Kumvetsera makambitsirano anzeru ndikosangalatsa. Mtolankhani Maria Slonim akufunsa mlembi Alexander Ilichevsky momwe zimakhalira kukhala katswiri wazolemba, chifukwa chiyani gawo la chilankhulo lilipo kupitirira malire, ndi zomwe timaphunzira za ife tokha tikamadutsa mumlengalenga.
Maria Slonim: Nditayamba kukuwerengerani, ndidachita chidwi ndi mitundu yayikulu yamitundu yomwe mumataya mowolowa manja. Muli ndi chilichonse chokhudza momwe moyo umakondera, kununkhira ngati mtundu ndi fungo. Chinthu choyamba chomwe chinandikoka chinali malo omwe ndimadziwa bwino - Tarusa, Aleksin. Inu osati kufotokoza, komanso kuyesa kuzindikira?
Alexander Ilichevsky: Sikuti ndi chidwi chabe, ndi mafunso amene amabuka mukaona malo. Chisangalalo chomwe malo amakupatsani, mukuyesera mwanjira ina. Mukayang'ana ntchito ya zojambulajambula, ntchito ya moyo, thupi laumunthu, chisangalalo cha kulingalira kumaganiziridwa. Chisangalalo choganizira thupi lachikazi chingathe, mwachitsanzo, kufotokozedwa ndi kudzutsidwa kwachibadwa mwa inu. Ndipo mukayang'ana malo, ndizosamvetsetseka kumene chilakolako cha atavistic chofuna kudziwa malowa chimachokera, kusunthira mmenemo, kumvetsetsa momwe malowa amakugonjetsani.
MS .: Ndiko kuti, mukuyesera kuwonetseredwa m'malo. Mumalemba kuti «zonse ndi kuthekera kwa malo kuwonetsa nkhope, moyo, zinthu zamunthu», kuti chinsinsi chagona pakutha kudziyang'ana nokha kudzera m'malo.1.
AI .: Alexey Parshchikov, wolemba ndakatulo ndi mphunzitsi wanga wokondedwa, adanena kuti diso ndi gawo la ubongo lomwe limatulutsidwa kunja. Payokha, mphamvu yogwirira ntchito ya mitsempha ya optic (ndi neural network yake imatenga gawo limodzi mwa magawo asanu a ubongo) imapangitsa chikumbumtima chathu kuchita zambiri. Zomwe retina imagwira, kuposa china chilichonse, zimaumba umunthu wathu.
Alexey Parshchikov ananena kuti diso ndi mbali ya ubongo yotengedwa kunja
Kwa zaluso, njira yowunikira malingaliro ndi chinthu wamba: mukayesa kudziwa zomwe zimakusangalatsani, kusanthula uku kungapangitse chisangalalo chokongola. Philology yonse imachokera panthawiyi yosangalatsa kwambiri. Zolemba zimapereka modabwitsa njira zamitundu yonse zowonetsera kuti munthu ali pafupifupi theka la malo.
MS .: Inde, muli ndi chilichonse chokhudza munthu motsutsana ndi malo, mkati mwake.
AI .: Panthaŵi ina panabuka lingaliro loipa loterolo lakuti chisangalalo chathu m’malo ndi mbali ya chisangalalo cha Mlengi, chimene anachilandira poyang’ana chilengedwe chake. Koma munthu wolengedwa “m’chifaniziro ndi m’chifaniziro chake” kwenikweni amakonda kubwereza ndi kusangalala ndi zimene wachita.
MS .: Mbiri yanu yasayansi ndikuponya m'mabuku. Simumangolemba mwachidziwitso, komanso yesetsani kugwiritsa ntchito njira ya wasayansi.
