Kwa iwo omwe asankha kusiya kudya nyama kwamuyaya, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti, popanda kuchititsa kuvutika kwambiri kwa nyama, adzalandira zosakaniza zonse zofunika pazakudya, pomwe nthawi yomweyo amachotsa poizoni ndi poizoni m'thupi mwawo. kuchuluka kwa nyama. . Kuphatikiza apo, anthu ambiri, makamaka omwe sali achilendo kudera nkhawa za moyo wabwino wa anthu komanso momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira, adzapeza mphindi ina yofunika kwambiri pazamasamba: njira yothetsera vuto la njala padziko lonse lapansi komanso kutha kwa dziko. zachilengedwe za dziko lapansi.
Akatswiri azachuma ndi akatswiri a zaulimi amavomereza kuti kusowa kwa chakudya padziko lapansi kumayambitsidwa, mwa zina, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa ulimi wa ng'ombe, potengera kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni a chakudya omwe amapezeka pagawo lililonse laulimi lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zomera zimatha kubweretsa mapuloteni ochulukirapo pa hekitala ya mbewu kuposa zoweta. Choncho hekitala imodzi yobzalidwa mbewu idzabweretsa zomanga thupi kuwirikiza kasanu kuposa hekitala yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polima mbewu zoweta ziweto. Hekitala yofesedwa ndi nyemba imatulutsa zomanga thupi kuchulukitsa kakhumi. Ngakhale kuti ziwerengerozi ndi zokopa, oposa theka la maekala onse ku United States ali ndi chakudya chamagulu.
Malinga ndi zomwe zaperekedwa mu lipotilo, United States ndi World Resources, ngati madera onse omwe tawatchulawa ankagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mbewu zomwe zimadyedwa mwachindunji ndi anthu, ndiye kuti, ponena za zopatsa mphamvu, izi zingapangitse kuwonjezeka kanayi kwa ndalamazo. cha chakudya analandira. Pa nthawi yomweyi, malinga ndi bungwe la United Nations Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) anthu opitilira biliyoni imodzi ndi theka padziko lapansi akudwala matenda osowa zakudya m'thupi, pomwe pafupifupi 500 miliyoni aiwo ali pafupi ndi njala.
Malingana ndi Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi ku United States, 91% ya chimanga, 77% ya soya, 64% ya balere, 88% ya oats, ndi 99% ya manyuchi okolola ku US m'ma 1970 adadyetsedwa kwa ng'ombe za ng'ombe. Ndiponso, nyama zapafamu tsopano zikukakamizika kudya chakudya cha nsomba chokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri; theka la nsomba zonse zomwe zimagwidwa pachaka mu 1968 zinapita kukadyetsa ziweto. Pomaliza, kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri nthaka yazaulimi kuti akwaniritse kufunika kochulukirachulukira kwa zinthu za ng'ombe kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa nthaka komanso kuchepa kwaulimi. (makamaka chimanga) kupita kugome la munthu.
Chimodzimodzinso chisoni ndi ziwerengero kuti amalankhula za imfa ya masamba zomanga thupi m`kati pokonza ake nyama mapuloteni pamene fattening nyama Mitundu ya nyama. Pa avareji, nyama imafunika ma kilogalamu asanu ndi atatu a mapuloteni a masamba kuti ipange kilogalamu imodzi ya mapuloteni a nyama, ndipo ng'ombe zomwe zimakhala ndi kuchuluka kwambiri kwa mapuloteni. makumi awiri ndi wani.
