Mafumu 10 odziwika bwino akale

Ziribe kanthu zomwe wina akunena, mbiri yakale imapangidwabe ndi anthu akuluakulu. Ndipo kwa nthawi yayitali ya kukhalapo kwa anthu (ndi kusamuka kwake konse kwa anthu, nkhondo za madera ndi mphamvu, mikangano yandale, zipolowe, etc.), boma lililonse lamakono likudziwa anthu ambiri otchuka.

Ndithudi, m’nthaŵi yathu ino, anthu amene “amapangitsa dziko kukhala malo abwinopo” amalemekezedwa kwambiri: asayansi osiyanasiyana a “zamtendere” zapaderazi, osamalira chilengedwe, omenyera ufulu wa anthu, omenyera ufulu wa zinyama, opereka chifundo, andale ochita mtendere, ndi zina zotero.

Koma pamene anthu olemekezeka kwambiri ankaonedwa ngati ankhondo aakulu - mafumu, atsogoleri, mafumu, mafumu - okhoza osati kuteteza anthu awo okha, komanso kupeza malo atsopano ndi zopindulitsa zosiyanasiyana zakuthupi kwa iwo pankhondo.

Mayina a mafumu otchuka kwambiri a Middle Ages m'kupita kwa nthawi anakhala "okulirapo" ndi nthano zomwe masiku ano olemba mbiri amayenera kuyesetsa kwambiri kuti alekanitse munthu wanthano ndi munthu amene analipo.

Nawa ochepa mwa anthu otchukawa:

10 Ragnar Lodbrok | ? -865

Inde, mafani okondedwa a mndandanda wa Vikings: Ragnar ndi munthu weniweni. Osati zokhazo, iye ndi ngwazi ya dziko la Scandinavia (pali ngakhale tchuthi chovomerezeka pano - Tsiku la Ragnar Lothbrok, lokondwerera pa March 28) ndi chizindikiro chenicheni cha kulimba mtima ndi kulimba mtima kwa makolo a Viking.

Pakati pa mafumu athu "khumi" Ragnar Lothbrok ndi "nthano" kwambiri. Tsoka, zambiri za moyo wake, ndawala ndi kuukira molimba mtima zimadziwika kokha kuchokera sagas: pambuyo Ragnar ankakhala m'zaka za m'ma 9, pamene anthu a ku Scandinavia anali asanalembe ntchito za mitsuko ndi mafumu awo.

Ragnar Leatherpants (kotero, malinga ndi mtundu wina, dzina lake lakutchulidwa limamasuliridwa) anali mwana wa mfumu ya Danish Sigurd Ring. Anakhala nkhokwe yotchuka mu 845, ndipo anayamba kuukira mayiko oyandikana nawo kale kwambiri (kuyambira 835 mpaka 865).

Anawononga Paris (pafupifupi 845), ndipo anaferadi m'dzenje la njoka (mu 865), atagwidwa ndi Mfumu Ella II pamene anayesa kulanda Northumbria. Ndipo inde, mwana wake, Bjorn Ironside, anakhala mfumu ya Sweden.

9. Matthias I Hunyadi (Mattyash Korvin) | 1443-1490

Pali chikumbukiro chachitali cha Matthias I Corvinus muzojambula zachi Hungary, monga mfumu yolungama kwambiri, "knight wotsiriza" wa ku Ulaya wakale, ndi zina zotero.

Kodi zinatheka bwanji kuti azikhala ndi maganizo abwino chonchi? Inde, choyamba, chifukwa chakuti anali pansi pake kuti Ufumu wodziimira pawokha wa Hungary unapulumuka kuuka kwake kotsiriza (ndi kwamphamvu kwambiri) pambuyo pa zaka zambiri zachisokonezo ndi "kukangana" kwa olamulira am'deralo pofuna mphamvu.

Matthias Hunyadi sanangobwezeretsa boma lapakati ku Hungary (loleza anthu osabadwa, koma anzeru komanso aluso kuti aziyang'anira nyumba zoyang'anira), adatsimikizira chitetezo chake kuchokera ku Ottoman Turks, adapanga gulu lankhondo lotsogola (komwe mwana aliyense wachinayi anali ndi zida zankhondo. arquebus) , adalanda malo ena oyandikana nawo kuzinthu zake, ndi zina zotero.

Mfumu yowunikiridwayo inasamalira mofunitsitsa anthu a sayansi ndi luso, ndipo laibulale yake yotchuka inali yaikulu kwambiri ku Ulaya pambuyo pa Vatican. O inde! Chovala chake chapamanja chinkasonyeza khwangwala (corvinus kapena korvin).

