Russia ili ndi chizolowezi chodya zakudya zopanda nyama panthawi yosala kudya. Komabe, zamasamba zamakono, zomwe zinayambira Kumadzulo pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1890. ndipo tsopano akukumana ndi kutsitsimuka kodabwitsa, kunabwera kwa iye m'ma 1917 okha. Chifukwa cha chikoka cha LN Tolstoy, komanso ntchito za asayansi monga AN Beketov ndi AI Voeikov, gulu lamphamvu lazamasamba linakhazikitsidwa ku Russia nkhondo yoyamba yapadziko lonse isanayambe. M'buku kwa nthawi yoyamba mwatsatanetsatane, pamaziko a zipangizo zakale, nkhani yake ikuwululidwa. Malingaliro a zamasamba akuwonetsedwa mu ntchito za Leskov, Chekhov, Artsybashev, V. Solovyov, Natalia Nordman, Nazhivin, Mayakovsky, komanso ojambula Paolo Trubetskoy, Repin, Ge ndi ena ambiri. Zomwe zimachitikira anthu okonda zamasamba, malo odyera, magazini, malingaliro a madokotala pazamasamba akuwonetsedwa; Zomwe zikuchitika zitha kutsatiridwa pakukula kwa kayendetsedwe kake mpaka kuthetsedwa kwake pambuyo pa XNUMX, pomwe malingaliro a zamasamba adapitilirabe kukhalapo mu "utopia ya sayansi" komanso "zopeka za sayansi".
NG Chernyshevsky
"Bukhuli limapereka malo odyetserako zamasamba (L. Tolstoy, N. Chernyshevsky, I. Repin, etc.)" - ichi chinali chilengezo cha bukhuli mu 1992 Vegetarianism ku Russia (NK-92-17/34, anafuna kufalitsidwa - 15, voliyumu - 000 mapepala osindikizidwa); Bukuli, mosakayikira, silinawonepo kuwala kwa tsiku, osachepera pansi pa mutu umenewo. Zoti NG Chernyshevsky (7 - 1828) anali wodya zamasamba zitha kudabwitsa anthu omwe amawerenga buku lake la socio-utopian. Zoyenera kuchita? monga gawo la maphunziro okakamiza kusukulu. Koma mu 1909 IN Inde, munthu akhoza kuwerenga cholemba ichi:
"October 17. Chaka cha makumi awiri cha imfa ya Nikolai Grigorievich [sic!] Chernyshevsky chinakondwerera.
Anthu ambiri amalingaliro ofanana sadziwa kuti malingaliro akuluwa anali a msasa wathu.
Mu nambala 18 ya magazini "Nedelya" ya 1893 timapeza zotsatirazi (chochititsa chidwi kwa odya zamasamba kuchokera ku moyo wa malemu NG Chernyshevsky kumpoto kwa Siberia). Nedelya akunena za gulu lachijeremani la Vegetarische Rundschau ndipo analemba kuti: “Ku Siberia, ku Kolymsk, pafupi ndi Yakutsk, wolemba buku lakuti What Is to Be Done wakhala ali ku ukapolo kwa zaka 15. Wothamangitsidwayo ali ndi kamunda kakang’ono, kamene amalima yekha; amatchera khutu ndi kuyang’anitsitsa kakulidwe ka zomera zake; adakhuthula dothi lathanthwe la m'mundamo. Chernyshevsky amakhala ndi chakudya chomwe amapanga, ndipo amadya zakudya zamasamba zokha.. Amakhala wodekha kwambiri kotero kuti kwa chaka chonse samawononga ma ruble 120 omwe boma limamupatsa.
M’kope loyamba la magazini ya 1910, pansi pa mutu wakuti “Letter to the Editor”, kalata inafalitsidwa ndi Y. Chaga wina, kusonyeza kuti zolakwa zinaloŵerera m’cholemba mu No.
“Choyamba, Chernyshevsky anali ku Siberia, osati ku Kolymsk, koma ku Vilyuisk, m’chigawo cha Yakutsk. <...> Chachiwiri, Chernyshevsky anali mu ukapolo ku Vilyuisk osati 15, koma zaka 12.
