Calligraphy: mizere ya moyo

Tatsala pang'ono kuyiwala kulemba ndi cholembera - ndikosavuta kulemba ndikusintha zolemba zilizonse pakompyuta. Mtundu wa epistolary wosafulumira sungathe kupikisana ndi ozizira komanso opanda mawonekedwe, koma ma imelo osavuta komanso othandiza. Komabe luso lakale komanso losatheka la calligraphy likukumana ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwenikweni.

Kodi mukufuna kusintha kayimbidwe, kusiya, kuyang'ana nokha, moyo wanu, malingaliro anu amkati? Pezani calligraphy. Mutha kusinkhasinkha polemba mizere yokhala ndi malo otsetsereka abwino. Ndipo mukhoza kukana chitsanzo. "Osati kuyesetsa kupanga zojambulajambula, koma kuyandikira pepala ndi chikhumbo chokha chosadziwika - kupanga manja," anatero wojambula ndi calligrapher Yevgeny Dobrovinsky. "Sizotsatira zomwe zimapezeka, koma ndondomeko yokha yomwe ndiyofunikira."

Calligraphy sikuti ndi "zolemba zokongola", osati zolemba zopangidwa mwaluso, koma luso lomwe limagwirizanitsa luso la mbuye ndi khalidwe lake, dziko lapansi ndi kukoma kwaluso. Monga muzojambula zilizonse, msonkhano ukulamulira pano. Chilichonse chomwe malemba a calligraphic ali nawo - chipembedzo, filosofi, ndakatulo, chinthu chachikulu m'menemo sizinthu zambiri, koma kuwala ndi kufotokozera. Ndi m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku kuti kulemba pamanja kumafunika makamaka kuti zikhale zomveka bwino komanso zovomerezeka - mu calligraphy, kuwerenga mosavuta sikuli kofunikira kwambiri.

Wolemba mabuku wa ku China Wang Xizhi (303–361) anafotokoza kusiyana kumeneku motere: “Mawu wamba amafunikira zinthu; calligraphy imaphunzitsa moyo ndi malingaliro, chinthu chachikulu momwemo ndi mawonekedwe ndi manja. "

Izi ndizowona makamaka ku Chinese calligraphy (imagwiritsidwanso ntchito ku Japan ndi Korea) ndi Chiarabu, zomwe, popanda kukokomeza, zikhoza kutchedwanso machitidwe auzimu. Izi zikugwira ntchito pang'ono ku Latin calligraphy.

Amonke a m’zaka za m’ma 90 mpaka m’ma XNUMX mpaka m’ma XNUMX mpaka m’ma XNUMX ankakopera Baibulo anali ndi luso lapamwamba kwambiri la kalembedwe ka malemba, koma kutukuka kwa makina osindikizira ndiponso kupambana kwa maganizo okonda chuma kunachititsa kuti azungu asamagwiritse ntchito mawuwa. Masiku ano, zolemba zaku Latin ndi Slavic zomwe zidatulukamo zili pafupi kwambiri ndi luso lokongoletsa. Yevgeny Bakulin, mphunzitsi wa kalembedwe ka mawu achi China pa Moscow Tea Culture Club akufotokoza motero Yevgeny Bakulin. "Chitchainizi ndizomwe zili m'moyo." Kwa anthu a ku China, kumvetsetsa kwa "luso la stroke" ndi njira yopezera nzeru. Muchitukuko cha Chiarabu, "luso la mzere" ndilopatulika kwambiri: malembawo amatengedwa ngati njira yopita kwa Allah. Kuyenda kwa dzanja la calligrapher kumagwirizanitsa munthu ndi tanthauzo lapamwamba, laumulungu.

Chinese calligraphy: moyo umabwera poyamba

Ma hieroglyphs achi China (kuchokera ku Greek hieroglyphoi, "zolemba zopatulika pamwala") ndi zithunzi zojambulidwa, zomwe zimachokera kwa ife kuyambira kalekale zomwe ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa anthu amakono. The Chinese calligrapher sagwirizana ndi zilembo zachilendo, koma ndi malingaliro ophatikizidwa. Kotero, kuchokera ku mizere yofanizira mitsinje ya mvula, "madzi" a hieroglyph amapangidwa. Zizindikiro "munthu" ndi "mtengo" pamodzi zikutanthauza "mpumulo".

"Musanalembe "nsungwi", muyenera kuzikulitsa mwa inu nokha," adaphunzitsa ndakatulo ndi calligrapher Su Shi (1036-1101). Kupatula apo, izi ndizojambula zopanda zojambula komanso kuthekera kowongolera: kuyesa koyamba kudzakhala komaliza nthawi yomweyo. Ichi ndi chiwonetsero chapamwamba kwambiri cha mphamvu ya mphindi ino. Kusuntha kobadwa ndi kulingalira, kudzoza ndi kuyika kwakukulu.

Mwambo wokonzekera umathandizira kumizidwa mwa iwe wekha. “Ndimamvetsera mwa kufalitsa inki, ndikusankha maburashi ndi mapepala,” akutero François Cheng wolemba mawu olembedwa. Monganso miyambo ina yaku China, kuti mugwiritse ntchito calligraphy, muyenera kumva momwe mphamvu yofunikira imayendera m'thupi kuti iwaza pamapepala.

