Kusazindikira kumangotisangalatsa, komanso kumatiopseza: timaopa kuphunzira za ife tokha zomwe sitingathe kukhala nazo mwamtendere. Kodi ndizotheka kulankhula za kukhudzana ndi chikomokere chathu, osagwiritsa ntchito mawu a psychoanalysis, koma zithunzi zowoneka? Psychoanalyst Andrei Rossokhin amalankhula za izi.
Katswiri Kusazindikira ndi nkhani yosangalatsa komanso yovuta. Kodi mungayankhe bwanji funsoli: Kodi chikomokere ndi chiyani?1
Andrey Rossokhin: Akatswiri a zamaganizo amakonda kulankhula m'mawu, koma ndiyesera kufotokoza lingaliro ili m'chinenero chamoyo. Nthawi zambiri m'misonkhano ndimafanizira kusazindikira ndi macrocosm ndi microcosm. Tangoganizirani zimene tikudziwa zokhudza chilengedwe. Kangapo ndinakumana ndi chikhalidwe chapadera m'mapiri: mukamayang'ana nyenyezi, ngati mumagonjetsadi kukana kwamkati ndikudzilola kuti mumve zopanda malire, dutsani chithunzichi mpaka nyenyezi, mumve zopanda malire za chilengedwe komanso zosafunika kwenikweni. za inu nokha, ndiye mkhalidwe wowopsya ukuwonekera. Zotsatira zake, njira zathu zodzitetezera zimayambitsidwa. Tikudziwa kuti chilengedwe chonse sichili ndi chilengedwe chimodzi chokha, kuti dziko lapansi liribe malire.
Chilengedwe chamatsenga, kwenikweni, chilibe malire, sichidziwika mpaka kumapeto, monganso macrocosm.
Komabe, ambiri a ife tiri ndi lingaliro lakumwamba ndi za nyenyezi, ndipo timakonda kupenyerera nyenyezi. Izi, kawirikawiri, zimakhala bata, chifukwa zimatembenuza phompho la cosmic kukhala pulaneti, kumene kuli pamwamba pa thambo. Phompho la cosmic ladzaza ndi zithunzi, zilembo, tikhoza kuganiza, tikhoza kusangalala, kulidzaza ndi tanthauzo lauzimu. Koma pochita zimenezi, timafuna kupeŵa kuganiza kuti pali chinachake kupitirira pamwamba, chinthu chosatha, chosadziwika, chosatha, chobisika.
Ngakhale titayesetsa bwanji, sitidzadziwa chilichonse. Ndipo chimodzi mwa matanthauzo a moyo, mwachitsanzo, kwa asayansi amene amaphunzira nyenyezi, ndicho kuphunzira zinthu zatsopano, kuphunzira matanthauzo atsopano. Osati kudziwa zonse (ndizosatheka), koma kupititsa patsogolo kumvetsetsa kumeneku.
M'malo mwake, nthawi yonseyi ndakhala ndikulankhula m'mawu omwe amagwirizana ndi zenizeni zamatsenga. Onse psychoanalysts ndi akatswiri a zamaganizo amayesetsa osati kuchitira anthu (psychoanalysts ndi psychotherapists kumlingo wokulirapo), komanso kuzindikira chilengedwe chawo chamaganizo, pozindikira kuti ndi chopanda malire. M'malo mwake, ndizopanda malire, zomwe sizingadziwike mpaka kumapeto, monganso macrocosm. Mfundo ya ntchito yathu yamaganizo, psychoanalytic, monga momwe asayansi amafufuza zakunja, ndikusuntha.
Mfundo ya ntchito ya psychoanalytic, monga ya asayansi omwe amafufuza zakunja, ndikusuntha
Chimodzi mwa matanthauzo a moyo wa munthu ndi kupeza matanthauzo atsopano: ngati sapeza matanthauzo atsopano, ngati sakhala mphindi iliyonse kuti akumane ndi chinthu chosadziwika, mwa lingaliro langa, amataya tanthauzo la moyo.
