Bream: kufotokoza, malo, chakudya ndi zizolowezi za nsomba

Bream, malinga ndi gulu la zomera ndi zinyama zopangidwa ndi Carl Linnaeus, mu 1758 kwa nthawi yoyamba analandira kufotokozera ndi dzina la sayansi lapadziko lonse Abramis brama. Malinga ndi gulu la sayansi, nsomba imatchedwanso:

• Eastern bream;
• Bream wamba;
• Danube bream.

Abramis brama - m'gulu la dziko lapansi wakhala yekhayekha, woimira madzi abwino amtundu wake, mtundu wa Abramis (Bream), wophatikizidwa m'banja la Cyprinidae (Cyprinidae).

Abramis Brama, monga woimira yekha mu dongosolo Cypriniformes (cyprinids), anali 16 mitundu pamaso pa chilengedwe cha gulu la dziko, oimira akuluakulu amene anali:

• Glazach (supu, dumpling);
• Guster;
• mkamwini;
• Syrt;
• Bream,

pambuyo pa kulengedwa komaliza kwa classifier, Abramis brama anakhala mtundu monotypic.

Kufotokozera za maonekedwe a Abramis brama

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Chosiyanitsa chachikulu cha maonekedwe a Abramis brama ndi thupi lalitali komanso loponderezedwa mbali zonse. Kutalika kwa thupi nthawi zina kumaposa 1/3 ya kutalika kwake, kumakhala ndi mutu wawung'ono wokhala ndi pakamwa kakang'ono, komwe kumakhala ndi gawo la telescopic loyamwa ngati chubu. Kachipangizo kameneka ka pakamwa kamalola nsomba kudyetsa kuchokera pansi popanda kusintha momwe thupi limakhalira. Pharynx ya nsomba imakhala ndi mano a pharyngeal, omwe amakonzedwa mu mzere umodzi mu kuchuluka kwa ma PC 5. kuchokera mbali iliyonse.

Pamtunda wa 2/3 kuchokera kumutu, kumbuyo kwa nsomba ndi dorsal fin, imayamba kuchokera kumtunda wapamwamba kwambiri kuchokera kumutu ndikutaya kutalika, pambuyo pa 10 cheza pafupi ndi mchira wa thupi. Chipsepse cha anal chimakhala ndi cheza 33, chotenga 1/3 ya kutalika kwa thupi, atatu mwa iwo ndi olimba, ndipo ena onse ndi ofewa.

Abramis brama wamkulu ali ndi imvi kumbuyo, nthawi zina bulauni, kumbali ya nsomba yachikulire ndi sheen yagolide, yomwe imasanduka chikasu chowala pafupi ndi mimba. Munthu wachichepere komanso wosakhwima pakugonana amakhala ndi imvi, thupi lasiliva.

Ngati taganizirani funso - Abramis brama akuwoneka bwanji, ndiye kuti ambiri ali ndi chidwi ndi funsoli, koma kodi munthu wamtali kwambiri wa Abramis brama (bream wamba) amawoneka bwanji, amalemera bwanji komanso amakhala nthawi yayitali bwanji? ? Chitsanzo chachikulu ndi chovomerezeka cholembedwa cha bream chinali cholemera makilogalamu 6, kutalika kwake kunali 82 cm, ndipo kuti chifike kukula kwake, nsombazo zinakhala zaka 23.

Kodi pali kusiyana kotani pakati pa bream ndi bream?

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Ololera ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito mayina a bream ndi bream, koma sangathe kuyankha funso lomwe amafunsidwa panthawi yomwe akukambirana, pali kusiyana kotani. M'malo mwake, chilichonse ndi chosavuta, mkangaziwisi ndi bream yemweyo, koma osakhwima.

Kukhwima kwa kugonana kwa Abramis brama m'madzi ofunda a malo ake kumachitika ali ndi zaka 3-4, komanso m'madzi ozizira atatha zaka 6-9. Asanakwanitse zaka zomwe zanenedwa komanso kutha msinkhu, anthu amakhala ndi kulemera kwa thupi kwa 0,5-1 kg, ndipo kutalika kwa thupi sikuposa 35 cm, ndi makhalidwe amenewa kuti nsomba imatchedwa scavenger.

Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa scavenger kuchokera ku bream:

• Mtundu wa thupi;
• Kukula ndi kulemera kwa munthu;
• Khalidwe ndi moyo.

Mthunzi wa mtundu wa bream wamkulu nthawi zonse umakhala wakuda, ndipo wa bream nthawi zonse ndi siliva. Kukula kwa bream sikudutsa 35 cm ndikulemera 1 kg, thupi ndi lalitali komanso losazungulira ngati la bream. Wosakaza, mosiyana ndi wachibale wamkulu, amamatira kumadera osaya a dziwe lokhala ndi madzi otentha kwambiri. Bream imatsogolera moyo wokhamukira, ndipo bream imakonda kusokera m'magulu awiriawiri, malo omwe amakhala akuya kwambiri amtsinje kapena nyanja.

Malo a Abramis Brama, kugawa

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M'malo omwe bream amapezeka, pafupifupi nthawi zonse pamakhala mchenga kapena matope pansi, awa ndi nyanja, mitsinje ndi malo osungiramo madzi a kumpoto ndi ku Central Europe. Amapezeka mu network ya ma reservoirs ndi mabeseni a nyanja zotsatirazi:

• Baltic;
• Azov;
• Wakuda;
• Caspian;
• Chakumpoto;
• Aral.

M'zaka za m'ma 30 m'zaka zapitazi, akatswiri a ichthyologists a dziko la Amayi athu adatha kugwirizanitsa bream mu mitsinje ya Siberia, nyanja ya Ural ndi Nyanja ya Balkhash. Chifukwa cha mayendedwe pakati pa Northern Dvina ndi Volga system, bream yapeza anthu ambiri ku Europe ku Russia. Dera la Transcaucasia lakhalanso malo a Abramis brama, koma m'dera lino ali ndi anthu ochepa komanso amitundu yosowa, amapezeka m'mabwinja otsatirawa:

• Nyanja ya Paleostoma;
• Lenkorans;
• Mingachevir posungira.

Zakudya za Bream

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Monga tanenera kale, bream ili ndi pakamwa yapadera, chifukwa chake nsomba zimatha kudya kuchokera pansi pa dziwe, ngakhale zitakutidwa ndi silt kapena zomera zambiri. Zoweta zambiri za Abramis brama m'kanthawi kochepa zimatha "kukolora" zigawo zazikulu za pansi pa dziwe pofunafuna chakudya. Malinga ndi zomwe asodzi odziwa bwino adawona, kuti apeze gulu lalikulu lodyetserako bream pamalo anyanja, ndikofunikira kupeza thovu la mpweya likuthawira pamwamba, limatuluka pansi, lomasulidwa kuchokera ku silt podyetsa nsomba.

Mapangidwe apadera a mano a pharyngeal adasintha zakudya za Abramis brama, zidakhazikitsidwa pa:

• udzu wam'madzi;
• nkhono ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono ta benthic;
• magaziworm;
• wopanga mapaipi;
• zipolopolo.

Pakudya, bream, ngati "vacuum cleaner", imayamwa madzi osakaniza ndi silt m'kamwa, ndipo kukula kwa pharyngeal kumathandiza kusunga benthos, yomwe imakonda kwambiri. Nsombayo imayilekanitsa ndi madzi isanatulutse m'madzi. Kuthekera kwakuthupi kwa Abramis Brama kunamulola kukhala mtsogoleri wa anthu pakati pa mitundu ya nsomba zomwe zimakhala pafupi naye.

