Zikuoneka kuti posachedwapa dziko linayamikira kutulukira kwa Alexander Fleming. Pasanathe zaka zana zapita kuchokera pamene mphatso "yachifumu" kwa dziko lonse lapansi lodwala, choyamba penicillin, ndiyeno ma multivariate angapo a mankhwala opha tizilombo. Kenako, mu 1929, zikuwoneka kuti tsopano - tsopano anthu agonjetsa matenda omwe amawazunza. Ndipo panali chinachake chodetsa nkhawa. Kolera, typhus, chifuwa chachikulu, chibayo chinaukira mopanda chifundo ndikunyamulidwa ndi nkhanza zomwezo onse ogwira ntchito molimbika, ndi malingaliro owala kwambiri a sayansi yapamwamba, ndi akatswiri ojambula apamwamba ... Mbiri ya maantibayotiki. A. Fleming anapeza mphamvu ya maantibayotiki a bowa ndipo, popitiriza kufufuza, anayala maziko a nyengo yotchedwa “antibiotic”. Asayansi ndi madokotala ambiri adatenga ndodoyo, zomwe zinachititsa kuti pakhale mankhwala oyambirira oletsa mabakiteriya omwe amapezeka kwa mankhwala "wamba". Zinali 1939. Kupanga kwa Streptocide kwayambika pa chomera cha AKRIKHIN. Ndipo, ndiyenera kunena, modabwitsa panthawi yake. Nthaŵi zovuta za Nkhondo Yadziko II zinali pafupi. Kenako, m'zipatala zankhondo, chifukwa cha maantibayotiki, palibe miyoyo chikwi chimodzi yomwe idapulumutsidwa. Inde, chipwirikiti cha miliri chatha m’moyo wa anthu wamba. Mwachidule, umunthu unayamba kugona modekha - osachepera mdani wa bakiteriya adagonjetsedwa. Kenako maantibayotiki ambiri adzatulutsidwa. Monga momwe zinakhalira, ngakhale kuti chithunzi chachipatala chili choyenera, mankhwalawa ali ndi zochepa zomveka - amasiya kuchitapo kanthu pakapita nthawi. Akatswiri amatcha chodabwitsa ichi kuti bakiteriya kukana, kapena kungokhala osokoneza bongo. Ngakhale A. Fleming anali wosamala pankhaniyi, m’kupita kwa nthawi ataona m’machubu ake oyezera kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya a bacilli akakhala limodzi ndi penicillin. Komabe, kunali koyambirira kwambiri kuti tisade nkhawa. Mankhwala opha tizilombo adasindikizidwa, mibadwo yatsopano idapangidwa, yankhanza kwambiri, yosamva… Komabe m'bwalo la zaka za XX - munthu akufufuza malo! Nthawi ya maantibayotiki inakula kwambiri, ndikukankhira pambali matenda oopsa - mabakiteriya nawonso sanagone, anasintha ndikupeza chitetezo chowonjezereka kwa adani awo, otsekedwa mu ampoules ndi mapiritsi. M’kati mwa nyengo ya “mankhwala ophera maantibayotiki,” zinawonekeratu kuti gwero lachonde limeneli, tsoka, siliri lamuyaya. Tsopano asayansi akukakamizika kukuwa ponena za kupanda mphamvu kwawo kwayandikira. Mankhwala oletsa antibacterial atsopano apangidwa ndipo akugwirabe ntchito - amphamvu kwambiri, omwe amatha kuthana ndi matenda ovuta kwambiri. Palibe chifukwa cholankhulira za zotsatira zoyipa - iyi sintchito yopereka nsembe. Akatswiri azamankhwala akuwoneka kuti atha mphamvu zawo zonse, ndipo zitha kuwoneka kuti maantibayotiki atsopano sadzakhala ndi kwina kulikonse. Mbadwo wotsiriza wa mankhwala unabadwa m'ma 70s a zaka zapitazo, ndipo tsopano zoyesayesa zonse zopanga china chatsopano ndi masewera omwe ali ndi kukonzanso mawu. Ndipo wotchuka kwambiri. Ndipo zosadziwika, zikuwoneka, kulibenso. Pamsonkhano wasayansi ndi wothandiza "Chitetezo Chotetezedwa cha Ana ku Matenda" wa June 4, 2012, kumene madokotala otsogola, akatswiri a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi oimira makampani opanga mankhwala adagwira nawo ntchito, kulira kunaponyedwa kuti panalibe nthawi yotsalira kuti mukhale pa zakale. njira za antibacterial. Ndipo kugwiritsa ntchito osaphunzira kwa maantibayotiki omwe alipo ndi madokotala a ana ndi makolo okha - mankhwala amagulitsidwa