calcaneus (kuchokera ku Latin calcaneum kutanthauza chidendene), amatchedwanso calcaneus, ndi fupa lalikulu kwambiri mu tarsus, kupanga mbali ya mafupa a phazi.

malo. Mkango ndi fupa lalikulu kwambiri la tarsus, limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mafupa a phazi lopangidwa ndi tarsus, metatarsus, ndi phalanges (1). Calcaneus ndi imodzi mwa mafupa asanu ndi awiri a tarso: talus, cuboid bone, navicular bone, mafupa atatu a cuneiform, ndi calcaneus.

Kapangidwe ka calcaneus. Kalcaneus ndiye fupa lamphamvu kwambiri komanso lalikulu kwambiri pamapazi. Kumtunda kwa calcaneus kumagwirizana ndi talus ndi pamwamba pake ndi fupa la cuboid. Calcaneus imapangidwa ndi:

• sustentaculum tali, mawonekedwe a mafupa omwe ali pamtunda wapakati ndi pamwamba, kupereka chithandizo cha talus;
• fibular trochea, kachidutswa kakang'ono kamene kamawonekera pankhope yam'mbali;
• wa tuberosity wa calcaneus, kupanga chotuluka kumbuyo pamwamba ndi kupanga chidendene.

Mafupa onse a phazi, kuphatikizapo calcaneus, amasungidwa chifukwa cha mitsempha yambiri ndi ziwalo zambiri.

Thandizo lolemera thupi. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa thupi kumapatsirana kuchokera pamalo otsetsereka kupita pansi kudzera mu calcaneus (1).

Malo amodzi ndi olimba phazi. Chigoba cha phazi, kuphatikizapo calcaneus, chimapangitsa kuti zikhale zotheka makamaka kukhalabe ndi chithandizo cha thupi komanso kuchita mayendedwe osiyanasiyana a phazi kuphatikizapo kuyendetsa thupi poyenda. (2) (3)

Mapazi amathyoka mafupa. Mafupa a phazi amatha kukhudzidwa ndi fractures, zomwe zimafala kwambiri ndi mafupa a metatarsal ndi calcaneus. (4)

Matenda a mafupa. Zolakwika zina zimatha kuchitika m'mafupa a phazi ndikukhudza mafupa a metatarsal. Matenda a mafupawa amatha makamaka chifukwa cha zolakwika, zothyoka kapena kusasunthika. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imatha kuwonedwa: phazi lopanda kanthu, phazi la varus, phazi lathyathyathya, phazi lachibonga, kapena phazi la equine. (4)

Matenda a fupa. Matenda ambiri amatha kukhudza mafupa ndikusintha mawonekedwe awo. Osteoporosis ndi chimodzi mwazofala kwambiri. Zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa mafupa ambiri mwa anthu azaka zopitilira 60. Zimawonjezera kufooka kwa mafupa ndikulimbikitsa mabilu.

Chithandizo cha mankhwala. Kutengera ndi matenda omwe apezeka, mankhwala osiyanasiyana amatha kuperekedwa kuti aziwongolera kapena kulimbitsa minofu ya mafupa kapena kuchepetsa ululu ndi kutupa.

Chithandizo cha opaleshoni. Kutengera mtundu wovulala, opaleshoni imatha kuchitidwa ndikuyika mbale yolumikizira, misomali kapena chosinthira chakunja.

Chithandizo cha mafupa. Kutengera mtundu waphwanyidwa, pulasitala amatha kuchita.

Kuyesa kuyerekezera kwachipatala. X-ray, CT, MRI, scintigraphy kapena bone densitometry mayeso atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa mafupa.

Kusanthula kwachipatala. Pofuna kudziwa ma pathologies ena, kuyezetsa magazi kapena mkodzo kumatha kuchitidwa, monga mlingo wa phosphorous kapena calcium.

"Phazi Laling'ono" (mu French, petit pied) ndi dzina lomwe limaperekedwa kwa mafupa aaustralopithecus Prometheusanapeza mu 1994 ndi paleoanthropologist Ronald J. Clarke. Ili ndi dzina loti "Phazi Laling'ono" kutengera tating'onoting'ono ta mafupa amiyendo omwe amapezeka koyamba m'bokosi la mafupa omwe amadziwika kuti amachokera ku ziweto. Mafupa ang'onoang'ono atapezeka, ofufuzawo anapeza mafupa 90%: "Phazi Laling'ono" motero adakhala mafupa athunthu a Australopithecus omwe apezeka mpaka pano. Pambuyo pazotsatira zakusintha kosiyanasiyana, njira yatsopano yathandizira kuti izikhala ndi zaka 3,67 miliyoni (5) (6).