AI .: Maphunziro a sayansi ndiwothandiza kwambiri pakukulitsa malingaliro ake; ndipo mawonekedwe akakhala otambalala mokwanira, ndiye kuti zinthu zambiri zosangalatsa zitha kupezedwa, pokhapokha chifukwa cha chidwi. Koma mabuku ndi ochuluka kuposa pamenepo. Kwa ine, iyi si nthawi yosangalatsa. Ndimakumbukira bwino nthawi yoyamba yomwe ndimawerenga Brodsky. Anali pa khonde la Khrushchev wathu wa nsanjika zisanu m'chigawo cha Moscow, bambo anga anabwerera kuchokera kuntchito, anabweretsa chiwerengero cha "Spark": "Taonani, apa munthu wathu anapatsidwa Nobel Prize."
Panthawiyo ndinali nditakhala ndikuwerenga Field Theory, voliyumu yachiwiri ya Landau ndi Livshitz. Ndikukumbukira mmene ndinachitira monyinyirika mawu a atate anga, koma ndinatenga magaziniyo kuti ndifunse zimene anthu opereka chithandizowa anatulukira. Ndinaphunzira pa Kolmogorov boarding School pa Moscow State University. Ndipo pamenepo tinayamba kunyalanyaza umunthu, kuphatikizapo chemistry pazifukwa zina. Nthawi zambiri, ndidayang'ana Brodsky mosakondwa, koma ndinapunthwa pamzerewu: "... Mbalame yam'mwamba, ngati muzu wapakati kuchokera kuphompho, monga asanapemphere, kumwamba ..."
Ndinaganiza kuti: ngati wolemba ndakatulo akudziwa kanthu za mizu ya square, ndiye kuti ndibwino kumuyang'anitsitsa. Chinachake chokhudza Roman Elegies chinandikoka, ndinayamba kuwerenga ndikupeza kuti malo a semantic omwe ndinali nawo powerenga Field Theory anali mwa njira yachilendo ya chikhalidwe chofanana ndi kuwerenga ndakatulo. Pali mawu mu masamu omwe ali oyenerera kufotokozera kulemberana kotere kwa malo osiyanasiyana: isomorphism. Ndipo mlanduwu unakhalabe m'chikumbukiro changa, ndichifukwa chake ndinadzikakamiza kumvetsera Brodsky.
Magulu a ophunzira adasonkhana ndikukambirana ndakatulo za Brodsky. Ndinapita kumeneko ndipo ndinakhala chete, chifukwa zonse zimene ndinamva kumeneko, sindinazikonde kwenikweni.
Zosankha zinanso zokomera mtima zayamba kale. Magulu a ophunzira adasonkhana ndikukambirana ndakatulo za Brodsky. Ndinapita kumeneko ndipo ndinakhala chete, chifukwa zonse zimene ndinamva kumeneko sindinazikonde kwambiri. Ndiyeno ndinaganiza kuchita tsenga pa «philologists». Ndinalemba ndakatulo, kutsanzira Brodsky, ndipo ndinawazembera kuti tikambirane. Ndipo anayamba kuganizira zachabechabezi ndi kukangana za izo. Ndinawamvetsera kwa mphindi khumi ndikunena kuti zonsezi zinali zonyansa ndipo zinalembedwa pa bondo maola angapo apitawo. Ndipamene zinayambira ndi kupusa uku.
MS .: Kuyenda kumatenga gawo lalikulu m'moyo wanu komanso m'mabuku. Muli ndi ngwazi - woyenda, woyendayenda, akuyang'ana nthawi zonse. Monga inu. Mukuyang'ana chiyani? Kapena mukuthawa?
AI .: Mayendedwe anga onse anali omveka bwino. Nditayamba kupita kunja, sichinali chosankha, koma gulu lokakamiza. Katswiri wina wamaphunziro, dzina lake Lev Gorkov, yemwe ndi mkulu wa gulu lathu ku LD Landau Institute for Theoretical Physics ku Chernogolovka, nthawi ina anatisonkhanitsa n’kunena kuti: “Ngati mukufuna kuchita sayansi, ndiye kuti muyenera kupita ku maphunziro a kusukulu ina.” Choncho ndinalibe njira zambiri.
MS .: Chaka chino ndi chiyani?