Tili mu kupeza kosalekeza, kosatha kwa matanthauzo atsopano, madera atsopano. Ufology yonse, malingaliro ozungulira alendo, ichi ndi chiwonetsero cha kusazindikira kwathu, chifukwa kwenikweni timapanga zokhumba zathu ndi zokhumba zathu, mantha ndi nkhawa, ndi zokumana nazo, chirichonse, chirichonse kukhala chenicheni chakunja mu mawonekedwe a zongopeka milioni za alendo omwe ayenera kuwulukira ndi kutipulumutsa, ayenera kutisamalira, kapena, m'malo mwake, angakhale zolengedwa zina zobisika, oipa omwe akufuna kutiwononga.
Ndiko kuti, chikomokere ndi chinthu chovuta kwambiri, chozama komanso chachikulu kuposa zomwe timawona m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, tikamachita zambiri mosazindikira: timangoyendetsa galimoto, tikudumphadumpha m'buku popanda kukayikira. Kodi anthu osazindikira komanso osazindikira ndi osiyana?
A. R .: Pali ma automatism omwe alowa mu chikomokere. Momwe tidaphunzirira kuyendetsa galimoto - tidawadziwa, ndipo tsopano tikuyendetsa modzidzimutsa. Koma pazovuta, mwadzidzidzi timazindikira mphindi zina, ndiye kuti, timatha kuzizindikira. Pali ma automatism ozama omwe sitingathe kuwazindikira, monga momwe thupi lathu limagwirira ntchito. Koma ngati tilankhula za chikomokere chamatsenga, ndiye kuti mfundo yofunikira ndi iyi. Ngati timachepetsa chikomokere chonse ku automatisms, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri, ndiye kuti timapitirizabe kuti dziko lamkati la munthu lili ndi malire ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino, kuphatikizapo automatisms, ndipo thupi likhoza kuwonjezeredwa pano.
Pafika nthawi yomwe mumadziwa kuti mutha kumva chikondi ndi chidani kwa munthu yemweyo.
Kuwona kotereku kwachidziwitso kumachepetsa psyche ndi dziko lamkati la munthu ku malo ochepa. Ndipo ngati tiyang'ana dziko lathu lamkati motere, ndiye kuti izi zimapangitsa dziko lathu lamkati kukhala lokhazikika, lodziwikiratu, lolamulirika. Ndi ulamuliro wabodza, koma zili ngati tikulamulira. Ndipo motero, palibe malo odabwitsa kapena china chatsopano. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, palibe malo oyenda. Chifukwa mawu ofunikira mu psychoanalysis, makamaka mu French psychoanalysis, ndi kuyenda.
Tili paulendo wopita kudziko lina lomwe timadziwa pang'ono chifukwa tili ndi chidziwitso (psychoanalyst aliyense amapita kusanthula kwake asanayambe kugwira ntchito mozama komanso mozama ndi munthu wina). Ndipo mudakhalanso kena kake m'mabuku, mafilimu kapena kwina kulikonse - gawo lonse lothandizira anthu ndi izi.
Nanga n’cifukwa ciani ulendo wopita kukuya kwa psyche uli woopsa kwa anthu ambili? Chifukwa chiyani phompho ili lachidziwitso, kupanda malire komwe ulendowu ungatiululire, gwero la mantha, osati chidwi chokha komanso osati chidwi chokha?
A. R .: N'chifukwa chiyani timachita mantha, mwachitsanzo, za lingaliro la kupita ku mlengalenga? Ndizowopsa ngakhale kulingalira. Chitsanzo chochulukirapo: ndi chigoba, nthawi zambiri, aliyense wa ife ali wokonzeka kusambira, koma ngati mukuyenda patali kwambiri ndi gombe, ndiye kuti kuya kwamdima kumayambira pamenepo kotero kuti mwachibadwa timabwereranso, nthawi zambiri, kuwongolera zinthu. . Pali ma corals, ndi okongola kumeneko, mukhoza kuyang'ana nsomba kumeneko, koma mutangoyang'ana mu kuya, pali nsomba zazikulu kumeneko, palibe amene akudziwa yemwe adzasambira pamwamba apo, ndipo malingaliro anu nthawi yomweyo amadzaza kuya uku. Umakhala wosamasuka. Nyanja ndiye maziko a moyo wathu, sitingakhale popanda madzi, popanda nyanja, popanda kuya kwa nyanja.
Freud adapeza kuti sadziwa, dziko lamkati la munthu, lodzaza ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana.
