Mutha kuwona kanema wokhudzidwa pa YouTube kuyambira kubadwa kwa Louise Brown, wobadwa pa Julayi 25, 1978 ku Chipatala cha Oldham. Mphindi zoyamba za moyo wake zinali ngati mwana aliyense wakhanda: mtsikanayo anasambitsidwa, kuyesedwa ndi kuyesedwa. Wobadwa ndi gawo la Kaisara, komabe, Louise anali wokonda sayansi - mwana woyamba kubadwa kudzera mwa IVF.
- Zaka 40 zapitazo, mwana woyamba wa IVF anabadwa
- Masiku amenewo, feteleza wa in vitro ankaonedwa kuti ndi njira yovuta kwambiri. Kenako ma oocyte amakololedwa ndi laparoscopy pansi pa anesthesia wamba. Pambuyo pa opaleshoniyo, mayiyo anayenera kukhala m’chipatala kwa masiku angapo ndi kukhala pansi pa chisamaliro chokhazikika cha madokotala
- Malinga ndi akatswiri, zaka 20 kuchokera 50 mpaka 60 peresenti. Ana adzakhala ndi pakati chifukwa cha njira ya IVF
Tsopano padutsa zaka 40 kuchokera pamene Louise anabadwa. Izi zidachitika pa Novembara 10, 1977, patatha zaka zambiri za kafukufuku wopangidwa ndi Prof. Robert Edwards ndi Dr. Patrick Steptoe, oyambitsa njira yomwe yapatsa mabanja mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse mwayi wokhala ndi ana.
Njira ya in vitro fertilization, m'mawu osavuta, imaphatikizapo kuchotsa dzira mu chubu la mayi, kumuika ubwamuna mu labotale ndi kukaika dzira lomwe lakumana ndi umuna - mluza - kubwerera m'chibelekero kuti akule bwino. Masiku ano, njira yochizira infertility iyi siyosangalatsa ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri - chifukwa cha izi, ana opitilira mamiliyoni asanu adabadwa mzaka makumi anayi zapitazi. Komabe, poyambirira, feteleza wa in vitro unayambitsa mikangano yambiri.
Prof. Edwards ndi Dr. Steptoe kuti ayang'ane njira yoberekera dzira la munthu mu labotale, kunja kwa njira yoberekera ya amayi, ndi kubweretsa embryo ku siteji ya blastocyst. Mu 1968, pamene Prof. Edwards adakwaniritsa cholinga chake - kuti apambane Mphotho ya Nobel mu 2010 - embryology inali gawo latsopano la sayansi lomwe silinadze chiyembekezo chachikulu.
Patadutsa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi pamene amayi ake a Louise, a Lesley Brown, anakhala mayi woyamba padziko lonse kukhala ndi pakati chifukwa cha njira yoberekera m’mimba yopangidwa ndi asayansi awiri a ku Britain. Mu 1980 - zaka ziwiri kuchokera pamene Louise anabadwa - Prof. Edwards ndi Dr. Steptoe adatsegula chipatala cha Bourn Hall m'tawuni yaying'ono ya Cambridgeshire, chipatala choyamba padziko lonse lapansi cha chonde. Chifukwa cha iye, ana zikwizikwi za test tube anabadwa.
Kukula kwa sayansi iyi, mwanjira ina, chipatso cha kusintha kwa kugonana ku Great Britain m'zaka za m'ma 60 - Pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 60, amayi ambiri anali ndi "memento" ya mazira owonongeka ndi matenda opatsirana pogonana monga chlamydia - akuti. Dr. Mike Macnamee, yemwe ndi mkulu wa chipatala cha Bourn Hall, yemwe amagwira ntchito kumeneko ndi Stepto ndi Edwards kuyambira pachiyambi cha ntchito yake. - M'masiku amenewo, 80 peresenti. mwa odwala athu machubu a fallopian anawonongedwa, poyerekeza lero vutoli ndi 20-30 peresenti. odwala achikazi.