Koma zonsezi <...> sizofunika kwambiri: chofunika kwambiri ndi chakuti Chernyshevsky nthawi ina anali wokonda zamasamba komanso wokhwima. Ndipo apa inenso, potsimikizira kuti m'zaka izi za ukapolo Chernyshevsky analidi zamasamba, ndikutchula mawu otsatirawa kuchokera m'buku la Vl. Berenshtam "Pafupi ndi ndale"; Wolembayo akufotokoza nkhani ya mkazi wa kapitawo za Chernyshevsky, pafupi ndi nyumba yomwe adakhalako kwa chaka chimodzi ku Vilyuysk.
"Iye (Chernyshevsky) sanadye nyama kapena mkate woyera, koma mkate wakuda, amadya chimanga, nsomba ndi mkaka ...
Kwambiri Chernyshevsky ankadya phala, rye mkate, tiyi, bowa (m'chilimwe) ndi mkaka, kawirikawiri nsomba. Panalinso mbalame yamtchire ku Vilyuisk, koma sanadye ndi mafuta. Sanadye kalikonse m’nyumba ya munthu, monga ankafunsa. Kamodzi kokha patsiku la dzina langa ndinadya chitumbuwa chaching'ono cha nsomba. Anadanso vinyo; ngati apenya, tsopano ati, Chotsani, chotsani; »».
Potengera buku la Vl. Berenshtam, zikhoza kutsimikiziridwa kuti mu 1904, J. Chaga, paulendo wa sitima yapamadzi pamtsinje wa Lena, anakumana ndi Alexandra Larionovna Mogilova, mkazi wa mkuluyo. Mu ukwati wake woyamba, iye anakwatiwa ndi sanali kutumidwa mkulu Gerasim Stepanovich Shchepkin. Mwamuna woyamba uyu anali woyang'anira ndende yotsiriza ya Vilyuysk, kumene Chernyshevsky anakhala zaka 12 mu ukapolo. Kukambitsirana naye kunalembedwa m'mawu (kafupifupi kuchokera pamilomo ya Shchepkin mwiniwakeyo inasindikizidwa ndi SF Mikhalevich kale mu 1905 Chuma cha Russia). Mu 1883, AL Mogilova (panthaŵiyo Shchepkina) ankakhala ku Vilyuisk. Malinga ndi nkhani yake, Chernyshevsky, yemwe analoledwa kuchoka m'ndende kuyambira m'bandakucha mpaka madzulo, anali kutola bowa m'nkhalango. Kuthawa kuthengo zopanda msewu kunali kopanda funso. M'nyengo yozizira pali usiku wochuluka, ndipo chisanu chimakhala champhamvu kuposa ku Irkutsk. Panalibe masamba, mbatata zinabweretsedwa kutali ndi adindo kwa ma ruble 3 pood, koma Chernyshevsky sanagule konse chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo. Anali ndi mabokosi asanu akuluakulu a mabuku. M’chilimwe, kuzunzika kwa udzudzu kunali koopsa: “M’chipinda,” akukumbukira motero AL Mogilova, “munali
Onetsetsani mu nkhani ya Vl. Berenshtam ndizotheka lero pamaziko a zomwe timapeza m'makalata a Chernyshevsky. Mu 1864, chifukwa cha kutenga nawo mbali mu chipwirikiti cha ophunzira ndi amphawi cha 1861-1862, komanso kulankhulana ndi anthu othawa kwawo AI Herzen ndi NP zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri za ntchito yokakamizidwa ku Irkutsk migodi ya siliva, ndikutsatiridwa ndi ukapolo wa moyo. Kuyambira December 1871 mpaka October 1883 anasungidwa mu mudzi wa Vilyuisk, yomwe ili makilomita 450 kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Irkutsk. Makalata a Chernyshevsky ochokera ku ukapolo kumeneko, okhudzana ndi 1872-1883, angapezeke m'mabuku a XIV ndi XV a ntchito zonse za wolemba; mbali ina, makalata amenewa ndi aatali ndithu, popeza makalata opita ku Irkutsk ankatumizidwa kamodzi pa miyezi iwiri iliyonse. Muyenera kupirira kubwerezabwereza kuti mujambule chithunzi chonse.
