Common catfish ndiye choyimira chachikulu kwambiri cha banja la catfish. Dzina lachiwiri la nsomba ndi European catfish, mtundu uwu (Silurus glanis) umafotokozedwa ngati nsomba zamadzi amchere, zazikulu zazikulu komanso zopanda mamba.
Mtundu wa Soma uli ndi mitundu 14 ikuluikulu ya banja la nsomba zam'madzi, izi ndi:
- Silurus Glanis - Nsomba wamba wamba;
- Silurus soldatovi - nsomba zam'madzi za Soldatova;
- Silurus asotus - Amur catfish;
- Silurus biwaensis ;
- Silurus duanensis;
- Silurus grahamii;
- Silurus lithophilus;
- Nsomba pachibwano;
- Nsomba za Aristotle;
- Southern catfish;
- Silurus microdorsalis;
- Silurus biwaensis;
- Silurus lanzhouensis;
- Silurian triostegus.
Mitundu yodziwika bwino pakati pa achibale inali nsomba zamtundu wamba, uyu ndiye woyimira chidwi kwambiri wamtundu - Soma.
Makhalidwe amitundu
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M'magulu apadziko lonse lapansi, akatswiri a ichthyologists adayika mtundu wa nsomba zam'madzi ngati gulu la nsomba za ray-finned. Malingana ndi kafukufuku wa sayansi, oimira oyambirira a kalasi, otchedwa ray-finned, amakhala m'madzi zaka 390 miliyoni BC. nsomba zopanda mamba. Ichi ndi gulu lakale, monga umboni wa atavisms ambiri pa thupi la nsomba.
Ngati ngakhale m'zaka zapitazi zinali zotheka kugwira nsomba zam'madzi zolemera makilogalamu 350 ndi kutalika kwa thupi la mamita 4 popanda mavuto, ndiye kuti masiku ano zikhozi siziposa 30 kg, ndipo pafupifupi zitsanzo sizimalemera kuposa 15. kg. Chitsanzo chachikulu cha nsomba zam'madzi zomwe zinagwidwa m'dziko lathu zinalembedwa ndi kufufuza kwa nsomba za Kursk. Inali nsomba yam'madzi yolemera makilogalamu 200, yomwe inagwidwa pachigawo cha Seim River mu 2009.
Mutu waukulu komanso woponderezedwa mundege yopingasa yokhala ndi kamwa lalikulu komanso maso ang'onoang'ono otalikirana (molingana ndi kukula kwa thupi), izi ndizizindikiro za nsomba. Mphuno ya m'kamwa, yokhala ndi mano ang'onoang'ono, ooneka ngati burashi, imatha kumeza nyama yamtundu uliwonse, nthawi zambiri mbalame ndi nyama zazing'ono zomwe zimafika pamadzi osungira madzi zimasanduka nyama.
Ndevu zitatu zimayikidwa pamutu pa nsomba, yoyamba ndi yayitali kwambiri imakhala pansagwada yakumtunda, ndipo ziwiri zotsalira zili pansi. Zinali chifukwa cha masharubu omwe nsombayi inatchedwa "hatchi ya mdierekezi", panali chikhulupiriro chakuti merman, atakwera nsomba pansi pa madzi akuya, anasungidwa pamwamba pake, atagwira masharubu. Ndevu za “wokwera pa galeta wa pamadzi” zimatumikira monga chiwalo chowonjezereka cha kukhudza.
Mtundu wa thupi la nsomba makamaka zimadalira nyengo, malo okhala, ndipo mokulirapo pa mtundu wa pansi ndi zinthu ili pa izo. Nthawi zambiri, mtunduwo ndi wakuda ndi imvi, pafupi ndi wakuda. M'madziwe omwe ali ndi ngalande yosaya komanso zomera zambiri, mtundu wa nsomba umakhala pafupi ndi azitona kapena wobiriwira-wotuwa, wokhala ndi mawanga akuda kwambiri. M'malo omwe pansi pamchenga, nsomba zam'madzi zimakhala ndi mtundu wachikasu komanso mimba yopepuka.
Zipsepse za nsomba zimakhala ndi ma toni akuda kuposa thupi lokha, chipsepse chapamwamba (chapamwamba) sichili chachikulu kukula, chimakhala chosawoneka pathupi lathyathyathya, kotero ndizovuta kwambiri kupeza nsomba yam'madzi itagona pansi pa dzenje. . Chipsepse cha mtako, mosiyana ndi dorsal, chimakhala chokulirapo, chophwanyika ndipo chimafika kutalika kwa 2/3 ya thupi lonse, yomwe ili pakati pa zipsepse zozungulira za caudal ndi pelvic.