popanda mankhwala komanso pa "kuyetsemula koyamba" - amachepetsa nthawiyi mofulumira. N'zotheka kuthetsa ntchito yomwe imayikidwa pamphepete mwa njira zosachepera ziwiri zoonekeratu - kuyang'ana mipata yatsopano m'munda wa maantibayotiki ndikugwira ntchito yoyendetsera ntchito yosungiramo zosungirako zowonongeka, kumbali imodzi, ndi ina, fufuzani njira zina. Ndiyeno chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chimabuka. Bacteriophages. Atangotsala pang'ono kuyamba nthawi ya "antibiotic" ndi zotsatira zake zonse, asayansi adapeza deta yosintha pa ntchito ya antibacterial ya phages. Mu 1917, French-Canada wasayansi F. D'Herelle mwalamulo anapeza bacteriophages, koma ngakhale m'mbuyomo, mnzathu NF Gamaleya mu 1898 kwa nthawi yoyamba anaona ndi kufotokoza chiwonongeko cha mabakiteriya oipa ndi "wothandizira" osiyana. Mwachidule, dziko lidadziwa ma bacteriophages - tizilombo tomwe timadya mabakiteriya. matamando ambiri pa mutu uwu anaimbidwa, bacteriophages kunyada malo mu zamoyo dongosolo, kutsegula maso a asayansi pa chiyambi cha zaka zambiri njira osadziwika mpaka pano. Anapanga phokoso lalikulu muzamankhwala. Kupatula apo, zikuwonekeratu kuti popeza bacteriophages amadya mabakiteriya, zikutanthauza kuti matenda amatha kuchiritsidwa mwa kubzala gulu la phages kukhala chamoyo chofooka. Asiyeni adzidye okha…Choncho kwenikweni zinali… Mpaka malingaliro a asayansi adasinthira ku gawo la mankhwala opha maantibayotiki omwe adawonekera. Chododometsa cha mbiriyakale, tsoka, ku funso lakuti "Chifukwa chiyani?" samayankha. Gawo la maantibayotiki limapangidwa modumphadumpha ndikumayenda padziko lonse lapansi mphindi iliyonse, ndikukankhira pambali chidwi cha phages. Pang'onopang'ono, anayamba kuiwala, kupanga kunachepetsedwa, ndipo zinyenyeswazi zotsalira za asayansi - omvera - adanyozedwa. Mosakayikira, Kumadzulo, makamaka ku America, kumene analibe nthawi yolimbana ndi bacteriophages, anawakana ndi manja awo onse, kumwa mankhwala opha tizilombo. Ndipo mu dziko lathu, monga izo zinachitika kangapo, iwo anatenga chitsanzo chachilendo kwa choonadi. Chidzudzulo: "Ngati America sachita nawo bacteriophages, ndiye kuti sitiyenera kuwononga nthawi" adamveka ngati ziganizo ku malangizo odalirika asayansi. Tsopano, pamene vuto lenileni lakula mu zamankhwala ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, kuopseza, malinga ndi omwe anasonkhana pamsonkhanowo, kuti posachedwapa atiponyera ngakhale mu nthawi ya "pre-antibiotic", koma mu "post-antibiotic" imodzi, pali. kufunika kopanga zisankho mwachangu. Titha kungoganiza momwe moyo ulili woyipa kwambiri m'dziko lomwe maantibayotiki alibe mphamvu, chifukwa chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa mabakiteriya, ngakhale matenda "odziwika" tsopano ndi ovuta kwambiri, ndipo malire a ambiri aiwo ndi ocheperako, kufooketsa chitetezo cha mayiko ambiri omwe ali akhanda. Mtengo wa zomwe Fleming adatulukira udakhala wokwera kwambiri, kuphatikiza ndi chiwongola dzanja chomwe adapeza pazaka zana ... Dziko lathu, monga limodzi mwa otukuka kwambiri pankhani ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda komanso otukuka kwambiri pankhani ya kafukufuku wa bacteriophage, lasunga nkhokwe zolimbikitsa. Pomwe ena onse otukuka akuyiwala ma phages, tidasunga ndikuwonjezera chidziwitso chathu chokhudza iwo. Chinthu chodabwitsa chinatuluka. Bacteriophages ndi "otsutsa" achilengedwe a mabakiteriya. Kunena zoona, chilengedwe chanzeru chinasamalira zamoyo zonse m’bandakucha. Bacteriophages amakhalapo ndendende ngati chakudya chawo chilipo - mabakiteriya, choncho, kuyambira pachiyambi kuyambira kulengedwa kwa dziko lapansi. Choncho, awiriwa - phages - mabakiteriya - anali ndi nthawi kuzolowerana wina ndi mzake ndi kubweretsa limagwirira antagonistic kukhalapo kwa ungwiro. bacteriophage ndondomeko. Kuwona bacteriophages, asayansi apeza zodabwitsa komanso momwe kuchitirana uku. Bacteriophage imakhudzidwa ndi mabakiteriya ake okha, omwe ndi apadera monga momwe alili. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafanana ndi kangaude wokhala ndi mutu waukulu, timagwera pa bakiteriya, kupyoza makoma ake, kulowa mkati ndikuchulukitsa mpaka 1000 a bacteriophages omwewo. Iwo amaphwanya khungu la bakiteriya ndipo amayenera kuyang'ana latsopano. Ndipo zimachitika mu mphindi zochepa. "Chakudya" chikangotha, ma bacteriophages pamlingo wokhazikika (komanso wochuluka) amachoka m'thupi lomwe lateteza mabakiteriya owopsa. Palibe zotsatira, palibe zotsatira zosayembekezereka. Inagwira ntchito molondola komanso mowona bwino! Chabwino, ngati ife tsopano kuweruza zomveka, bacteriophages ndi asayansi zotheka ndi zofunika zachilengedwe m'malo ntchito mankhwala. Pozindikira zimenezi, asayansi akukulitsa kafukufuku wawo ndi kuphunzira kupeza ma bacteriophages atsopano owonjezereka oyenerera mitundu ina ya mabakiteriya. Mpaka pano, matenda ambiri oyambitsidwa ndi staphylococci, streptococci, kamwazi ndi Klebsiella bacilli amathandizidwa bwino ndi bacteriophages. Njirayi imatenga nthawi yocheperapo kusiyana ndi njira yofanana ya maantibayotiki, ndipo chofunika kwambiri, asayansi akutsindika, ndikubwerera ku chilengedwe. Palibe chiwawa pa thupi ndi "chemistry" yonyansa. Bacteriophages amawonetsedwa ngakhale kwa makanda ndi amayi oyembekezera - ndipo omvera awa ndi osakhwima kwambiri. Phage zimagwirizana ndi "kampani" iliyonse ya mankhwala, kuphatikizapo maantibayotiki omwewo ndipo, mwa njira, amasiyana mazana a nthawi pang'onopang'ono. Inde, ndipo kawirikawiri, "anyamata" awa akhala akugwira ntchito yawo bwino komanso mwamtendere kwa zaka zikwi zambiri, kuteteza mabakiteriya kuti asawononge mimba yonse padziko lapansi. Ndipo sikungakhale koipa kwa munthu kulabadira izi. Funso loganiza. Koma, pali zopinga mu njira yolimbikitsa iyi. Kufalitsa kwabwino kwa lingaliro logwiritsa ntchito bacteriophages kumalephereka ndi kuzindikira kochepa kwa madokotala "m'munda". Ngakhale kuti anthu okhala ku Olympus ya sayansi akugwira ntchito kuti akhale ndi thanzi labwino la dzikoli, anzawo ambiri omwe ali nawo nthawi zambiri samalota kapena mzimu amadziwa mwayi watsopano. Winawake samangofuna kufufuza zatsopano ndipo ndikosavuta kutsatira njira zochiritsira zomwe zakhala zikudziwika kale, wina amakonda malo ogulitsa olemera chifukwa cha kubweza kwa maantibayotiki okwera mtengo kwambiri. Kutsatsa kwakukulu komanso kupezeka kwa mankhwala oletsa mabakiteriya kumakankhira mkazi wamba kuti agule mankhwala opha maantibayotiki mu pharmacy podutsa ofesi ya dokotala wa ana. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri, kodi ndi bwino kulankhula za mankhwala oweta ziweto ... Nyama zopangidwa choyika zinthu mkati ndi iwo, ngati kapu ndi zoumba. Chifukwa chake, podya nyama yotereyi, timadya ma antibiotic ambiri omwe amawononga chitetezo chathu cha mthupi komanso amakhudza kukana kwa mabakiteriya padziko lonse lapansi. Choncho, bacteriophages - abwenzi ochepa - amatsegula mwayi wodabwitsa kwa anthu omwe amawona patali komanso odziwa kulemba. Komabe, kuti akhale mankhwala enieni, sayenera kubwereza cholakwika cha mankhwala opha maantibayotiki - kupita kunja kwa mphamvu kupita kugulu losakwanira. Marina Kozhevnikova.
2022-11-11