Zaka makumi anayi zapitazo, IVF inali njira yachipatala yovuta komanso yovuta. Ma oocyte anasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya laparoscopic pansi pa anesthesia wamba - amayi nthawi zambiri amakhala m'chipatala kwa masiku anayi kapena asanu. Panthawi yonse yakukhala m'chipatala, madokotala ankayang'anitsitsa mlingo wa mahomoni a wodwalayo, chifukwa cha izi, mkodzo wake unatengedwa maola 24 pa tsiku. Chipatalacho chinali ndi mabedi 30, omwe nthawi zonse amakhala odzaza - kwa nthawi yayitali anali malo okhawo padziko lapansi omwe amapereka chithandizo cha IVF. Ogwira ntchito ankagwira ntchito usana ndi usiku.
Sizinali mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 80 pamene njira yotsitsimula motsogoleredwa ndi ultrasound inakhazikitsidwa yomwe inalola mkazi kubwerera kunyumba tsiku lomwelo. Poyambirira, chiwerengero cha obadwa ku chipatala cha Bourn Hall chinali chochepa kwambiri, pa 15 peresenti yokha. - poyerekeza, lero chiwerengero cha dziko lonse ndi pafupifupi 30 peresenti.
- Sitinali patsogolo pa dziko la sayansi, komanso apainiya mu vitro kuchokera kumbali yamakhalidwe abwino. Tapambana kuvomereza njira imeneyi, akutero Dr. Macnamee. - Bob ndi Patrick awonetsa kulimbikira kwambiri munthawi zovuta zino. Opambana Mphotho ya Nobel adawadzudzula zakupha makanda, pomwe akatswiri azachipatala ndi asayansi adatalikirana nawo, zomwe zidawavuta kwambiri.
Kubadwa kwa Louise Brown kunadzetsa mantha akuti asayansi akulenga "ana a Frankenstein." Atsogoleri achipembedzo anachenjeza za kusokoneza mwachinyengo kulenga zamoyo. Mwana wawo wamkazi atabadwa, banja la a Brown lidadzazidwa ndi makalata owopseza. Sizinali mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90 pamene chikhalidwe cha anthu chinayamba kusintha.
“Ntchito yathu ku Bourn Hall inali kuphunzitsa ndi kupanga chidwi,” akutero Dr. Macnamee. – Takhala omasuka ndi oona mtima.
Tsoka ilo, ndi chipambano chochepa chotere kwa maanja ambiri, chithandizocho chinatha mokhumudwa. Koma panalinso ena amene mouma khosi sanagonje. Mmodzi mwa odwala pachipatalachi adayesapo maulendo 17 asanabereke mwana wamwamuna.
'Chikhumbo chokhala ndi mwana chimakhala chachikulu, makamaka pamene simungathe kutenga pakati, kuti anthu ali okonzeka kudzipereka kwambiri,' Dr Macnamee akutero. - Ndi udindo wathu kufotokozera momveka zomwe maanja amayembekezera asanayambe kulandira chithandizo.
N’zoona kuti si zophweka kuchita nthawi zonse. "Mabanja sakunenedwa kuti IVF idzalephera," akutero Susan Seenan, mkulu wa Fertility Network UK. - Koma aliyense ali ndi mwayi wopeza ziwerengerozo.
Si onse omwe ali oyenera kulandira chithandizo. Malinga ndi malingaliro a 2013 a National Institutes of Health and Care (NICE) ku England ndi Wales, amayi omwe ali ndi zaka zosakwana 40 ali ndi ufulu wopita ku IVF katatu mopanda malipiro a National Health Service, malinga ngati ayesa osapambana kwa zaka ziwiri, kapena 12. zoyesayesa zobereketsa ana ochita kupanga zalephereka. Amayi azaka zapakati pa 40 mpaka 42 ali ndi ufulu wobwezeredwa kamodzi. Komabe, chigamulo chomaliza chokhudza yemwe ali ndi ufulu wopereka IVF m'dera lomwe mwapatsidwa amapangidwa ndi ma komishoni am'deralo akuchipatala, omwe nthawi zonse samapereka mikombero yochuluka monga momwe NICE imalimbikitsa.
