Zamkatimu
Kodi bacterial meningitis ndi chiyani?
Meningitis ndi kutupa ndi matenda a meninges, nembanemba zopyapyala zomwe zimazungulira ubongo ndi msana (dongosolo lapakati lamanjenje). Matendawa amatha kuyambitsidwa ndi kachilombo (viral meningitis), bakiteriya (bacterial meningitis), kapena bowa kapena tiziromboti.
Pankhani ya bakiteriya meningitis, mabanja osiyanasiyana ndi mitundu ya mabakiteriya amatha kukhala nawo. Nthawi zonse, mankhwala amachokera ku mankhwala opha maantibayotiki, nthawi zambiri kudzera m'mitsempha.
Pneumococcal meningitis
Pneumococcus, dzina lake lachilatini Streptococcus pneumoniae, ndi gulu la mabakiteriya omwe amatha kuyambitsa matenda angapo kapena ochepa kwambiri, kuchokera ku sinusitis kupita ku chibayo, kuphatikizapo meningitis kapena otitis.
Pneumococcus ndi bakiteriya yomwe imapezeka mwachibadwa mu nasopharyngeal sphere (mphuno, pharynx ndipo mwinamwake pakamwa) ya "onyamula thanzi" popanda kuchititsa zizindikiro. Komabe, ngati imapatsira munthu yemwe alibe ndipo / kapena chitetezo chake chamthupi sichikwanira, chingayambitse otitis, sinusitis, chibayo kapena meningitis ngati Streptococcus pneumoniae amalowa m’magazi n’kukafika ku minyewa.
Imfa za pneumococcal meningitis ndizochuluka mwa okalamba komanso ana aang'ono ndi makanda. Komabe, mtundu uwu wa meningitis suyambitsa miliri monga momwe tingawonere pa nkhani ya bakiteriya meningococcal meningitis.
Neisseria Meningitidis : matenda a meningococcal meningitis
Monga dzina lake likunenera, mabakiteriya Neisseria meningitidis, ochokera ku banja la meningococcal, makamaka amayambitsa meningitis. Pali mitundu 13, kapena serogroups a bakiteriya banja. Izi zikuphatikizapo meningococcal meningitis mtundu B ndi mtundu C, wofala kwambiri ku Ulaya, komanso mitundu A, W, X ndi Y.
Ku France mu 2018, malinga ndi zomwe National Reference Center for Meningococci ndi Haemophilus influenzae kuchokera ku Institut Pasteur, pakati pa milandu 416 ya meningococcal meningitis yomwe serogroup inkadziwika, 51% anali serogroup B, 13% anali C, 21% ya W, 13% ya Y ndi 2% ya serogroups osowa kapena osakhala serogroupable.
Dziwani kuti mabakiteriya Neisseria meningitidis amapezeka mwachilengedwe mu gawo la ENT (pakhosi, mphuno) kuchokera ku 1 mpaka 10% ya anthu (kunja kwa nthawi ya mliri), malinga ndi World Health Organisation (WHO). Koma zimachitika kuti bakiteriyayi imagonjetsa chitetezo cha mthupi ndipo imayambitsa meningitis, makamaka makanda, ana aang'ono, achinyamata kapena akuluakulu, ndi odwala immunocompromised.
Listeria, Haemophilus influenzae et Escherichia coli, mabakiteriya ena okhudzidwa
Odziwika bwino kwa amayi apakati, ndi Listeria Ndi matenda opatsirana omwe amachititsa listeriosis m'maphunziro osalimba, koma amathanso kuyambitsa meningitis. Choncho kufunika kwa kutsatira zakudya ndi ukhondo malangizo pa mimba ndi ubwana woyambirira, pakati pa ena mu kupewa tchizi ndi mkaka wopangidwa kuchokera ku mkaka wosaphika, nyama yaiwisi, yosuta kapena yosapsa, etc. Listeria monocytogenes imafalitsidwa kudzera m'mimba pamene mankhwala amtundu wa mkaka kapena nyama zozizira amadya.
Mitundu ina ya meningitis ya bakiteriya ilipo, makamaka imeneyo kugwirizana ndi mabakiteriya Haemophilus influenzae (Mbali), zomwe zinali zofala kwambiri ku France zaka makumi angapo zapitazo. Katemera wotsutsaHaemophilus influenzae, kulangizidwa koyamba kenako kukakamiza, kwachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mtundu uwu wa meningitis ndi chibayo choyambitsidwa ndi bakiteriya.
