Dumphani zaka ndi mndandanda m'zaka za zana la 21

Tsiku lowonjezera mchaka, likuwoneka, liyenera kukhala mwayi wabwino wochita chilichonse chomwe mulibe nthawi yoti muchite nthawi zonse 365. Koma ayi, china chake m'malingaliro a anthu chalakwika: kutchuka kwa chaka chilichonse ali ndi tsoka lomwe liyenera kuwonedwa ngati chaka chodumphadumpha nthawi zonse.

Makamaka anthu okhulupirira malodza amakonzekera pasadakhale mtsinje wamavuto, kotero kuti, atagwa m'menemo, ali ndi mphamvu yauzimu yolimbana ndi tsoka. Osati mawu a agogo athu aakazi, komanso muzolemba pa ukonde, mungapeze malangizo ambiri amomwe mungakhalire bwino m'chaka chodumphadumpha kuti muchepetse zotsatira zoipa zomwe zidzakhala nazo pamoyo. Tiyeni titchule zaka zodumphadumpha molingana ndi mndandanda wazaka za zana la 21, ndikuwuzaninso komwe tsiku lowonjezera limachokera komanso magwero a mantha opanda nzeru ake.

Zaka zodumpha m'zaka za zana la 21

N’chifukwa chiyani zaka zimatchedwa leap years?

Kuti mumvetse komwe nambala yowonjezera imachokera pa kalendala, ndi bwino kumvetsetsa kuti chaka cha dzuwa (chomwe chimatchedwanso kuti tropical) ndi chiyani. Iyi ndi nthawi yomwe imatenga kuti dziko lapansi lisinthe kuzungulira Dzuwa kumodzi. Izi zimatenga pafupifupi masiku 365 maola 5 ndi mphindi 49. Ndipo ngakhale maola angapo, monga zikuwonekera poyang'ana koyamba, akhoza kunyalanyazidwa, samachita izi pa chifukwa chimodzi chophweka: m'zaka zinayi, maola owonjezera oterowo amawonjezera pafupifupi tsiku lonse. Ndicho chifukwa chake timawonjezera tsiku limodzi ku kalendala - kuti tithe kuthana ndi kusiyana pakati pa kalendala ndi nthawi yeniyeni ya kusintha kwa dziko lapansi komwe kwachitika zaka zingapo zapitazi.

Kalendala ya Julian

Liwu loti "kudumpha" palokha limachokera ku Chilatini. Itha kutchedwa kumasulira kwaulere kwa mawu akuti "bis sextus", omwe amatanthawuza "wachiwiri wachisanu ndi chimodzi." Ku Roma wakale, komwe kalendala idawonekera chifukwa cha Julius Caesar, masiku ena a mweziwo anali ndi mayina apadera: tsiku loyamba la mwezi - calenda, lachisanu kapena lachisanu ndi chiwiri - nona, lakhumi ndi chitatu kapena lakhumi ndi chisanu - ida. February 24 analingaliridwa kukhala tsiku lachisanu ndi chimodzi makalendala a March asanafike. Tsiku lowonjezera m'chaka, lowonjezeredwa kuti lipereke malipiro a kusiyana pakati pa manambala mu kalendala ndi nthawi ya kayendetsedwe ka dziko lapansi, linayikidwa pafupi ndi ilo, ndikulitcha "bis sextus" - lachiwiri lachisanu ndi chimodzi. Pambuyo pake, tsikulo linasintha pang'ono - chaka ku Roma Yakale chinayamba mu March, motero, February anali mwezi wotsiriza, wakhumi ndi ziwiri. Chotero tsiku lina linawonjezeredwa kumapeto kwenikweni kwa chaka.

Kalendala ya Gregory

Kalendala ya Julius Caesar, ngakhale kupambana kwakukulu kwa anthu, sikunali kolondola kwenikweni, ndipo kunachitika molakwika kwa zaka zingapo zoyambirira. Mu 45 BC. - chaka choyamba chodumphadumpha m'mbiri, akatswiri a zakuthambo adawerengera nthawi yosiyana pang'ono ya kusintha kwapachaka kwapachaka - masiku 365 ndi maola 6, mtengowu umasiyana ndi mphindi 11 kuchokera pano. Kusiyana kwa mphindi zochepa kumawonjezera tsiku lathunthu pafupifupi zaka 128.