Chifukwa chake, kwa maanja aku Britain omwe akufunsira mwana, ziyeneretso za njirayi ndi lottery ya adilesi. - Zimachitikanso kuti maanja awiri omwe akukhala mumsewu womwewo koma amapatsidwa kwa ma GP osiyana ali ndi ufulu wa chiwerengero chosiyana cha maulendo a IVF aulere, chifukwa madokotala awo ali pansi pa makomiti osiyanasiyana - akufotokoza Seenan. - Pakalipano, makomiti asanu ndi awiri sabwezeranso njira za in vitro nkomwe.
Ndi m'modzi mwa mabanja asanu ndi mmodzi omwe ali ndi vuto lokhala ndi pakati ku UK, ntchito yochizira chonde ikupita patsogolo. Akatswiri akuyerekeza kuti pakali pano ndi mtengo wa £ 600m (kungoganiza kuti IVF imodzi yolipira imawononga £ XNUMX mpaka £ XNUMX).
“Amayi ambiri amalephera kutenga pakati pambuyo pa IVF imodzi,” akutero Seenan. - Kachiwiri, mwayi ndi wapamwamba, koma ena amatenga mimba pambuyo pa mkombero wachinayi, wachisanu, kapena wachisanu ndi chimodzi. The wamng'ono mkazi, wamkulu mwayi wopambana.
Mosasamala kanthu za msinkhu - malinga ndi Seenan, ndi nthano kuti odwala ambiri ndi amayi omwe adayimitsa amayi kwa nthawi yayitali ndipo tsopano, chifukwa cha ukalamba wawo, sangathe kutenga mimba mwachibadwa - IVF ndi njira yovuta. Choyamba, zimafuna nthawi komanso maulendo ambiri kwa akatswiri. Mayiyo ayenera kumwa mankhwala osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo. kukhazikika kwa mahomoni.
“Mankhwala osokoneza bongo angakulepheretseni kukhala ndi mkhalidwe wooneka ngati wa kutha msinkhu, ndipo akazi ambiri samachilandira bwino,” akufotokoza motero Seenan. Odwala amapatsidwanso mankhwala omwe amalimbikitsa ntchito ya mazira - amaperekedwa ngati jekeseni. Pa nthawiyi, chikhalidwe cha thumba losunga mazira chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa nthawi zonse kuti asatengeke kwambiri.
Panthawi ya mankhwala, amayi amamva kutopa, kutupa komanso kusinthasintha maganizo. Kwa ena, komabe, chinthu chovuta kwambiri ndikudikirira kwa milungu iwiri kukhazikitsidwa kwa mwana wosabadwayo komanso kuzindikira kuti ali ndi pakati.
Ichi ndichifukwa chake asayansi m'malo ofufuza padziko lonse lapansi akuyesa nthawi zonse kukonza njira ya in vitro fertilization. Laboratory yatsopano yakhazikitsidwa posachedwa ku Bourn Hall kuti ifufuze chifukwa chake mazira ena samakhwima bwino, zomwe zimayambitsa kupititsa padera komanso kusabereka kwa amayi okalamba. Ndi labotale yoyamba ku Europe yomwe ili ndi maikulosikopu amakono omwe amalola kuwona momwe ma cell a dzira akukulira.
Dr. Macnamee akulosera kuti m’zaka 20 chiŵerengero cha kubadwa chidzakhala pakati pa 50 ndi 60 peresenti. M'malingaliro ake, asayansi athanso kukonza zolakwika m'miluza. Malingaliro a anthu adzayeneranso kugwirizana ndi kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi.
'Payenera kukhala kale mkangano waukulu wa momwe tingapitirire,' akuwonjezera Dr Macnamee.