Chithunzi: www.podvodnyj-mir-i-vse-ego-tajny.ru
Thupi lalikulu la nsomba ndi lozungulira, pamene limachoka pamutu kupita ku caudal fin, limakhala lothamanga kwambiri, loponderezedwa mu ndege yowongoka. Mbali ya caudal ya thupi, ngati chipsepse cha kumatako chomwe, ndi chachitali, champhamvu, koma chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kulemera kwa munthu, sichingathe kupanga nsomba yofulumira powombera movutikira.
Chikhalidwe komanso chosiyana cha nsomba za ku Ulaya ndi kusowa kwa mamba, ntchitoyi imachitidwa ndi glands, zomwe zimaphimba thupi ndi ntchofu zoteteza.
Habitat
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Nsomba zamtundu wamba zidakhala m'chigawo cha ku Europe cha dziko lathu, komwe zidakhala chinthu choberekera, m'mphepete mwa nyanja:
- Wakuda;
- Caspian;
- Azov;
- Baltic.
Chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chokonda kutentha kwa nsomba, m'madzi a Baltic, kugwidwa kwake kumakhala kosiyana, ndipo n'kovuta kutchula zojambula zomwe zagwidwa.
Silurus glanis nthawi zambiri amapezeka m'mitsinje yambiri ya ku Ulaya:
- Dnieper;
- Kuban;
- Volga;
- Wisla;
- Danube;
- Udzu;
- Ebro;
- Zakudya;
- Rhini;
- Loire.
M'mapiri a Pyrenees ndi Apennines, mtundu uwu sunakhalepo mbadwa, unayambitsidwa bwino m'zaka za zana lapitalo m'mabeseni a mitsinje ya Po ndi Ebro, kumene pambuyo pake unawonjezera chiwerengero chake. Zomwezi zachitikanso m'mabeseni a mitsinje:
- Denmark;
- France;
- Netherlands;
- Belgium.
Tsopano mtundu uwu umapezeka ku Ulaya konse. Kuphatikiza ku Europe ndi gawo la Europe la Russia, Silurus glanis imapezeka kumpoto kwa Iran ndi Central Asia Minor. M'zaka zapitazi, khama lalikulu ndi nthawi zidagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri a ichthyologists a "Institute of Fisheries" kuti achulukitse anthu a Silurus Glanis ku Nyanja ya Balkhash, komwe adachulukitsa bwino, komanso m'malo osungiramo madzi ndi mitsinje. network ya beseni lake. Anthu amtchire a Silurus Glanis, ngakhale adakulitsa malo ake, sanakhale chinthu chosodza chifukwa cha anthu ochepa.
Mitsinje yodzaza ndi mchere, yomwe nthawi zina imakhala ndi mchere wa m'nyanja pafupi ndi mtsinjewo, yakhala malo okondedwa kwambiri kumene nsomba zam'madzi zimamva bwino.
Mitundu yambiri yamtundu wa Soma, kuphatikiza ku Europe, idalandira mikhalidwe yabwino pakuchulukitsa anthu m'madzi ofunda a mitsinje:
- China;
- Korea;
- Japan
- India;
- Amereka;
- Indonesia;
- Africa.
Ngati tiganizira za malo omwe amakonda kwambiri nsomba zam'madzi mkati mwa nkhokwe, ndiye kuti iyi idzakhala malo ozama kwambiri okhala ndi dzenje lakuya. Ndi kutsika kwa kutentha kwa madzi, adzapereka mwayi ku dzenje pakati pa mizu ya mitengo yomwe inasefukira ndi yosambitsidwa, yomwe "mwini" wake, ngakhale nthawi ya kusaka, amayenda monyinyirika komanso kwa nthawi yochepa.
Nthawi yokhala m'malo osankhidwa a nsomba zam'madzi imatha kupitilira moyo wake wonse, pokhapokha ngati pali chakudya chosowa, kuwonongeka kwamadzi kumatha kukakamiza kuchoka kunyumba kwake. Funso limabuka nthawi yomweyo, kodi zamoyozi zimatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali bwanji? Silurus glanis, malinga ndi akatswiri a ichthyologists, akhoza kukhala ndi moyo wa zaka 30-60, koma pali zowona zomwe anthu a zaka 70-80 agwidwa.