AI .: 91 ndi. Ndili kusukulu ku Israel, makolo anga anapita ku America. Ndinafunika kukumananso nawo. Ndiyeno inenso ndinalibe chochitira. Ndipo ndekha, ndinasankha kusamuka kawiri - mu 1999, pamene ndinaganiza zobwerera ku Russia (zinkawoneka kwa ine kuti tsopano ndi nthawi yomanga gulu latsopano), ndipo mu 2013, pamene ndinaganiza zochoka ku Russia. Israeli. Kodi ndikuyang'ana chiyani?
Munthu, pambuyo pa zonse, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Chilichonse chimene iye angakhale, iye akadali chotulukapo cha chinenero, ndipo chinenero ndi chotulukapo cha anthu
Ndikuyang'ana mtundu wina wachilengedwe, ndikuyesera kugwirizanitsa lingaliro langa la tsogolo ndi tsogolo lomwe gulu la anthu omwe ndawasankha kukhala oyandikana nawo ndi mgwirizano ali nawo (kapena alibe). Kupatula apo, munthu ndi munthu wokonda kucheza. Chilichonse chimene iye angakhale, iye akadali chotulukapo cha chinenero, ndipo chinenero ndi chotulukapo cha anthu. Ndipo apa popanda zosankha: mtengo wa munthu ndi mtengo wa chinenero.
MS .: Maulendo onsewa, kusuntha, zinenero zambiri… M'mbuyomu, izi zinkatengedwa ngati kusamuka. Tsopano sikuthekanso kunena kuti ndinu wolemba emigre. Kodi Nabokov, Konrad anali chiyani ...
AI .: Ayi ndithu. Tsopano zinthu zasintha kwambiri. Brodsky anali wolondola kwambiri: munthu ayenera kukhala komwe amawona zizindikiro za tsiku ndi tsiku zolembedwa m'chinenero chimene iye amalemba. Kukhalapo kwina konse si kwachibadwa. Koma mu 1972 panalibe intaneti. Tsopano zizindikiro zakhala zosiyana: zonse zomwe mukufunikira pa moyo wanu tsopano zaikidwa pa Webusaiti - pamabulogu, pamasamba.
Malire achotsedwa, malire azikhalidwe asiya kugwirizana ndi malo. Nthawi zambiri, ndichifukwa chake sindikufunikira mwachangu kuphunzira kulemba m'Chihebri. Pamene ndinafika ku California mu 1992, ndinayesa kulemba m’Chingelezi patatha chaka chimodzi. Inde, ndingasangalale ngati nditatembenuzidwa m’Chihebri, koma Aisrayeli sali okondweretsedwa ndi zimene zinalembedwa m’Chirasha, ndipo kwakukulukulu ndiwo mkhalidwe wolondola.
MS .: Kulankhula za intaneti ndi chikhalidwe TV. Bukhu lanu «Kumanja Kumanzere»: Ndinawerenga zolembedwa pa FB, ndipo n'zodabwitsa, chifukwa poyamba panali nsanamira, koma kunapezeka kuti buku.
AI .: Pali mabuku omwe amasangalatsa kwambiri; izi nthawi zonse zakhala kwa ine "Galu Wapamsewu" wolemba Czesław Miłosz. Ali ndi malemba ang'onoang'ono, aliyense pa tsamba. Ndipo ndinaganiza kuti zingakhale bwino kuchita chinachake kumbali iyi, makamaka tsopano malemba afupiafupi akhala amtundu wachilengedwe. Ine pang'ono analemba buku langa blog, «kuthamanga mu» izo. Koma, ndithudi, panalibe ntchito yolemba, ndipo inali yaikulu. A blog monga chida cholembera ndi othandiza, koma ndi theka chabe la nkhondo.
MS .: Ndimakonda kwambiri bukuli. Zili ndi nkhani, malingaliro, zolemba, koma zikuphatikizana, monga mudanenera, symphony ...
AI .: Inde, kuyesako kunali kosayembekezereka kwa ine. Zolemba, zambiri, ndi mtundu wa ngalawa pakati pa chinthu - chinenero. Ndipo sitimayi imayenda bwino kwambiri ndi bowsprit perpendicular to the wave front. Chifukwa chake, maphunzirowa samatengera woyendetsa ndege okha, komanso momwe zinthu zimayendera. Kupanda kutero, sikutheka kupanga zolemba kukhala nkhungu ya nthawi: chinthu chokhacho cha chilankhulo ndi chomwe chimatha kutengera nthawi.
