Lekani kubwereza zolakwika
Malinga ndi kunena kwa Pulofesa Anders Eriksson wa pa yunivesite ya Florida, mphindi 60 zothera pochita “ntchito yoyenera” n’zabwino kwambiri kuposa nthaŵi yothera pa kuphunzira popanda kuchitapo kanthu. Kuzindikira madera omwe amafunikira ntchito ndikukhazikitsa dongosolo lokhazikika kuti agwire ntchito ndikofunikira. Ericsson imatcha njirayi "kuchita mwadala."
Ericsson watha zaka makumi atatu akuwunika momwe akatswiri abwino kwambiri, kuyambira oimba mpaka madokotala ochita opaleshoni amafikira pamwamba pa gawo lawo. Malingana ndi iye, kukhala ndi maganizo abwino ndikofunika kwambiri kuposa luso lokha. "Nthawi zonse amakhulupirira kuti kuti ukhale wabwino, uyenera kubadwa mwanjira imeneyo, chifukwa n'zovuta kupanga ambuye apamwamba, koma izi ndi zolakwika," akutero.
Olimbikitsa kuchita mwadala nthawi zambiri amatsutsa momwe timaphunzitsidwira kusukulu. Aphunzitsi a nyimbo, mwachitsanzo, amayamba ndi zoyambira: nyimbo zamapepala, makiyi, ndi kuwerenga nyimbo. Ngati mukufuna kufanizitsa ophunzira wina ndi mzake, muyenera kuwafanizitsa pazolinga zosavuta. Maphunziro otere amathandizira kukweza, komanso amatha kusokoneza oyamba kumene omwe sangaganizire kukwaniritsa cholinga chawo chachikulu, chomwe ndi kuimba nyimbo zomwe amakonda chifukwa akugwira ntchito zomwe zilibe kanthu kwa iwo. Mnyamata wina wazaka 26, dzina lake Max Deutsch, ananena kuti: “Ndikuona kuti njira yabwino yophunzirira ndiyo kusinthiratu. Mu 2016, San Francisco yochokera ku Deutsch idakhazikitsa cholinga chophunzirira maluso 12 atsopano omwe ali apamwamba kwambiri, kamodzi pamwezi. Woyamba anali kuloweza makhadi mu mphindi ziwiri popanda zolakwika. Kumaliza ntchito imeneyi kumaonedwa ngati poyambira kwa Grandmastership. Chomaliza chinali chodziphunzitsa ndekha kusewera chess kuyambira pachiyambi ndikumenya Grandmaster Magnus Carlsen pamasewerawa.
“Yambani ndi cholinga. Kodi ndiyenera kudziwa kapena kuchita chiyani kuti ndikwaniritse cholinga changa? Kenako pangani dongosolo kuti mukafike kumeneko ndikukakamirabe. Tsiku loyamba ndinati, “Izi ndi zimene ndizichita tsiku lililonse.” Ndinakonzeratu ntchito iliyonse ya tsiku lililonse. Izi zinatanthauza kuti sindinkaganiza kuti, “Kodi ndili ndi mphamvu kapena ndisiye?” Chifukwa ine ndinadzikonzeratu izo. Zinakhala gawo lofunikira latsiku, "akutero Deutsch.
Deutsch adatha kukwaniritsa ntchitoyi pogwira ntchito nthawi zonse, akuyenda ola limodzi pa tsiku osaphonya kugona kwa maola asanu ndi atatu. Mphindi 45 mpaka 60 tsiku lililonse kwa masiku 30 zinali zokwanira kumaliza kuyesa kulikonse. "Njirayi idachita 80% ya ntchito zolimba," akutero.
Kuchita mwadala kungawoneke ngati kozolowereka kwa inu, chifukwa chinali maziko a lamulo la maola 10 lotchuka ndi Malcolm Gladwell. Imodzi mwazolemba zoyamba za Eriksson zonena zakuchita mwadala zidati muzitha maola 000, kapena pafupifupi zaka 10, pamaphunziro omwe mukufuna kuti mufike pamwamba pamunda wanu. Koma lingaliro lakuti aliyense amene amathera maola 000 pa chinachake adzakhala katswiri ndi chinyengo. “Muyenera kuyeserera ndi cholinga, ndipo zimenezo zimafuna mtundu winawake wa umunthu. Izi sizikunena za nthawi yonse yomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyeserera, ziyenera kugwirizana ndi luso la wophunzira. Ndipo za momwe mungasinthire ntchito yomwe yachitika: konzani, sinthani, sinthani. Sizikudziwika chifukwa chake anthu ena amaganiza kuti ngati uchita zambiri, ukalakwitsa zomwezo, udzakhala bwino,” akutero Eriksson.