8. Robert Bruce | 1274-1329

Ngakhale ife omwe ali kutali kwambiri ndi mbiri ya Great Britain mwina tamvapo dzina la Robert the Bruce - msilikali wa dziko la Scotland ndi mfumu yake kuyambira 1306. Chinthu choyamba chomwe chimabwera m'maganizo ndi filimu ya Mel Gibson "Braveheart" ( "Braveheart"). 1995) ndi iye mu udindo wa William Wallace - mtsogoleri wa Scots pa nkhondo yodziyimira pawokha kuchokera ku England.

As could be easily understood even from this film (in which, of course, historical truth was not respected too much), Robert the Bruce was a rather ambiguous character. However, like many other historical figures of that time … He betrayed both the British several times (either swearing allegiance to the next English king, then rejoining the uprising against him), and the Scots (well, just think, what a trifle to take and kill his political rival John Comyn right in the church, but after that Bruce became leader of the anti-English movement, and then the king of Scotland).

Ndipo komabe, pambuyo pa chigonjetso pa Nkhondo ya Bannockburn, yomwe inapeza ufulu wodzilamulira wa Scotland, Robert the Bruce, mosakayikira, anakhala ngwazi yake.

7. Bohemond wa Tarentum | 1054-1111

Nthawi za nkhondo zamtanda zimamvekabe m'nthano za ku Ulaya ndi mayina a asilikali ankhondo ankhondo amphamvu kwambiri. Ndipo m'modzi wa iwo ndi Norman Bohemond wa Taranto, kalonga woyamba wa Antiokeya, wamkulu wamkulu wa Nkhondo Yoyamba Yamtanda.

M'malo mwake, Bohemond sanalamuliridwe konse ndi chikhulupiriro chachikhristu chodzipereka komanso kudera nkhawa okhulupirira anzawo omwe anali atsoka omwe akuponderezedwa ndi a Saracens - anali chabe wokonda kwambiri, komanso wofunitsitsa kwambiri.

Anakopeka makamaka ndi mphamvu, kutchuka ndi phindu. Katundu kakang'ono ku Italy sikunakhutiritse zikhumbo za msilikali wolimba mtima ndi katswiri waluso, choncho adaganiza zogonjetsa gawo la East kuti akhazikitse dziko lake.

Ndipo kotero Bohemond wa Tarentum, atalowa nawo nkhondoyi, adagonjetsa Antiokeya kuchokera kwa Asilamu, adayambitsa Principality ya Antiokeya pano ndipo adakhala wolamulira wake (iye adakangana kwambiri pa izi ndi mkulu wina wankhondo, Raymond wa Toulouse, yemwenso ankadzitcha Antiokeya). Tsoka, pamapeto pake, Bohemond sanathe kusunga zomwe adapeza ...

6. Saladin (Salah ad-Din) | 1138-1193

Ngwazi ina ya Nkhondo Zamtanda (koma kale kumbali ya otsutsa a Saracen) - Sultan wa ku Egypt ndi Syria, mkulu wamkulu wa asilikali achisilamu omwe amatsutsana ndi Ankhondo a Mtanda - adalandira ulemu waukulu ngakhale pakati pa adani ake achikhristu chifukwa cha malingaliro ake akuthwa, kulimba mtima. ndi kuwolowa manja kwa mdani.

Ndipotu dzina lake lonse likumveka motere: Al-Malik an-Nasir Salah ad-Duniya wa-d-Din Abul-Muzaffar Yusuf ibn Ayyub. Inde, palibe Wazungu amene akanatha kulitchula. Chifukwa chake, mumwambo waku Europe, mdani wolemekezeka nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Saladin kapena Salah ad-Din.

Pa Nkhondo Yachitatu Yamtanda, anali Saladin amene anapereka makamaka "chisoni" chachikulu kwa asilikali achikhristu, kugonjetsa kotheratu asilikali awo mu 1187 pa Nkhondo ya Hattin (ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo akugwira pafupifupi atsogoleri onse ankhondo zamtanda - kuchokera kwa Grand Master. a Templars Gerard de Ridefort kwa Mfumu ya Yerusalemu Guy de Lusignan), ndiyeno akubwereranso kuchokera kwa iwo ambiri a mayiko kumene asilikali a mtanda anatha kukhazikika: pafupifupi onse Palestine, Acre ndipo ngakhale Yerusalemu. Mwa njira, Richard the Lionheart ankasilira Saladin ndipo ankamuona ngati bwenzi lake.