Amapereka moyo kwa aliyense wa ife, koma m'njira yoonekeratu amawopanso. Ndichoncho chifukwa chiyani? Chifukwa psyche yathu ndi ambivalent. Ili ndi nthawi yokhayo yomwe ndimagwiritsa ntchito lero. Koma iyi ndi nthawi yofunika kwambiri. Mutha kumva ndikukhala moyo pambuyo pazaka zingapo zakusanthula. Ikubwera mphindi pamene muvomereza kusamvana kwa dziko lino ndi ubale wanu kwa izo, pamene mukudziwa kuti mukhoza kumva chikondi ndi chidani kwa munthu yemweyo.
Ndipo izi, kawirikawiri, siziwononga zina kapena inu, zingathe, m'malo mwake, kupanga malo olenga, malo a moyo. Tiyenerabe kufika pa mfundo iyi, chifukwa poyamba timachita mantha chifukwa cha kusamvana uku: timakonda kukonda munthu, koma timaopa kudana ndi iye, chifukwa ndiye kuti pali mlandu, kudzilanga. zambiri zosiyanasiyana zakuya.
Kodi luso la Freud ndi chiyani? Poyamba, ankagwira ntchito ndi odwala hysterical, kumvetsera nkhani zawo ndi kupanga lingaliro lakuti pali mtundu wina wa nkhanza za kugonana kwa akuluakulu. Aliyense amakhulupirira kuti uku kunali kusintha kwa Freud. Koma kwenikweni izo ziribe kanthu kochita ndi psychoanalysis konse. Iyi ndi psychotherapy yoyera: lingaliro la mtundu wina wa zowawa zomwe akulu amatha kubweretsa kwa mwana kapena wina ndi mnzake, zomwe zimakhudza psyche. Pali chikoka chakunja, pali kuvulala kwakunja komwe kunayambitsa zizindikiro. Tiyenera kukonza chovulalachi, ndipo zonse zikhala bwino.
Palibe umunthu wopanda kugonana. Kugonana Kumathandiza Kukula Kwaumwini
Ndipo luso Freud anali ndendende kuti sanalekere pamenepo, anapitiriza kumvetsera, anapitiriza ntchito. Ndiyeno iye anapeza kuti sadziwa kwambiri, kuti dziko lamkati la munthu, wodzazidwa ndi zosiyana kotheratu ambivalent maganizo, zilakolako, mikangano, zongopeka, tsankho kapena kuponderezedwa, makamaka wakhanda, oyambirira. Anazindikira kuti sikunali kuvulazidwa konse. N’kutheka kuti milandu yambiri imene ankadalira siinali yoona malinga ndi mmene anthu amaonera: panalibe, tinene kuti, chiwawa chochokera kwa akuluakulu, zimenezi zinali zongopeka za mwana amene ankazikhulupiriradi. Ndipotu, Freud anapeza mikangano yosadziwika bwino ya mkati.
Ndiko kuti, panalibe chikoka chakunja, chinali ndondomeko yamaganizo yamkati?
A. R .: Mchitidwe wamaganizo wamkati womwe unayesedwa kwa akuluakulu ozungulira. Simungathe kuimba mlandu mwanayo pa izi, chifukwa ichi ndi chowonadi chake chamatsenga. Apa ndipomwe Freud adapeza kuti zowawazo sizili zakunja, ndiye ndendende mkangano. Mphamvu zosiyanasiyana za m'kati mwathu, zikhoterero zamitundumitundu, zimakula mwa ife. Tangoganizani…
Choncho nthawi ina ndinayesera kumva mmene mwana wamng’ono amamvera makolo akamapsompsonana. N'chifukwa chiyani amapsompsona pamilomo, mwachitsanzo, koma iye sangathe? Chifukwa chiyani amagona limodzi, ndipo ndili ndekha, komanso m'chipinda china? Izi sizingatheke kufotokoza. Chifukwa chiyani? Pali kukhumudwa kwakukulu. Timadziwa kuchokera ku psychology kuti chitukuko chilichonse chaumunthu chimadutsa mikangano. Ndipo kuchokera ku psychoanalysis, tikudziwa kuti chitukuko chilichonse cha umunthu, kuphatikizapo munthu, sichimangodutsa mikangano, koma kupyolera mu mikangano yokhudzana ndi kugonana. Mawu omwe ndimawakonda kwambiri, omwe ndidawapanga kale: "Palibe umunthu wopanda kugonana." Kugonana kumathandiza chitukuko chaumwini.