Francis Lappé, katswiri wa zaulimi ndi zanjala ku Institute for Nutrition and Development, akuti chifukwa cha kuwononga chuma cha zomera kumeneku, pafupifupi matani 118 miliyoni a mapuloteni a zomera sapezekanso kwa anthu chaka chilichonse - ndalama zofanana ndi 90. peresenti ya kupereŵera kwa mapuloteni kwapachaka padziko lonse lapansi. ! Pankhani imeneyi, mawu a Mtsogoleri Wamkulu wa bungwe la United Nations la Food and Agriculture Agency (FAO) lomwe talitchula kale lija, Bambo Boerma, akumveka kuti:
“Ngati tikufunadi kuona kusintha kwa kadyedwe kabwino m’gawo losauka kwambiri la dziko lapansi, tiyenera kuyesetsa kulimbikitsa anthu kudya zakudya zomanga thupi zochokera ku zomera.”
Poyang’anizana ndi zowona za ziŵerengero zochititsa chidwi zimenezi, ena anganene kuti, “Koma United States imatulutsa mbewu zambiri ndi mbewu zina kotero kuti tingathe kukhala ndi nyama yotsalayo ndikukhalabe ndi tirigu wochuluka wogulitsira kunja.” Kusiyapo anthu ambiri aku America omwe ali ndi vuto loperewera zakudya m’thupi, tiyeni tione zotsatira za ulimi wochuluka wa ku America womwe umadziwika kuti ndi wochulukira pogulitsa kunja.
Theka la zogulitsa zonse za ku America zogulitsa zaulimi zimatha m'mimba mwa ng'ombe, nkhosa, nkhumba, nkhuku ndi mitundu ina ya nyama, zomwe zimachepetsa kwambiri mapuloteni ake, ndikuzipanga kukhala mapuloteni anyama, omwe amapezeka kokha kumagulu ochepa a nyama. okhala kale odyetsedwa bwino ndi olemera a dziko lapansi, okhoza kulipira. Chomvetsa chisoni kwambiri ndichakuti kuchuluka kwa nyama zomwe zimadyedwa ku US zimachokera ku nyama zodyetsedwa zomwe zimaleredwa m'maiko ena, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osauka kwambiri padziko lapansi. Dziko la United States ndi dziko lalikulu kwambiri loitanitsa nyama kuchokera kunja, likugula 40% ya ng'ombe zonse zomwe zimagulitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi. Chifukwa chake, mu 1973, America idatulutsa nyama yokwana mapaundi 2 biliyoni (pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 900 miliyoni), yomwe, ngakhale ndi XNUMX peresenti yokha ya nyama yonse yomwe imadyedwa ku United States, ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri kumayiko ambiri omwe amatumiza kunja omwe amanyamula katundu wawo. cholemetsa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa protein.
Kodi kufunikira kwa nyama, komwe kumayambitsa kutayika kwa mapuloteni a masamba, kumapangitsa bwanji vuto la njala padziko lonse lapansi? Tiyeni tiwone momwe chakudya chilili m'maiko ovutika kwambiri, pogwiritsa ntchito "Chakudya Choyamba" cha Francis Lappe ndi Joseph Collins:
“Ku Central America ndi ku Dominican Republic, nyama pakati pa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu ndi theka la nyama yonse yopangidwa imatumizidwa kunja, makamaka ku United States. Alan Berg wa Brookings Institution, mu kafukufuku wake wa zakudya zapadziko lonse, akulemba kuti nyama zambiri zochokera ku Central America “sizimangopezeka m’matumbo a anthu a ku Spain, koma m’ma hamburger a m’malesitilanti a ku United States.”
"Malo abwino kwambiri ku Colombia nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito podyera, ndipo zokolola zambiri za tirigu, zomwe zawonjezeka kwambiri m'zaka zaposachedwapa chifukwa cha "kusintha kobiriwira" kwa zaka za m'ma 60, zimadyetsedwa kwa ziweto. Komanso ku Colombia, kukula kochititsa chidwi kwa malonda a nkhuku (makamaka moyendetsedwa ndi bungwe lina lalikulu la chakudya la ku America) kwakakamiza alimi ambiri kuchoka ku mbewu zachikhalidwe za anthu (chimanga ndi nyemba) kupita ku phutsi ndi soya zopindulitsa kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chakudya cha mbalame. . Chifukwa cha kusintha kotereku, pabuka zinthu zomwe anthu ovutika kwambiri alandidwa chakudya chawo chachikhalidwe - chimanga ndi nyemba zomwe zakhala zodula komanso zosoŵa - ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo sangakwanitse kugula zinthu zamtengo wapatali. amatchedwa choloweza - nyama ya nkhuku.