Chernyshevsky samasiya kutsimikizira mkazi wake Olga, ana aamuna a Alexander ndi Mikhail, komanso Pulofesa AN Pypin, wolemba mbiri wodziwika bwino wa chikhalidwe chomwe amachirikiza banja la ukapolo ndi ndalama, kuti zonse zili bwino ndi iye: ngakhale dokotala, kapena dokotala. mu mankhwala, kapena podziwana ndi anthu, kapena mwachitonthozo, ndingathe kukhala pano popanda kuvulaza thanzi langa, komanso popanda kunyong'onyeka, komanso popanda zovuta zilizonse zomwe zingawonekere ku kukoma kwanga kosasankha. Choncho, iye analemba kalata kwa mkazi wake Olga Sokratovna kumayambiriro kwa June 1872, mokhutiritsa kumufunsa kuti asiye lingaliro la kumuona. Pafupifupi kalata iliyonse - ndipo pali oposa mazana atatu a iwo - timapeza zitsimikizo kuti ali wathanzi ndipo alibe kanthu, akufunsa kuti asatumize ndalama kwa iye. Makamaka kaŵirikaŵiri wolemba amalankhula za mikhalidwe ya kadyedwe kake ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku ku ukapolo: “Ndimalemba zonse za chakudya; pakuti, ndikuganiza, ndicho chinthu chokhacho chomwe munthu angakayikire ngati ndili womasuka mokwanira pano. Zosavuta kuposa momwe ndimafunira malinga ndi zokonda zanga ndi zosowa zanga <...> Ndimakhala kuno, monga momwe ankakhalira m'masiku akale, mwina akukhalabe, eni malo apakati m'midzi yawo.
Mosiyana ndi malingaliro omwe nkhani zomwe tazitchula kumayambiriro zingayambitse, makalata a Chernyshevsky ochokera ku Vilyuisk mobwerezabwereza samalankhula za nsomba zokha, komanso nyama.
Pa June 1, 1872, analembera mkazi wake kalata kuti akuthokoza banja lokoma mtima limene likuyesetsa kupeza chakudya chake: “Choyamba, n’zovuta kupeza nyama kapena nsomba.” Ndipotu nyama kapena nsomba sizinkagulitsidwa kuyambira April mpaka October kapena November. Koma chifukwa cha khama lawo [la banja limenelo], tsiku lililonse ndimakhala ndi nyama kapena nsomba zabwino kwambiri zokwanira tsiku lililonse, ngakhale zochuluka kwambiri.” Chodetsa nkhaŵa kwambiri, akulemba, kwa anthu onse a ku Russia okhala kumeneko, ndi chakudya chamasana. Kulibe zipinda zosungiramo zinthu zosungidwa bwino m’chilimwe: “Ndipo nyama sizingadyedwe m’chilimwe. Muyenera kudya nsomba. Anthu amene satha kudya nsomba nthawi zina amakhala ndi njala. Izo sizikugwira ntchito kwa ine. Ndimadya nsomba mosangalala komanso ndimakondwera ndi ulemu wakuthupi. Koma ngati kulibe nyama, anthu amene sakonda nsomba akhoza kudya mkaka. Inde, akuyesera. Koma kuyambira pomwe ndidabwera kuno, zakhala zovuta kwambiri kuposa kale: kupikisana kwanga pakugula mkaka kwapangitsa kuti mankhwalawa akhale osauka pakusinthana kwanuko. Kuyang'ana, kufunafuna mkaka - wopanda mkaka; zonse ndigula ndikumwa ndi ine. Jokes pambali, inde. " Chernyshevsky amagula mabotolo awiri a mkaka patsiku ("apa amayesa mkaka ndi mabotolo") - izi ndi zotsatira za kukama ng'ombe zitatu. Ubwino wa mkaka, iye anati, si woipa. Koma popeza mkaka umavuta kupeza, amamwa tiyi kuyambira m’mawa mpaka madzulo. Chernyshevsky akuseka, koma, pakati pa mizere imamveka kuti ngakhale munthu wodzichepetsa kwambiri anali ndi udindo wosatsutsika ndi chakudya. Zowona, panali njere. Iye akulemba kuti chaka chilichonse a Yakuts (pansi pa chikoka cha Russia) amafesa mkate wambiri - udzabadwira kumeneko bwino. Chifukwa cha kukoma kwake, mkate ndi chakudya zimaphikidwa bwino.