5. Harald I Watsitsi Labwino | 850-933

Wakumpoto wina wodziwika bwino (kachiwiri timakumbukira "Vikings" - pambuyo pake, mwana, osati m'bale wa Halfdan Black) ndi wotchuka chifukwa chakuti anali pansi pake kuti Norway anakhala Norway.

Atakhala mfumu ali ndi zaka 10, Harald, ali ndi zaka 22, adagwirizanitsa zinthu zambiri zosiyana za mitsuko ikuluikulu ndi yaing'ono ndi ma hevdings pansi pa ulamuliro wake (zopambana zake zambiri zinafika pachimake pa nkhondo yaikulu ya Hafrsfjord mu 872). ndiyeno anayambitsa misonkho yosatha m’dzikolo ndikukhala m’mitsuko yogonjetsedwa yomwe inathaŵa m’dzikolo, nakhazikika pa zisumbu za Shetland ndi Orkney ndipo kuchokera kumeneko anaukira maiko a Harald.

Pokhala munthu wazaka 80 (panthawi imeneyo izi ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri!) Harald anasamutsa mphamvu kwa mwana wake wokondedwa Eirik Ax Ax Bloody - mbadwa zake zaulemerero zinalamulira dziko mpaka zaka za m'ma XIV.

Mwa njira, dzina losangalatsa lotereli - Watsitsi Wabwino adachokera kuti? Malinga ndi nthano, Harald ali wamng'ono anakopa mtsikana wotchedwa Gyuda. Koma ananena kuti adzakwatiwa ndi mwamunayo pokhapokha akadzakhala mfumu ya dziko lonse la Norway. Chabwino ndiye - zikhale choncho!

Harald anakhala mfumu ya mafumu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo sanamete tsitsi lake ndipo sanapese tsitsi lake kwa zaka 9 (ndipo anamutcha dzina lakuti Harald the Shaggy). Koma pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Hafrsfjord, potsirizira pake anaika tsitsi lake mwadongosolo (amati analidi tsitsi lalitali lokongola), kukhala Watsitsi Labwino.

4. William Ine Wopambana | CHABWINO. 1027/1028 - 1087

Ndipo kachiwiri timabwerera ku mndandanda wa Vikings: kodi mukudziwa kuti Guillaume Bastard - Mfumu yamtsogolo ya England William Wopambana - anali mbadwa ya Duke woyamba wa Normandy Rollo (kapena Rollon)?

Ayi, kwenikweni, Rollo (kapena m'malo, mtsogoleri weniweni wa Vikings Hrolf the Pedestrian - adatchedwa dzina chifukwa anali wamkulu komanso wolemetsa, chifukwa chake palibe kavalo mmodzi yemwe akanatha kumunyamula) sanali mchimwene wake wa Ragnar Lothbrok. zonse.

Koma adalandadi ambiri a Normandy kumapeto kwa XNUMX - koyambirira kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX ndikukhala wolamulira wake (ndipo adakwatira Princess Gisela, mwana wamkazi wa Charles III Wosavuta).

Tiyeni tibwerere ku Wilhelm: anali mwana wapathengo wa Duke wa Normandy Robert Woyamba, komabe, ali ndi zaka 8, adalandira udindo wa abambo ake, ndipo adatha kukhalabe pampando wachifumu.

Mnyamatayo kuyambira ali wamng'ono anali ndi zokhumba zambiri - ku Normandy anali wochepa kwambiri. Ndiyeno William anaganiza zotenga mpando wachifumu wa Chingerezi, makamaka popeza vuto la Dynastic linali kuyambika ku England: Edward the Confessor analibe wolowa nyumba, ndipo popeza amayi ake anali (mwamwayi kwambiri!) Agogo aakazi a William, amatha kudzinenera kuti ndi Chingerezi. Kalanga, njira zaukazembe zidalephera kukwaniritsa cholinga…

Ndinayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zankhondo. Zochitika zina zimadziwika kwa onse: mfumu yatsopano ya England, Harold, inagonjetsedwa koopsa ndi asilikali a William pa Nkhondo ya Hastings mu 1066, ndipo mu 1072, Scotland inagonjeranso kwa William Wopambana.

3. Frederick I Barbarossa | 1122-1190

Frederick Woyamba wa ku Hohenstaufen, wotchedwa Barbarossa (Ndevu Zofiira), ndi mmodzi mwa mafumu otchuka kwambiri a Middle Ages. Pa moyo wake wautali, adadziwika kuti anali wolamulira wanzeru, wolungama (komanso wachikoka) komanso wankhondo wamkulu.