Maonekedwe a calligrapher amathandizira kusuntha kwamphamvu kosalephereka: mapazi ali pansi, mawondo amasiyana pang'ono, msana wowongoka sukhudza kumbuyo kwa mpando, mimba siima pamphepete mwa tebulo, Kumanzere kwagona pansi pa pepala, dzanja lamanja limagwira cholembera molunjika.

M'buku lolemba la calligraphy "Ndipo mpweya umakhala chizindikiro" * Francois Chen akufotokoza za ubale pakati pa qi, thupi ndi mzere: "Ndikofunikira kudziwa nthawi yokhazikika pakati pa kupsinjika ndi kumasuka, pamene mpweya umayenda mozungulira. kugwedezeka kuchokera ku diaphragm paphewa mpaka pamkono ndikutsika nsonga ya burashi: motero kusuntha ndi kukhudzika kwa mizereyo.

Mu calligraphy, ndikofunikira kuti musapange zolemba zowoneka bwino, koma kumva kamvekedwe kakulemba ndikupumira moyo mu pepala loyera. Ndisanakwanitse zaka 30, zimakhala zosatheka kukhala katswiri wodziwa kulemba mawu. Izi si "luso chifukwa cha luso", koma njira ya nzeru. Pokhapokha ndi zaka 50, atakula mwauzimu, munthu angazindikire tanthauzo lake. “Pochita zimenezo, mumapangitsa maganizo anu kukhala angwiro. Chikhumbo choposa munthu amene ali wamkulu kwa inu mwauzimu chidzalephera,” akutero Su Shi.

Arabic calligraphy: master the breath

Tiyeni tichoke pa zilembo za hieroglyph kupita ku zilembo za Chiarabu, tisinthe burashi kukhala kalam (cholembera cha bango), Chitao kupita ku Chisilamu. Ngakhale kulembedwa kwa Arabic calligraphy kudabwera Mtumiki (SAW) asanabwere, kudakula bwino chifukwa chofalitsa Qur'an. Chifukwa cha kukana mafano alionse a Mulungu monga mtundu wa kulambira mafano, malemba olembedwa pamanja a Malemba Opatulika asanduka chifaniziro chake cha m’maso, akumaseŵera mbali ya mkhalapakati pakati pa Mulungu ndi anthu, mpangidwe umene munthu amamvetsetsa mwaumulungu. Sura ya Chovala (1-5) imati: “Werenga m’dzina la Mbuye wako . . . Anampatsa munthu chidziwitso pa zomwe sadali kuzidziwa.

Calligraphy ndi sukulu yabwino kwambiri yomvera, kumene mfundo ya kumvera chifuniro cha Allah, choncho Mawu a Mulungu otchulidwa mu kalata, amatengedwa ngati maziko. Kuphunzira lusoli ndi njira yayitali komanso yovuta. M'chaka choyamba, ophunzira samakhudza kalam, koma amangoyang'ana mphunzitsi. Kenaka, m'kupita kwa miyezi, amapanga "alif", yofanana ndi kalata yathu "a", yomwe ndi bar yowongoka. Kutalika kwake kumagwira ntchito ngati maziko opangira gawo, popanda zomwe kulemba malemba sikungaganizidwe.

Zilembo za Chiarabu ndi zilembo 28 zokha. Kusiyanitsa kwa zilembo zachiarabu kuli m'malemba kapena masitayilo ambiri ovomerezeka. Mpaka zaka za zana la XNUMX, mawonekedwe a geometric "Kufi", omwe adatengedwa kuti alembe ma suras a Koran, adatsogola. Mawu akuti "naskh" okhwima ndi "rika" amatchulidwe tsopano ali otchuka.

“Choyamba ndicho kuphunzira kujambula mikangano yamkati, yosaoneka, kayendedwe kobisika m’malemba,” akufotokoza motero Hassan Massoudy, katswiri wodziŵika bwino wa kalembedwe wa ku Ulaya. Thupi lonse likukhudzidwa ndi kulengedwa kwa malemba. Koma luso la kupuma ndilofunika kwambiri: wolemba calligrapher sadzalola kupuma mpaka atamaliza kalatayo kapena kumaliza mzere. Kalam, yomwe imagwiridwa mosasamala, iyenera kuphatikiza ndi dzanja, kukhala kupitiriza kwake. Amatchedwa choncho - "chinenero cha dzanja", ndipo kuti akhale nacho chimafuna kuuma komanso nthawi yomweyo kusinthasintha kwa dzanja.

Asanayambe kugwira ntchito ndi malemba a Koran kapena ntchito ya ndakatulo, wolemba calligrapher amadzazidwa ndi zomwe zili. Amaphunzira malembawo pamtima, ndipo asanatenge cholembera, amamasula malo mozungulira, kukwaniritsa kumverera kuti "zonse zozungulira zatha," akutero Massoudi. Amangoyang'anitsitsa, akudziyerekezera kuti ali m'malo ozungulira. Kudzoza kwaumulungu kumamugwira iye akapezeka kuti ali pakati: panthawiyi amachezeredwa ndi kuzindikira, thupi limakhala lopanda kulemera, dzanja limawuluka momasuka, ndipo amatha kufotokoza tanthauzo lomwe adawululidwa m'kalatayo.