M’kalata imene inalembedwa pa March 17, 1876, timaŵerenga kuti: “M’chilimwe choyamba kuno ndinapirira kwa mwezi umodzi, monga mmene aliyense wa kuno, ndinalibe nyama yatsopano. Koma ngakhale pamenepo ndinali ndi nsomba. Ndipo nditaphunzira kuchokera ku zomwe zinandichitikira, chilimwe chotsatira ndinadzisamalira ndekha, ndipo kuyambira pamenepo yakhala yatsopano chilimwe chilichonse. - N'chimodzimodzinso masamba: tsopano ndiribe kusowa kwa iwo. Inde, pali mbalame zambiri zakutchire. Nsomba - m'chilimwe, monga momwe zimakhalira: nthawi zina kwa masiku angapo palibe; koma kawirikawiri ndimakhala nayo ngakhale m'chilimwe - monga momwe ndimakonda; ndipo m'nyengo yozizira nthawi zonse zimakhala zabwino: sterlet ndi nsomba zina za kukoma kofanana ndi sterlet. Ndipo pa Januware 23, 1877, akulengeza kuti: “Pankhani ya chakudya, ndakhala ndikutsatira malangizo amankhwala omwe angathe kuperekedwa m’madera akutchire komanso osauka kwambiri. Anthu amenewa sadziwa nkomwe kuwotcha nyama. <...> Chakudya changa chachikulu, kwa nthawi yayitali, ndi mkaka. Ndimamwa mabotolo atatu a champagne patsiku <…> Mabotolo atatu a shampeni ndi 5? mapaundi a mkaka. <...> Mutha kuweruza kuti, kuwonjezera pa mkaka ndi tiyi ndi shuga, ndizotalikirana ndi tsiku lililonse kuti ndikufunika mapaundi a mkate ndi kotala la paundi ya nyama. Mkate wanga ndi wopirira. Ngakhale anthu ankhanza akumeneko amadziwa kuphika nyama.”
Chernyshevsky anali ndi nthawi yovuta ndi zizolowezi zina zakumaloko. M’kalata ya July 9, 1875, iye akupereka malingaliro otsatiraŵa: “Ponena za gome, zochita zanga zakhala zokhutiritsa kotheratu. Anthu aku Russia akumaloko adabwereka china chake pamalingaliro awo okhudza gastronomic kuchokera ku Yakuts. Amakonda kwambiri kudya batala wa ng'ombe wambiri. Sindinathe kupirira izi kwa nthawi yayitali: wophikayo adawona kuti ndikofunikira kundithira mafuta muzakudya zamitundu yonse. Ndinasintha akazi okalambawa <...> kusintha sikunathandize, aliyense wotsatira adakhala wosagwedezeka ku khitchini ya Yakut Orthodox pondidyetsa batala. <...> Pomaliza, mayi wina wachikulire adapezeka yemwe nthawi ina ankakhala m'chigawo cha Irkutsk ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe a Chirasha wamba pa batala wa ng'ombe.
M’kalata yomweyi mulinso mawu ochititsa chidwi onena za masamba: “M’zaka zapitazi, chifukwa cha kusasamala kwanga, sindinali wolemera ndi ndiwo zamasamba. Kumeneku amaonedwa ngati chinthu chapamwamba, chokoma, kuposa mbali yofunika ya chakudya. Chilimwe chino, ndinakumbukira kuchitapo kanthu kuti ndikhale ndi masamba ambiri monga momwe ndimafunira malinga ndi kukoma kwanga: Ndinanena kuti ndikugula kabichi, nkhaka zonse, ndi zina zotero, monga momwe alimi amachitira. ali nazo zogulitsa. <...> Ndipo ndidzapatsidwa ndiwo zamasamba (zamasamba) Zochuluka, mopanda chikaiko, Zoposa zosowa zanga. <...> Ndilinso ndi ntchito ina yofanana ndi yomweyi: kutola bowa. Zilibe kunena kuti kupereka Yakut mnyamata awiri kopecks, ndipo iye amakhoza kutenga bowa zambiri tsiku limodzi kuposa ine ndingathe kusamalira mu sabata lathunthu. Koma kuti nthawi ipite panja, ndimayendayenda m'mphepete mwa nkhalango maulendo makumi atatu kuchokera kunyumba yanga ndikutola bowa: pali zambiri pano. M'kalata yomwe inalembedwa pa November 1, 1881, Chernyshevsky akufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane za kusonkhanitsa ndi kuyanika mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya bowa.