Mu theka lachiwiri la dzinja, m'madzi ndi otsika zotheka kutentha ndi pa-olemera ndi mpweya kusungunuka mmenemo, nsomba sangathe mwachangu kufufuza ndi kudyetsa, kumabweretsa amangokhala moyo. Zadziwika kuti chakudya chokulirapo, kutentha kwamadzi pafupifupi pachaka, ndipamenenso nsomba zimadya kwambiri, zitatha zaka 10-15, nsomba zimatha kulemera mpaka 9 kg ndi kutalika kwa thupi. 0,8m ku.

Kubalana

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Kuyamba kwa kukhwima kwa kugonana kwa munthu kumasonyezedwa ndi maonekedwe a zophuka zenizeni pamutu wa nsomba, ndipo mtundu wa thupi kuchokera ku silvery hue umasanduka ma toni akuda. Kugawanikana kwa nkhosa kusanabereke kumachitika m'magulu, zomwe zimapangidwira makamaka zaka. Nthawi yoberekera ndi kuswana ku Abramis brama sichitha kupitirira mwezi umodzi, pafupifupi masiku 4 amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakubala gulu limodzi, nthawi yoberekera imakhudzidwa ndi kutentha komwe kulipo. Malo osaya omwe ali ndi zomera zambiri amasankhidwa kukhala malo ochitira chochitika chofunika kwambiri pamoyo wa nsomba.

Bream ndi yochuluka, chifukwa chobereketsa chamkazi chimaikira mazira osachepera 140, koma si onse omwe adzatha kukhala ndi moyo chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwa kutentha kozungulira panthawi yachisanu. Malo otsika kwambiri otentha omwe amatha kupirira caviar ndi osachepera 11⁰ Ndi, ku t⁰ Pansi pa malire awa, mazira amafa. Pakatha sabata pambuyo pa kuswana, mphutsi za nsomba zimatuluka m'mazira, ndipo pambuyo pa masabata atatu amabadwanso mwachangu.

Nthawi yonse yofunda mpaka chisanu choyamba, mwachangu Abramis brama imakhala ndi ana amitundu ina amitundu yamtundu wa nsomba zomwe zimayendayenda mozungulira posungira chakudya kufunafuna chakudya. Nyama zazing'ono isanayambike nyengo yozizira m'malo okhala ndi chakudya chochuluka zimatha kulemera komanso kutalika kwa thupi mpaka 12 cm.

Anthu omwe akukula amatsatira malo oberekera mpaka kumayambiriro kwa kasupe thaw ndikusiya pokhapokha kutentha kwafika. Anthu akuluakulu, m'malo mwake, akamaliza ntchito yawo yabwino, amagudubuza m'maenje, ndipo atabwerera ku mawonekedwe awo, amayamba kudyetsa.

Chifukwa cha kukula kwakukulu kwa Abramis brama, mwayi wokhala ndi moyo pa gawo loyamba mukukula mwachangu ndi wokulirapo kuposa mitundu ina. Adani ofunikira kwambiri m'chaka choyamba cha moyo mu bream ndi pike, pike perch ndi nsomba zazikulu. Bream yomwe yakula mpaka zaka zitatu ikhoza kuvulazidwa ndi pike ndi nsomba zomwezo.

bream wakuda

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Amur black bream (Megalobrama terminalis) adapeza malo okhala ku Russia, makamaka m'chigwa cha Amur. Pamikhalidwe yabwino, imatha kukhala ndi moyo zaka 10 ndikulemera 3,1 kg ndi kutalika kwa thupi kuposa 0,5 m. Makamaka mikhalidwe yabwino pakuwonjezeka kwa anthu a Megalobrama terminalis yachitika m'chigawo cha China cha mtsinje wa Amur. Chiwerengero cha anthu n’chochuluka kwambiri moti chinalola kuti magulu a asodzi a m’derali agwire ntchito yawo yosodza m’mafakitale.

Kudera la Russia, mitundu iyi imatchedwa kuti ili pangozi; kwa zaka zopitilira 40, kugwidwa kwa malonda a Amur bream sikunachitike. Pofuna kuonjezera chiwerengero cha anthu, akatswiri a ichthyologists amachita zobereketsa zopangira komanso kubwezeretsanso.