Kusiyana pakati pa kalendala ndi nthawi yeniyeni kunadziwika m'zaka za zana la 16 - equinox ya vernal, yomwe tsiku la Isitala la Katolika limadalira Chikatolika, linadza masiku khumi m'mbuyomo kuposa March 21 yomwe inakonzedwa. Choncho, Papa Gregory Wachisanu ndi chitatu anasintha kalendala ya Julius, kusintha malamulo owerengera zaka zodumphadumpha:

• ngati mtengo wa chaka ukhoza kugawidwa ndi 4 popanda chotsalira, ndi chaka chodumphadumpha;
• zaka zonse, zomwe zimagawika ndi 100 popanda zotsalira, ndi zaka zosadumpha;
• Zaka zonse, zomwe zimagawika ndi 400 popanda zotsalira, ndi zaka zambiri.

Pang’ono ndi pang’ono, dziko lonse linasinthiratu ku kalendala ya Gregory, mmodzi wa omalizira kuchita zimenezo anali Dziko Lathu, mu 1918. Komabe, kuŵerengera nthaŵi kumeneku n’kopanda ungwiro, kutanthauza kuti tsiku lina padzaoneka makalendala atsopano, amene adzabweretsa zikhulupiriro zatsopano. .

Ndi liti chaka chotsatira

Chaka chotere chili pabwalo pompano, chotsatira chidzabwera mu 2024.

Kuwerengera "chaka chodumpha" cha chaka ndikosavuta, simungathe ngakhale kupita ku kalendala. Tsopano tikukhala molingana ndi kalendala ya Gregorian, malinga ndi zomwe, yachiwiri iliyonse ngakhale chaka ndi chaka chodumphadumpha.

Ndizosavuta kuwerengera m'maganizo mwanu: chaka choyamba ngakhale pambuyo pa 2000 ndi 2002, chachiwiri ngakhale chaka ndi 2004, chaka chodumphadumpha; 2006 ndi wamba, 2008 ndi leap year; ndi zina zotero. Chaka chosamvetseka sichidzakhala chaka chodumphadumpha.

Zaka zodumphadumpha zakale: zomwe zidachitika zazikulu

Mantha ndi mantha a chaka chodumpha sichichirikizidwa ndi chirichonse koma kukumbukira mibadwo. Zikhulupiriro zinayamba kale kwambiri moti n’zosatheka kudziwa chiyambi chake. Chinthu chokha chimene tinganene motsimikiza n’chakuti Asilavo, Aselote, ndi Aroma anali ogwirizana modabwitsa m’zikhulupiriro zawo. Mtundu uliwonse unali kuyembekezera nsomba kuyambira chaka chimodzi ndi chiwerengero cha masiku osagwirizana.

M'dziko Lathu, pankhaniyi, panali nthano ya St. Kasyan, yemwe adapereka Ambuye ndikupita kumbali ya zoyipa. Chilango cha Mulungu chinamupeza mwamsanga ndipo chinali chankhanza kwambiri - kwa zaka zitatu Kasyan mu Underworld anamenyedwa pamutu ndi nyundo, ndipo chachinayi anamasulidwa ku Dziko Lapansi, kumene iye anakwiya, anasokoneza anthu kwa chaka chonse.

Makolo athu, omwe anali osamala ndi zaka zodumphadumpha, ayenera kuti amawaona ngati kulephera m'chilengedwe, kupatuka ku zochitika zanthawi zonse.

M'mbiri yonse ya anthu, zaka zambiri zakhala zikukumana ndi mavuto ndi masoka ambiri. Nazi zina mwa izo:

• 1204: Kugwa kwa Constantinople, kugwa kwa Ufumu wa Byzantine.
• 1232: Chiyambi cha Bwalo la Inquisition la ku Spain.
• 1400: Mliri wa mliri wakuda ukuwomba, pomwe munthu aliyense wachitatu wa ku Europe amamwalira.
• 1572: Usiku wa St. Bartholomew unachitika - kuphedwa kwa Huguenots ku France.
• 1896: Tsunami yosweka mbiri ku Japan.
• 1908: kugwa kwa meteorite ya Tunguska.
• 1912: Kumira kwa Titanic.
• 2020: Mliri wapadziko lonse wa coronavirus.

Komabe, tisaiwale za mphamvu yaikulu ya zochitika, komanso kuti masoka monga chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse ndi Nkhondo Yaikulu Yokonda Dziko Lapansi, zigawenga za September 11 ndi kuphulika kwa nyukiliya ya Chernobyl kunachitika. m'zaka zosadumphadumpha. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira osati masiku angati omwe amagwera pachaka, koma momwe timawayendetsera.