Lobotomy, chithandizo cha opaleshoni ya matenda amisala, idagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yadziko Lonse. Tsopano yasiyidwa kwathunthu m'maiko ambiri padziko lapansi, kuphatikiza France. 

Lobotomy ndi opaleshoni yaubongo yomwe imawononga pang'ono gawo laubongo. Kulumikizana (mitsempha ya mitsempha) pakati pa prefrontal cortex ndi ubongo wonse wadulidwa.

Njira ya lobotomy inapangidwa ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo wa Chipwitikizi, E. Moniz, ataphunzira pa Second International Congress of Neurology mu 1935 kuti asayansi awiri a ku America adachotsa mbali zakutsogolo za chimpanzi chokwiya chomwe chinakhala chodetsedwa pambuyo pa njirayi. Malingaliro ake? Ma lobes akutsogolo, ofunikira kuti agwirizane ndi anthu, amasokonezeka mwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda amisala. Podula pang'ono ma lobe akutsogolo awa kuchokera muubongo wonse, munthuyo amatha kusintha bwino. 

Anapanga lobotomy yoyamba pamalo othawirako ku Lisbon pa Novembara 12, 1935 kwa hule wakale wazaka 63 yemwe anali wodekha komanso akudwala matenda a melancholy. Njira imeneyi inamupatsa mphoto ya Nobel ya mankhwala mu 1949. 

Ku United States, lobotomy yoyamba idachitika pa Seputembara 14, 1936 ndi akatswiri awiri amisala a ku America. Adapanga njira yokhazikika ya prefrontal lobotomy. Ku France, opareshoni yamaganizo inachitidwa pambuyo pa 1945. Opaleshoni yamaganizo imeneyi inafalikira padziko lonse nkhondo yachiŵiri ya padziko lonse itatha. Akuti m'zaka za 1945-1955 anthu 100 padziko lonse lapansi adakumana ndi lobotomy. 

Kodi lobotomy kapena leukotomy imachitika bwanji? 

Pambuyo pa trepanation (kupanga mabowo mu kuchuluka kwa cranium kwa njira ya Moniz), ma lobe akutsogolo amasiyanitsidwa ndi ubongo wonse pogwiritsa ntchito chida chapadera, leucotome. 

Kodi transorbital lobotomy imachitika bwanji?

The American Walter Freeman anachita transorbital lobotomies ndi nsonga yachitsulo kapena ayezi pick pambuyo pake. Nsonga yachitsulo kapena chonyamula ayezi chimakankhidwa kudzera muzitsulo za orbital (zikope zotseguka) chimodzi pambuyo pa chimzake, kuti alowe mu ubongo. Chidacho chimazunguliridwa cham'mbali kuti chichotse zolumikizira kuchokera kumbali yakutsogolo kupita ku ubongo wonse.  

Tsatanetsatane wa ma lobotomies opangidwa ndi ayezi adachitidwa popanda opaleshoni kapena ndi anesthesia pang'ono (m'deralo kapena venous koma yofooka kwambiri) kapena ngakhale pambuyo pa gawo la electroshock (zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mphindi zochepa zikomoke). 

Lobotomy inkachitidwa ngati mankhwala amisala "owopsa" asanatulukire mankhwala a neuroleptic. Akhala lobotomized schizophrenics, okhumudwa kwambiri ndi matenda ofuna kudzipha, anthu omwe ali ndi vuto la obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), obsessive psychosis, nkhanza. Lobotomy yachitidwanso mwa anthu omwe akuvutika ndi ululu wopweteka kwambiri wosamva chithandizo. Eva Perón, mkazi wa mtsogoleri wa ku Argentina, Juan Perón, akanatha kupangidwa ndi lobotomized mu 1952 kuti achepetse ululu chifukwa cha khansa ya chiberekero cha metastasized. 

Ma lobotomies adachitidwa pofuna kuchiza matenda amisala. M'malo mwake, njira iyi idapha 14% ya odwala omwe adachitidwa opaleshoni, ndikusiya ena ambiri ali ndi vuto lakulankhula, opanda pake, ngakhale ali obiriwira komanso / kapena olumala kwa moyo wawo wonse. Mlongo wa JF Kennedy, Rosemary Kennedy, ndi chitsanzo chachisoni komanso chodziwika bwino. Lobotomized ali ndi zaka 23, adalumala kwambiri ndipo adayikidwa m'chipinda cha moyo wake wonse. 

Lobotomy yatsutsidwa kwambiri kuyambira m'ma 1950, madokotala akudzudzula mchitidwe wankhanza komanso wosasinthika. Russia idaletsa kuyambira m'ma 1950. 

Pambuyo pa kupambana kwakukulu kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, lobotomy inasiyidwa pafupifupi kwambiri pambuyo powonekera kwa neuroleptics (1952 ku France, 1956 ku USA) ndi chitukuko cha electroshock, mankhwala awiri osinthika, ndipo anazimiririka m'ma 1980.