Ganizirani za luso
Dziko lamasewera latengera maphunziro ambiri a Ericsson. Katswiri wakale wa mpira yemwe adakhalanso manejala Roger Gustafsson adatsogolera kilabu yaku Sweden ya Gothenburg kumasewera 5 mu ligi mu 1990s, kuposa ma manejala wina aliyense mu mbiri ya ligi ya Sweden. Tsopano ali ndi zaka za m'ma 60, Gustafsson akadali nawo pagulu la achinyamata. "Tidayesetsa kuphunzitsa ana azaka 12 kuchita Triangle ya Barcelona kudzera mwadala ndipo adakula mwachangu m'masabata asanu. Adafika pomwe adapanga nambala yofanana ya katatu ngati FC Barcelona pamasewera ampikisano. Zachidziwikire, izi sizofanana ndendende ndi kunena kuti ali bwino ngati Barcelona, koma zinali zodabwitsa momwe angaphunzire mwachangu, "adatero.
Pochita mwadala, kuyankha ndikofunikira. Kwa osewera a Gustafsson, kanema wakhala chida chotere kuti apereke ndemanga pompopompo. “Mukangomuuza wosewerayo zoyenera kuchita, sangakhale ndi chithunzi chofanana ndi chanu. Ayenera kudziwona yekha ndikuyerekeza ndi wosewera mpira yemwe adazichita mosiyana. Osewera achichepere amakhala omasuka kwambiri ndi makanema. Iwo anazolowera kujambula okha ndi mzake. Monga mphunzitsi, ndizovuta kupereka ndemanga kwa aliyense, chifukwa muli ndi osewera 20 mu timu. Mchitidwe wadala ndikupatsa anthu mwayi woti adzipereke okha mayankho, "akutero Gustafsson.
Gustafsson akugogomezera kuti mwamsanga mphunzitsi angathe kulankhula maganizo ake, ndi ofunika kwambiri. Pokonza zolakwika mu maphunziro, mumathera nthawi yochepa mukuchita zonse zolakwika.
"Chofunika kwambiri pa izi ndi cholinga cha wothamanga, ayenera kufuna kuphunzira," akutero Hugh McCutcheon, mphunzitsi wamkulu wa volleyball ku yunivesite ya Minnesota. McCutcheon anali mphunzitsi wamkulu wa timu ya volleyball ya amuna yaku US yomwe idapambana golide pamasewera a Olimpiki ku Beijing a 2008, patatha zaka 20 kuchokera pomwe adalandira mendulo yagolide yam'mbuyomu. Kenako adatenga timu ya azimayi ndikuwatsogolera ku silver pamasewera a 2012 ku London. "Tili ndi ntchito yophunzitsa, ndipo ali ndi ntchito yophunzira," akutero McCutcheon. "Chigwacho ndi chenicheni chomwe mudzalimbana nacho. Anthu omwe amadutsa mu izi akugwira ntchito pazolakwa zawo. Palibe masiku osinthika pomwe mumachoka pa chipika kupita kwa katswiri. Talente sizachilendo. Anthu ambiri aluso. Ndipo chosowa ndi talente, chilimbikitso ndi kulimbikira. "
N'chifukwa Chiyani Mapangidwe Amakhala Ofunika?
Zina mwa ntchito zomwe Deutsch anachita, panali kale njira yophunzirira, monga kuloweza makhadi, pomwe akuti 90% ya njirayo ikugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino. Deutsch amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito dala pavuto losawoneka bwino lomwe lingafune kupanga njira yakeyake: kuthetsa chithunzithunzi cha New York Times Loweruka. Iye ananena kuti mawu ophatikizikawa ankaonedwa kuti ndi ovuta kuwathetsa mwadongosolo, koma ankaganiza kuti angagwiritse ntchito njira zimene anaphunzira m’mabvuto am’mbuyomu kuti athetse mavutowo.
"Ndikadziwa zowunikira 6000 zomwe zimadziwika kwambiri, zindithandiza bwanji kuthetsa vutoli? Chojambula chosavuta chidzakuthandizani kupeza yankho ku zovuta kwambiri. Izi ndi zomwe ndidachita: Ndidathamangitsa zosefera patsamba lawo kuti ndipeze zambiri, kenako ndidagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu kuloweza pamtima. Ndinaphunzira mayankho 6000 mu sabata limodzi, "atero Deutsch.
Ndi khama lokwanira, iye adatha kuphunzira zonse zowunikira izi. Deutsch ndiye adayang'ana momwe ma puzzle adamangidwira. Kuphatikizika kwa zilembo kumatsatira ena, kotero ngati gawo la gululi latha, limatha kuchepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi mipata yotsalira pochotsa mawu osayembekezeka. Kukulitsa mawu ake inali gawo lomaliza la kusintha kuchokera ku novice crossword solver kupita ku master.
"Kawirikawiri, timapeputsa zomwe tingachite mu nthawi yochepa ndikulingalira zomwe zimafunika kuti tichite chinachake," akutero Deutsch, yemwe anachita bwino pa 11 mwa mavuto ake 12 (kupambana masewera a chess kunamuthawa). "Popanga dongosolo, mukuchotsa phokoso lamalingaliro. Kuganizira momwe mungakwaniritsire cholinga chanu cha ola la 1 pa tsiku kwa mwezi si nthawi yochuluka, koma ndi liti pamene munathera maola 30 mwachidwi mukugwira ntchito inayake?