Ngati mwakopeka ndi ntchito - iyi ndi njira yopita ku chikomokere
Mwanayo akufuna kupita kukagona ndi makolo ake, akufuna kukhala nawo. Koma waletsedwa, amabwezedwa, ndipo izi zimamupangitsa kukhala ndi nkhawa komanso kusamvetsetsana. Kodi amapirira bwanji? Amalowabe m'chipindachi, koma bwanji? Amafika m’maganizo mwake, ndipo pang’onopang’ono zimenezi zimayamba kumukhazika pansi mtima pansi. Analowa m’menemo, akumalingalira zimene zikuchitika kumeneko. Kuchokera apa zochitika zonsezi zimabadwa, zojambula za surrealistic za ojambula, kutali kwambiri ndi biology ndi physiology ya kugonana kwa akuluakulu. Uku ndiko kupangidwa kwa malo amalingaliro kuchokera kumawu, malingaliro, zomverera. Koma izi zimachepetsa mwanayo, amamva kuti akuyamba kulamulira zinthu, amapeza mwayi wopita kuchipinda cha kholo. Ndipo kotero zimatengera tanthauzo latsopano.
Kodi pali njira zina zopezera chidziwitso chathu kupatula psychoanalysis?
A. R .: Popeza chikomokere chili paliponse, mwayi uli paliponse. Kufikira kusadziwa kuli mphindi iliyonse ya moyo wathu, chifukwa kusazindikira kumakhala ndi ife nthawi zonse. Ngati tikhala otcheru kwambiri ndikuyesera kuyang'ana pamwamba pa thambo, zomwe ndinanena, ndiye kuti chidziwitso chidzatikumbutsa chokha kupyolera m'mabuku omwe amatikhudza, osachepera pang'ono, amatipangitsa kumva, osati zabwino, zosiyana: ululu, kuzunzika, chisangalalo, chisangalalo… Uwu ndi msonkhano wokhala ndi zinthu zina zosazindikira: mu zithunzi, makanema, kulankhulana wina ndi mzake. Ili ndi dziko lapadera. Kungoti munthu amatsegula mwadzidzidzi kuchokera ku mbali ina, ndipo motero latsopano laling'ono-chilengedwe chimatsegula kwa ine. Zimakhala chonchi nthawi zonse.
Popeza tikukamba za mabuku ndi zojambula, kodi muli ndi zitsanzo zomveka bwino za ntchito zomwe kuyankha kwa chikomokere kumamveka bwino kwambiri?
A. R .: Ndinena chinthu chimodzi chophweka, kenako chinthu chimodzi chenicheni. Chinthu chophweka ndi chakuti ngati mukugwidwa ndi ntchito, iyi ndi njira yopita ku chikomokere, ndipo ngati imakondweretsa malingaliro anu, osati malingaliro abwino, izi ndizo, zomwe zingakulitseni. Ndipo chinthu chenichenicho chomwe ndikufuna kugawana ndi chodabwitsa kwambiri. Buku labwino kwambiri lomwe ndawerengapo pa psychoanalysis ndi sewero lotchedwa Freud. Yolembedwa ndi Jean-Paul Sartre.
Kuphatikiza kwabwino.
A. R .: Uyu ndi wafilosofi yemweyo yemwe adatsutsa Freud moyo wake wonse. Zomwe zidamanga malingaliro ambiri pakutsutsa Freud. Ndipo kotero iye analemba filimu yosangalatsa kwambiri, kumene mzimu weniweni wa psychoanalysis, chiyambi chakuya cha psychoanalysis, umamvekadi. Sindinawerenge chilichonse choposa "zabodza" mbiri ya Freud, pomwe ndikofunikira momwe Sartre amadzaza ndi tanthauzo. Ichi ndi chinthu chodabwitsa, chophweka kwambiri, chomveka bwino komanso chopereka mzimu wa chikomokere ndi psychoanalysis.
1 Kuyankhulana kunalembedwa kwa polojekiti ya Psychologies "Mkhalidwe: mu ubale" pawailesi ya "Culture" mu October 2016.