aparigraha).

Ahimsa ndi lingaliro lomwe limalimbikitsa Halta Yoga lomwe ndi mwambo wokhala ndi kaimidwe kofewa (Asanas) zomwe ziyenera kusamalidwa, kuphatikiza kuwongolera mpweya (Pranayama) ndikukhala oganiza bwino (opezeka posinkhasinkha).