Palinso meningitis yokhudzana ndi bakiteriya Escherichia coli, angakhale ndani chakudya, nthawi kubadwa kwa nyini, chifukwa chokhudza maliseche a mayi. Ana obadwa osalemera kwambiri ndi obadwa msanga ndi omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Matenda a chifuwa chachikulu angayambitsenso matenda opweteka a m'mawere mwa anthu omwe alibe chitetezo chokwanira.
Kupatsirana: mumagwira bwanji bacterial meningitis?
Kupatsirana kwa bakiteriya meningitis, kaya chifukwa cha pneumococcus kapena meningococcus, kumachitika mwa kukhudzana kwapafupi, mwachindunji kapena kosalunjika komanso kwanthawi yayitali. zotupa za nasopharyngeal, mwa kuyankhula kwina ndi madontho a malovu, chifuwa, ma postillions. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zoipitsidwa (zoseweretsa, zodula) zimathanso kufalitsa mabakiteriya, omwe amangokhala ku ENT sphere kapena kufika ku meninges, makamaka mwa odwala omwe alibe chitetezo chamthupi, makanda ndi ana aang'ono.
Dziwani kuti pneumococcal meningitis imathanso kuchitika pambuyo povulala mutu, zomwe zidzapangitse kusweka kwa meninges. Izi zimatchedwa post-traumatic meningitis. Pneumococcal meningitis imathanso kuchitika pambuyo pa matenda amtundu wa ENT (otitis, chimfine, bronchiolitis, chimfine…).
Zizindikiro za bacterial meningitis
Bacterial meningitis ili ndi mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya zizindikiro, zomwe ndi:
- un matenda opatsirana, kusonkhanitsa pamodzi zizindikiro za matenda monga kutentha thupi, kupweteka mutu kwambiri, kusanza (makamaka mu jeti);
- ndi matenda a meningeal syndrome, chizindikiro cha kutupa kwa meninges, zomwe zimabweretsa kuuma kwa khosi, chisokonezo, kusokonezeka kwa chidziwitso, kufooka, kumva kuwala (photophobia), ngakhale kukomoka kapena kugwidwa.
Zizindikiro zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kuziwona mwa mwana
Dziwani kuti mwa ana ang'onoang'ono, makamaka makanda, zizindikiro za meningitis zingakhale zosadziŵika bwino ndipo zimakhala zovuta kuziwona.
Ena alipo wotuwa kapena wotuwa, kukomoka kapena kugwedezeka kwa minofu. Mwana wamng'ono akhoza kukana kudya, kukhala mumkhalidwe wa kugona zachilendo, kapena sachedwa kulira mosalekeza, kapena kukhala okwiya kwambiri. a kuphulika kwa fontanel kuchokera pamwamba pa chigaza ndi hypersensitivity kukhudza kungathenso kuwonedwa, ngakhale kuti izi siziri mwadongosolo.
Nthawi zonse, kutentha kwakukulu kwadzidzidzi kuyenera kutsogolera kukaonana kwadzidzidzi.
Le purpura fulminans, vuto lalikulu ladzidzidzi
Kukhalapo kwa ofiira kapena purplish mawanga, otchedwa purpura fulminans, Kum'mawa muyezo wa mphamvu yokoka kwambiri bakiteriya meningitis. Maonekedwe a mawanga oterowo pakhungu ayenera kutsogolera ku chisamaliro chachangu, ndi cholinga cha kuchipatala mwamsanga. Ngati purpura yawonekera ndikugwirizana ndi zizindikiro za meningitis, chithandizo cha maantibayotiki chimayamba mwamsanga. Kuyamba kwa purpura chifukwa cha meningitis ndi changu chenicheni, chifukwa ndi a chiopsezo cha septic shock, zomwe zimayika moyo pachiwopsezo (nthawi zambiri timalankhula za meningitis).
Popeza zizindikiro zachipatala zimakhala pafupi kwambiri pakati pa meningitis chifukwa cha kachilombo kapena mabakiteriya, ndi choncho cerebrospinal fluid kusanthula, wotengedwa ku msana pa nthawi ya a lumbar puncture, zomwe zidzatheketsa kudziwa ngati meningitis ndi yochokera ku bakiteriya kapena ayi. Ngati mawonekedwe amadzimadzi omwe atengedwa angapereke lingaliro la mtundu wa meningitis yomwe ikufunsidwa (osati purulent pamaso pa mabakiteriya), kusanthula mwatsatanetsatane kwa chitsanzocho kudzakuthandizani kudziwa kuti ndi majeremusi ati omwe amayambitsa chifukwa chake. kusintha mankhwala opha maantibayotiki moyenera.