Chithunzi: www.ribnydom.ru
zakudya
Kuti thupi likhale lolemera, n’zachionekere kuti nsombazo zimafunika kudya molimba. Zakudya za Silurus glanis ndizofanana ndi mtsinje wa gourmet, umaphatikizapo:
- nsomba;
- achule;
- nkhono;
- tizilombo;
- mbalame;
- ang'onoang'ono
- mphutsi za tizilombo;
- nyongolotsi;
- zomera zapansi ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja.
Pa gawo loyambirira la kukula, chakudya cha munthu yemwe akukula chimaphatikizapo mwachangu nsomba, mphutsi ndi ma crustaceans ang'onoang'ono. Kubwera kwa anthu akuluakulu komanso kunenepa kwambiri, nsomba zam'madzi zimakhala zochepa kuti zisakasaka "chakudya", zimathamangira m'madzi ndi pakamwa lotseguka, ndikuzisefa, kukokera mitsinje yamadzi yokhala ndi nyama zazing'ono. pakamwa.
Masana, nyama yolusa imakonda kugona mu dzenje lake, ndipo kukazizira usiku, imapita kukasaka. Ndi masharubu omwe amamuthandiza kudziwa momwe zinthu zilili komanso nsomba zazing'ono zomwe zimayandikira, zomwe zimakopeka ndi masharubu ogwedezeka, ofanana ndi nyongolotsi. Njira zosakasaka ndizosawerengeka komanso zowerengera mwayi, kokha akadali aang'ono nsomba zam'madzi zimatsata nyama ngati nsomba zazing'ono, ndipo ngakhale, osati kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kuswana
Popeza mapangidwe okhazikika kutentha kwamadzi abwino osachepera 160 Kuyambira nthawi yophukira ya Silurus glanis imayamba, imagwirizana ndi nthawi ya maluwa a Meyi ndipo imatha mpaka pakati pa chilimwe, zonse zimatengera dera lomwe nkhokweyo ili. Poyembekezera kuyamba kwa nthawi yoberekera, nsomba zam'madzi zimayamba kukonzekera monga kukonza chisa pamtunda wa mchenga, momwe yaikazi imayikira mazira.
Chithunzi: www.rybalka.guru
Zatsimikiziridwa mwasayansi kuti chiwerengero cha mazira mu clutch chimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi kulemera kwa mkazi, amavomereza kuti pali mazira 1 zikwi pa 30 kg ya kulemera kwa munthu wokhwima. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yotereyi, Silurus glanis imatha kukhala mtundu wachilengedwe m'malo osungiramo madzi momwe idamera kwa nthawi yoyamba kwa zaka 50-70.
Kumapeto kwa kuswana, Silurus glanis yaikazi imasiya chisa chake, ndipo nkhawa zonse: chitetezo, kutulutsa mpweya kwa ana amtsogolo, kumagwera pamwamuna. Nthawi yosamalira mazira aamuna imatha mpaka masabata a 2, pambuyo pake mwachangu amawonekera, koma sangathe kuchoka pachisa, chifukwa sangathe kudzidyetsa okha. Gwero lazakudya kwa iwo ndi mapuloteni ena onse mu thumba la caviar, pomwe mwachangu adawonekera.
Pambuyo pa masabata awiri, pamene mwachangu mu chisa, mwamuna amasamalira ana. Pokhapokha m'badwo ukayamba kugawikana m'magulu ndikuyesera kuyesa kufunafuna chakudya mwaokha, ndipo "bambo" wachikondi ali ndi chidaliro mu mphamvu ya mwana, amamulola kusambira momasuka.
Nsomba zazikulu zilibe adani, adani ambiri amapezeka panjira ya nsomba zam'madzi mu gawo lake loyambirira la kukula, pomwe pike kapena nsomba zimatha kusaka. Palibe amene amawopseza caviar clutch, chifukwa nthawi zonse imayang'aniridwa ndi munthu wamkulu. Kwenikweni, kuchuluka kwa ma Silurus glanis akuchepa chifukwa cha kugwidwa mopanda nzeru kwa anthu, komanso kulowererapo kwa anthu m'malo osungiramo zinthu zachilengedwe.