MS .: Kudziwana kwanga ndi inu kunayamba ndi malo amene ndinawazindikira, ndipo munandionetsa Israyeli….Ndipo ndinapenya, si ndi maso ako okha, komanso ndi mapazi ako, maonekedwe a Israyeli ndi mbiri yake; Mukukumbukira pamene tinkathamanga kukawona mapiri dzuŵa likuloŵa?
AI .: M’madera amenewo, ku Samariya, posachedwapa ndinasonyezedwa phiri limodzi lodabwitsa. Maonekedwe ake ndi oti amamupweteka mano. Pali mapulani osiyanasiyana a mapiri omwe dzuŵa limalowa ndipo kuwala kumatsika pang'onopang'ono, mukhoza kuona momwe mapulaniwa amayambira kusiyana ndi mtundu. Pamaso panu pali pichesi wofiirira Cezanne, akugwa m'mithunzi, mithunzi yochokera kumapiri ikuthamangira m'mitsinje mumasekondi omaliza. Kuchokera ku phiri limenelo ndi chizindikiro cha moto - kupita ku phiri lina, ndi kupitirira mpaka ku Mesopotamia - chidziwitso chokhudza moyo wa ku Yerusalemu chinaperekedwa ku Babulo, kumene andende Achiyuda anavutika.
MS .: Kenako tinabwerako mochedwa pang'ono kulowa kwa dzuwa.
AI .: Inde, masekondi ofunikira kwambiri, ojambula onse amayesa kujambula mphindi ino. Maulendo athu onse amatha kutchedwa "kusaka dzuwa litalowa." Ndinakumbukira nkhani yokhudzana ndi Symbolists athu Andrei Bely ndi Sergei Solovyov, mphwake wa filosofi wamkulu, iwo anali ndi lingaliro lakutsata dzuwa momwe angathere. Pali msewu, palibe msewu, nthawi zonse muyenera kutsatira dzuwa.
Kamodzi Sergei Solovyov adadzuka pampando wake pakhonde la dacha - ndipo adapitadi dzuwa, adapita kwa masiku atatu, ndipo Andrei Bely adathamanga m'nkhalango, akumufunafuna.
Kamodzi Sergei Solovyov adadzuka pampando wake pa dacha veranda - ndipo adapitadi dzuwa, adapita kwa masiku atatu, ndipo Andrei Bely adathamanga m'nkhalango, akumufunafuna. Nthawi zonse ndimakumbukira nkhani imeneyi nditaima dzuwa litalowa. Pali mawu akuti kusaka - "kuyimirira pamakoka" ...
MS .: Mmodzi mwa ngwazi zanu, katswiri wa sayansi ya zakuthambo, m’lingaliro langa, akunena m’zolemba zake ponena za Armenia: “Mwina ayenera kukhala kuno kosatha?” Mukuyenda nthawi zonse. Kodi mungayerekeze kuti mungakhale kwinakwake kwamuyaya? Ndipo anapitiriza kulemba.
AI .: Posachedwapa ndinali ndi lingaliro ili. Nthawi zambiri ndimayenda ku Israel ndipo tsiku lina ndidapeza malo omwe amandikomera kwambiri. Ndimabwera kumeneko ndikumvetsetsa kuti ndi kwathu. Koma simungathe kumanga nyumba kumeneko. Mutha kumanga hema pamenepo, popeza iyi ndi malo osungirako zachilengedwe, kotero maloto a nyumba amakhalabe osatheka. Zimandikumbutsa nkhani ya mmene, ku Tarusa, m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Oka, kunaonekera mwala umene unasema: “Marina Tsvetaeva akufuna kugona apa.”
1 Nkhani "Bonfire" mu mndandanda wa A. Ilichevsky "wosambira" (AST, Astrel, lolembedwa ndi Elena Shubina, 2010).