“M’maiko a Kumpoto Kumadzulo kwa Afirika, kutumizidwa kunja kwa ng’ombe mu 1971 (chilala choyamba m’zaka zotsatizana za zaka za chilala chosakaza) chinaposa mapaundi 200 miliyoni (pafupifupi makilogilamu 90 miliyoni), chiwonjezeko cha 41 peresenti kuchokera pa ziŵerengero zomwezo. 1968. Ku Mali, limodzi la gulu la mayiko ameneŵa, dera limene amalima mtedza mu 1972 linali loposa kuŵirikiza kaŵiri kuposa la 1966. Kodi mtedza wonsewo unapita kuti? Kudyetsa ng’ombe za ku Ulaya.”
“Zaka zingapo zapitazo, anthu ochita malonda a nyama anayamba kutumiza ng’ombe pandege kupita ku Haiti kuti zikanenedwe m’malo odyetserako ziweto n’kuzitumizanso kumsika wa nyama ku America.”
Atafika ku Haiti, Lappe ndi Collins analemba kuti:
“Tinachita chidwi kwambiri ndi kuona zisakasa za anthu opemphapempha opanda minda ataunjikana m’malire a minda ikuluikulu yothiriridwa yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudyetsa nkhumba zikwizikwi, zomwe tsogolo lawo lidzakhala soseji ku Chicago Servbest Foods. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, anthu ambiri a ku Haiti amakakamizika kuzula nkhalango ndi kulima mapiri amene poyamba anali obiriŵira, kuyesera kulimapo kanthu kena.
Makampani opanga nyama amabweretsanso kuwonongeka kosasinthika kwa chilengedwe kudzera mu zomwe zimatchedwa "msipu wamalonda" ndi kudyetsera mopambanitsa. Ngakhale akatswiri amazindikira kuti kudyetsedwa kwachikhalidwe kwa ziweto zosiyanasiyana sikumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe ndipo ndi njira yovomerezeka yogwiritsira ntchito malo ocheperako, njira imodzi kapena ina yosayenera kwa mbewu, komabe, kudyetsera mwadongosolo nyama zamtundu umodzi kungayambitse kuwonongeka kosasinthika kwa nthaka yaulimi yamtengo wapatali , kuwawulula kwathunthu (zochitika paliponse ku US, zomwe zimayambitsa kukhudzidwa kwakukulu kwa chilengedwe).
Lappé ndi Collins akutsutsa kuti kuweta nyama zamalonda mu Afirika, makamaka pa kugulitsa nyama ya ng’ombe kumaiko akunja, “kukuwoneka ngati chiwopsezo chakupha ku madera ouma ouma a mu Afirika ndi kutha kwake kwamwambo kwa mitundu yambiri ya nyama ndi kudalira kotheratu kwachuma kudalira kopanda phindu koteroko. msika wapadziko lonse wa ng'ombe. Koma palibe chomwe chingalepheretse osunga ndalama akunja m'chikhumbo chawo chofuna kulanda chidutswa cha chitumbuwa chamadzimadzi cha chikhalidwe cha ku Africa. Food First ikufotokoza nkhani ya mapulani a mabungwe ena a ku Ulaya kuti atsegule minda yambiri yoweta ziweto m'malo odyetserako ziweto otsika mtengo komanso achonde a ku Kenya, Sudan ndi Ethiopia, omwe adzagwiritse ntchito zopindula zonse za "green revolution" kudyetsa ziweto. Ng'ombe, zomwe njira yake ili patebulo lodyera la Azungu ...