Anali wamphamvu kwambiri mwakuthupi, amamatira mwamphamvu ku zida zankhondo - Barbarossa atakhala mfumu ya Ufumu Woyera wa Roma mu 1155, asilikali achijeremani adakumana ndi maluwa omwe anali asanakhalepo kale (ndipo anali pansi pake kuti asilikali amphamvu kwambiri ku Ulaya adalengedwa kuchokera ku zida zankhondo. apakavalo).

Barbarossa ankafuna kutsitsimutsanso ulemerero wakale wa ufumu wa nthawi za Charlemagne, ndipo chifukwa cha izi anayenera kupita kunkhondo ka 5 ku Italy kuti akathe kulamulira mizinda yake yomwe inakhala yosauka kwambiri. Ndipotu nthawi yambiri ya moyo wake anathera pa kampeni.

Ali ndi zaka 25, Frederick anachita nawo Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yamtanda. Ndipo pamene Saladin adagonjetsa zogula zonse zazikulu zankhondo zamtanda ku Middle East, Friedrich Hohenstaufen, ndithudi, anasonkhanitsa chachikulu (malinga ndi magwero - 100 zikwi!) Army ndipo anapita naye ku Nkhondo Yachitatu Yamtanda.

Ndipo sizikudziwika momwe zinthu zikanasinthira ngati, powoloka mtsinje wa Selif ku Turkey, sanagwe pahatchi yake ndikutsamwitsidwa, osatha kutuluka m'madzi atavala zida zolemera. Barbarossa pa nthawi imeneyo anali kale zaka 68 (zaka olemekezeka kwambiri!).

2. Richard I the Lionheart | 1157-1199

Zoonadi, si mfumu yeniyeni monga nthano! Tonse timamudziwa Richard the Lionheart kuchokera m'mabuku ndi makanema (kuyambira ndi buku la Walter Scott "Ivanhoe" ndikutha ndi filimu ya 2010 "Robin Hood" ndi Russell Crowe).

Kunena zowona, Richard sanali “msilikali wopanda mantha ndi chitonzo.” Inde, anali ndi ulemerero wa msilikali wabwino kwambiri, wokonda zochitika zoopsa, koma panthawi imodzimodziyo adasiyanitsidwa ndi chinyengo ndi nkhanza; anali wokongola (wamtali wa blond ndi maso a buluu), koma wachiwerewere mpaka pakati pa mafupa ake; amadziwa zilankhulo zambiri, koma osati Chingelezi chake, chifukwa anali asanakhalepo ku England.

Anapereka anzake (komanso abambo ake omwe) kangapo, kupeza dzina lina lakutchulidwa - Richard Inde-ndi-Ayi - chifukwa adagwedezeka mosavuta kumbali zonse.

Kwa nthawi yonse ya ulamuliro wake ku England, anali m'dzikoli kwa chaka chimodzi. Atasonkhanitsa chuma kuti akonzekeretse asilikali ndi asilikali apanyanja, iye nthawi yomweyo ananyamuka kupita ku nkhondo (akudzipatula kumeneko ndi nkhanza makamaka kwa Asilamu), ndipo pobwerera iye anagwidwa ndi mdani wake Leopold wa Austria ndipo anakhala zaka zingapo Dürstein. linga. Kuti awombole mfumuyo, anthu ake anafunika kutolera ndalama zokwana 150.

Anathera zaka zake zomalizira m’nkhondo ndi Mfumu Philippe II ya ku France, akufa ndi poizoni wa mwazi atavulazidwa ndi muvi.

1. Charles I Wamkulu | 747/748-814

Mfumu yodziwika kwambiri ya khumi ndi Carolus Magnus, Carloman, Charlemagne, etc. - amakondedwa ndi kulemekezedwa pafupifupi m'mayiko onse a ku Western Europe.

Anatchedwa kale wamkulu pa nthawi ya moyo wake - ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa: mfumu ya Franks kuchokera ku 768, mfumu ya Lombards kuchokera ku 774, kalonga wa Bavaria kuchokera ku 788 ndipo, potsiriza, mfumu ya Kumadzulo kuchokera ku 800. mwana wamkulu wa Pepin the Short kwa nthawi yoyamba anagwirizanitsa Ulaya pansi pa ulamuliro umodzi ndikupanga dziko lalikulu lapakati, ulemerero ndi ukulu wake umene unagunda m'dziko lonse lotukuka.

Dzina la Charlemagne limatchulidwa mu nthano za ku Ulaya (mwachitsanzo, mu "Nyimbo ya Roland"). Mwa njira, iye anakhala mmodzi wa mafumu oyambirira amene anapereka patronage kwa anthu a sayansi ndi luso ndipo anatsegula sukulu osati ana a olemekezeka.