Kodi biofuel ndi mitundu yake
Ma biofuel amapezeka m'mitundu itatu: yamadzimadzi, yolimba komanso yamagetsi. Cholimba ndi nkhuni, utuchi, manyowa owuma. Zamadzimadzi ndi bioalcohols (ethyl, methyl ndi butyl, etc.) ndi biodiesel. Mafuta a gasi ndi hydrogen ndi methane opangidwa ndi kupesa kwa zomera ndi manyowa. Zomera zambiri zimatha kusinthidwa kukhala mafuta, monga rapeseed, soya, canola, jatropha, ndi zina zambiri. Mafuta a masamba osiyanasiyana ndi oyeneranso izi: kokonati, kanjedza, castor. Zonsezi zimakhala ndi mafuta okwanira, omwe amakulolani kupanga mafuta. Posachedwapa, asayansi atulukira ndere zomwe zimamera m’nyanja zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga biodiesel. Dipatimenti ya Zamagetsi ku United States ikuyerekeza kuti nyanja ya 3570 by 10 mita yomwe idabzalidwa ndi ndere imatha kupanga migolo 2000 yamafuta achilengedwe. Malinga ndi akatswiri, XNUMX% ya dziko la US loperekedwa ku nyanja zotere limatha kupereka magalimoto onse aku America ndi mafuta kwa chaka. Ukadaulo wopangidwa unali wokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku California, Hawaii ndi New Mexico koyambirira kwa XNUMX, koma chifukwa cha mitengo yotsika yamafuta, idakhalabe ngati ntchito.
Nkhani za Biofuel
Ngati muyang'ana m'mbuyomu ku Russia, ndiye kuti mutha kudziwa kuti ngakhale ku USSR, mafuta amafuta a masamba anali atagwiritsidwa kale ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, m'ma 30s, mafuta a ndege adawonjezeredwa ndi biofuel (bioethanol). Roketi yoyamba ya Soviet R-1 inathamanga pa kusakaniza kwa mpweya ndi njira yamadzimadzi ya ethyl mowa. Pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yadziko Lonse, magalimoto a Polutorka adawonjezeredwa osati ndi mafuta, omwe anali ochepa, koma ndi biogas yopangidwa ndi majenereta amagetsi amagetsi. Ku Ulaya, pamlingo wa mafakitale, mafuta a biofuel anayamba kupangidwa mu 1992. Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu pambuyo pake, panali kale pafupifupi mazana awiri mafakitale omwe amapanga matani 16 miliyoni a biodiesel, pofika 2010 anali akupanga kale malita 19 biliyoni. Dziko la Russia silingathe kudzitamandira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma biodiesel aku Europe, koma m'dziko lathu muli mapulogalamu a biofuel ku Altai ndi Lipetsk. Mu 2007, Russian biodiesel yochokera ku rapeseed idayesedwa pamagalimoto a dizilo a Voronezh-Kursk South-Eastern Railway, kutsatira zotsatira za mayesowa, atsogoleri a Russian Railways adawonetsa chidwi chawo chogwiritsa ntchito pamakampani.
M'dziko lamakono, mayiko akuluakulu oposa khumi ndi awiri akupanga kale matekinoloje opangira mafuta achilengedwe. Ku Sweden, sitima yothamanga pa biogas imayenda pafupipafupi kuchokera ku mzinda wa Jönköping kupita ku Västervik, yakhala chizindikiro, chodandaula chokha ndi chakuti mpweya wake umapangidwa kuchokera ku zinyalala za nyumba yophera anthu. Kuphatikiza apo, ku Jönköping, mabasi ambiri ndi magalimoto otaya zinyalala amayendetsa mafuta amafuta.
Ku Brazil, kupanga kwakukulu kwa bioethanol kuchokera ku nzimbe kukupangidwa. Zotsatira zake, pafupifupi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a zoyendera mdziko muno zimagwiritsa ntchito mafuta ena. Ndipo ku India, mafuta a biofuel akugwiritsidwa ntchito kumadera akutali kuti apange majenereta omwe amapereka magetsi kumadera ang'onoang'ono. Ku China, biofuel yopangira injini zoyatsira mkati imapangidwa kuchokera ku udzu wa mpunga, ndipo ku Indonesia ndi Malaysia amapangidwa kuchokera ku kokonati ndi mitengo ya kanjedza, zomwe zomerazi zimabzalidwa makamaka m'madera akuluakulu. Ku Spain, njira zaposachedwa kwambiri zopangira mafuta a biofuel zikupangidwa: mafamu apanyanja omwe amamera ndere zomwe zimakula mwachangu zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala mafuta. Ndipo ku USA, mafuta amafuta a ndege adapangidwa ku yunivesite ya North Dakota. Akuchita zomwezo ku South Africa, adayambitsa polojekiti ya Waste to Wing, momwe adzapangira mafuta a ndege kuchokera ku zinyalala za zomera, amathandizidwa ndi WWF, Fetola, SkyNRG.
Ubwino wa biofuel
· Kuchira msanga kwa zipangizo zopangira. Ngati zimatenga zaka mazana ambiri kupanga mafuta, ndiye kuti zimatenga zaka zingapo kuti mbewu zikule.
· Chitetezo Chachilengedwe. Biofuel imakonzedwa mwachilengedwe pafupifupi kwathunthu; pafupifupi mwezi umodzi, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timene timakhala m'madzi ndi m'nthaka timatha kugawaniza kukhala zinthu zotetezeka.
· Chepetsani kutulutsa mpweya wowonjezera kutentha. Magalimoto a biofuel amatulutsa CO2 yocheperako. Kwenikweni, amataya ndendende momwe mbewuyo imayamwa pakukula.
Chitetezo chokwanira. Mafuta a biofuel ayenera kukhala opitilira 100 ° C kuti ayatse, kuwapangitsa kukhala otetezeka.
Zoyipa za biofuel
· Kusalimba kwamafuta amafuta. Ma bioethanols ndi biodiesel amatha kusungidwa osapitilira miyezi itatu chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono.
Kumverera kwa kutentha kochepa. M'nyengo yozizira, ndikofunikira kutenthetsa mafuta amadzimadzi, apo ayi sizingagwire ntchito.
• Kutalikitsidwa kwa minda yachonde. Kufunika kopereka malo abwino kulima zipangizo za biofuel, potero kuchepetsa nthaka yaulimi.
Chifukwa chiyani ku Russia kulibe biofuel
Russia ndi dziko lalikulu lomwe lili ndi nkhokwe zazikulu zamafuta, gasi, malasha ndi nkhalango zazikulu, kotero palibe amene angapange matekinoloje otere pamlingo waukulu panobe. Mayiko ena, monga Sweden, omwe alibe nkhokwe zotere zachilengedwe, akuyesera kuwononganso zinyalala, kupanga mafuta. Koma pali malingaliro owala m'dziko lathu omwe akuyambitsa ntchito zoyesa kupanga ma biofuel kuchokera ku zomera, ndipo pakafunika kufunikira, adzadziwitsidwa kwambiri.
Kutsiliza
Anthu ali ndi malingaliro ndi ma prototypes ogwiritsira ntchito matekinoloje amafuta ndi mphamvu zomwe zingatilole kukhala ndi moyo ndikutukuka popanda kuwononga zinthu zapansi panthaka komanso popanda kuipitsa chilengedwe. Koma kuti izi zitheke, chikhumbo chonse cha anthu ndi chofunikira, ndikofunikira kusiya malingaliro anthawi zonse ogula dziko lapansi ndikuyamba kukhalira limodzi ndi dziko lakunja.