Bacterial meningitis: chitetezo chimafuna katemera
Kapewedwe ka bakiteriya meningitis makamaka zimadalira kugwiritsa ntchito malangizo a katemera ndandanda. Ndipotu, katemera amateteza ku majeremusi osiyanasiyana omwe angayambitse meningitis, makamaka Chibayo cha Streptococcus, ma serogroups ena a mabakiteriya Neisseria meningitidis, et Haemophilus influenzae.
Katemera wa meningococcal
Katemera wa meningococcal serogroup C ndi choyenera mwa makanda obadwa kuyambira pa Januware 1, 2018, ndipo akulimbikitsidwa kwa ana obadwa tsiku lino lisanakwane molingana ndi dongosolo ili:
- kwa makanda, katemera pa miyezi 5, kutsatiridwa ndi mlingo wa chithandizo pa miyezi 12 (ndi katemera yemweyo ngati nkotheka), podziwa kuti mlingo wa miyezi 12 ukhoza kuperekedwa limodzi ndi katemera wa MMR (measles-mumps-rubella);
- Kuyambira ali ndi miyezi 12 mpaka zaka 24, kwa iwo omwe sanalandire katemera woyamba, chiwembucho chimakhala ndi mlingo umodzi.
Katemera wa meningococcal mtundu B, wotchedwa Bexsero, zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa ndikubwezeredwa pokhapokha pazochitika zinazake, makamaka mwa anthu osalimba omwe ali pachiopsezo kapena omwe ali ndi mliri. ;
Katemera wa meningococcal conjugate tetravalent motsutsana ndi serogroups A, C, Y, W135, amalimbikitsidwanso munthawi zina.
Katemera wolimbana ndi matenda a pneumococcal
Katemera wolimbana ndi matenda a pneumococcal ndi choyenera kwa makanda obadwa kuyambira Januware 1, 2018, molingana ndi dongosolo ili:
- jakisoni awiri motalikirana miyezi iwiri (miyezi iwiri ndi inayi);
- chilimbikitso m'miyezi 11.
Pambuyo pa zaka 2, katemera akulimbikitsidwa kwa ana ndi akuluakulu omwe ali pachiopsezo chokhala ndi chitetezo chamthupi kapena matenda aakulu omwe amachititsa kuti pakhale matenda a pneumococcal (makamaka shuga). Imaphatikizanso majekeseni awiri otalikirana kwa miyezi iwiri, ndikutsatiridwa ndi chilimbikitso patatha miyezi isanu ndi iwiri.
Katemera wa mtundu B wa Haemophilus influenzae
Katemera wolimbana ndi mabakiteriya Hemophilus influenzae mtundu B is choyenera kwa makanda obadwa pa Januware 1, 2018 kapena pambuyo pake, ndipo akulimbikitsidwa kwa ana obadwa tsikulo lisanafike, kuphatikiza ndi katemera wa diphtheria, kafumbata ndi poliyo (DTP):
- jakisoni pa miyezi iwiri ndiyeno pa miyezi inayi;
- kukumbukira kwa miyezi 11.
Un katemera wogwira zitha kuchitika mpaka zaka 5. Zimaphatikizanso milingo iwiri ndi chilimbikitso ngati mwana ali pakati pa miyezi 6 ndi 12, komanso mlingo umodzi wopitilira miyezi 12 mpaka zaka zisanu.
Tikumbukenso kuti katemera wathandiza kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha bakiteriya meningitis makanda ndi ana aang'ono, komanso imfa zogwirizana ndi matenda aakulu amenewa.
Katemera samangolola chitetezo cha munthu payekha, amachepetsa kufalikira kwa mabakiteriyawa ndipo motero kuteteza amene sangathe kulandira katemera, makamaka makanda ndi odwala omwe ali ndi chitetezo chokwanira.
magwero:
- https://www.pasteur.fr/fr/centre-medical/fiches-maladies/meningites-meningocoques
- https://www.ameli.fr/assure/sante/themes/meningite-aigue/definition-causes-facteurs-favorisants
- https://www.associationpetitange.com/meningites-bacteriennes.html
- https://www.meningitis.ca/fr/Overview
- https://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/burden/vpd/WHO_SurveillanceVaccinePreventable_17_Pneumococcus_French_R1.pdf