Kuwonjezera pa mavuto a njala ndi kupereŵera kwa chakudya, ulimi wa ng’ombe umaika mtolo waukulu pa zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi. Aliyense akudziwa vuto la madzi m'madera ena padziko lapansi komanso kuti madzi akuipiraipira chaka ndi chaka. M’buku lake lakuti Protein: Its Chemistry and Politics, Dr. Aaron Altschul anatchula kumwa madzi kwa moyo wosadya zamasamba (kuphatikizapo kuthirira m’munda, kuchapa, ndi kuphika) pafupifupi malita 300 (malita 1140) pa munthu aliyense patsiku. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, kwa iwo omwe amatsatira zakudya zovuta zomwe zimaphatikizapo, kuwonjezera pa zakudya zamasamba, nyama, mazira ndi mkaka, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito madzi odyetserako ndi kupha ziweto, chiwerengerochi chimafika pa magaloni 2500 odabwitsa. 9500 malita!) tsiku (lofanana ndi "lacto-ovo-vegetarians" likanakhala pakatikati pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi).
Temberero lina la ulimi wa ng'ombe lagona pa kuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe komwe kumayambira m'mafamu a nyama. Dr. Harold Bernard, katswiri wa zaulimi wa bungwe la United States Environmental Protection Agency, analemba m’nkhani ya mu Newsweek, November 8, 1971, kuti kuchuluka kwa zinyalala zamadzi ndi zolimba zimene zikusefukira kuchokera ku miyandamiyanda ya nyama zosungidwa m’mafamu 206 ku United States. Mayiko “… khumi ndi awiri, ndipo nthawi zina ngakhale maulendo mazanamazana kuposa zizindikiro zofanana ndi zinyalala zomwe zimakhala ndi zinyalala za anthu.
Kuonjezera apo, wolembayo akulemba kuti: “Pamene madzi oipa ochuluka oterowo aloŵa m’mitsinje ndi m’madawelo (zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitika m’machitidwe), zimenezi zimadzetsa zotulukapo zatsoka. Kuchuluka kwa okosijeni m'madzi kumatsika kwambiri, pomwe zomwe zili mu ammonia, nitrate, phosphates ndi mabakiteriya owopsa zimapitilira malire onse ovomerezeka.
Atchulidwenso zautsi wochokera mnyumba zophera. Kafukufuku wokhudza zinyalala zopakira nyama ku Omaha anapeza kuti nyumba zophera nyama zimataya mafuta opitilira 100 (000 kilograms) amafuta, zinyalala za nyama, zotayira, zam'matumbo, zotupa, ndi ndowe kuchokera m'matumbo akumunsi kupita ku ngalande (ndipo kuchokera pamenepo kupita kumtsinje wa Missouri) tsiku ndi tsiku. Ayerekezedwa kuti chopereka cha zinyalala za nyama ku kuipitsa madzi n’chochuluka kuŵirikiza kakhumi kuposa zonyansa zonse za anthu ndi kuŵirikiza katatu zinyalala za m’mafakitale zitaphatikizidwa.
Vuto la njala yapadziko lonse lapansi ndizovuta kwambiri komanso zamitundumitundu, ndipo tonsefe, mwanjira ina, mozindikira kapena mosazindikira, mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina, timathandizira pazachuma, chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Komabe, zonsezi sizikutanthauza kuti, malinga ngati kufunikira kwa nyama kuli kokhazikika, nyama zidzapitiriza kudya zakudya zomanga thupi zochulukirapo kuposa zomwe zimapanga, zimawononga chilengedwe ndi zinyalala, kutha ndi kuwononga dziko lapansi. madzi amtengo wapatali. . Kukana chakudya cha nyama kudzatithandiza kuchulukitsa zokolola za madera ofesedwa, kuthetsa vuto lopatsa anthu chakudya, komanso kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zachilengedwe zapadziko lapansi.