Pa March 18, 1875, akukumbukira mkhalidwe wa ndiwo zamasamba ku Russia motere: “Ndine “wachirasha” kuno kwa anthu amene si Chirasha wocheperapo kuposa ine; koma "a Russia" amayamba kwa iwo ndi Irkutsk; mu "Russia" - taganizirani: nkhaka ndizotsika mtengo! Ndipo mbatata! Ndipo kaloti! Ndipo apa ndiwo zamasamba si zoipa, kwenikweni; koma kuti akule, amasamalidwa, monga ku Moscow kapena ku St. “Mkate udzabadwa wabwino, ngakhale tirigu.
Ndipo mawu enanso ochokera m’kalata yaitali ya March 17, 1876: “Ukayika, bwenzi langa, ngati ndikukhaladi bwino kuno. Inu mukukaikiradi izo. <...> Chakudya changa sichakudya cha ku France, kwenikweni; koma mukukumbukira, sindingathe kuyimilira mbale, kupatula kuphika kwachi Russia; inuyo munakakamizika kusamala kuti wophikayo andiphikire chakudya cha Chirasha, ndipo pambali pa mbale iyi sindinadye konse patebulo, pafupifupi chilichonse. Kodi mukukumbukira pamene ndinapita ku maphwando ndi mbale za gastronomic, ndinakhala patebulo osadya kalikonse. Ndipo tsopano kudana kwanga ndi zakudya zokongola zafika poti sindingathe kuyimirira sinamoni kapena cloves. <…>
Ndimakonda mkaka. Inde, zimandiyendera bwino. Pali mkaka wochepa pano: ng'ombe zilipo zambiri; koma samadyetsedwa bwino, ndipo ng'ombe yam'deralo imapereka mkaka wocheperako poyerekeza ndi mbuzi ku Russia. <...> Ndipo m’mudzi ali ndi ng’ombe Zochepa moti iwo eni Akusowa mkaka. Chifukwa chake, nditafika kuno, kwa miyezi inayi kapena kuposerapo, ndidakhala wopanda mkaka: palibe amene ali nawo wogulitsa; aliyense amadzisowa yekha. (Ndikunena za mkaka watsopano. Mkaka waumitsidwa ku Siberia. Koma sukomanso kukoma. Kuno kuli mkaka wochuluka wa ayisikilimu. Koma sindingathe kumwa.)
M’kalata yomwe inalembedwa pa Epulo 3, 1876, wothamangitsidwayo anati: “Mwachitsanzo: kuno kuli nsomba za sardine, pali zakudya zambiri zam’chitini zosiyanasiyana. Ndinati: "ambiri" - ayi, chiwerengero chawo si chachikulu: palibe olemera pano; ndipo aliyense amene ali ndi katundu wabwino wochokera ku Yakutsk m'nyumba yake amawononga ndalamazo. Koma sasowa konse. <...> Mwachitsanzo, nditakonda ma pretzels aku Moscow paphwando, zidapezeka kuti zinali zofunika, makeke. Kodi mungakhale nazo? - "Pepani!" - "Bwanji?" - Zinapezeka kuti 12 kapena 15 mapaundi akupeza, zomwe zingaperekedwe kwa ine. <…> Pakadali pano, ndidya ma cookie 12 ndi tiyi wanga. . Ayi ndithu. Kodi ndingakondedi zinthu zazing'ono ngati zimenezi?
Pankhani ya zakudya, Chernyshevsky, kwenikweni, nthawi zina amayendetsa bwino. Chitsanzo cha izi ndi "nkhani yokhala ndi mandimu", yomwe, monga momwe wolembayo akutsimikizira, "ndi wotchuka ku Vilyuisk". Anamupatsa mandimu awiri atsopano - osowa kwambiri m'malo awa - iye, kuika "mphatso" pawindo, anaiwala za iwo kwathunthu, chifukwa, mandimu anafota ndi nkhungu; nthawi ina amamutumizira makeke ndi maamondi ndi zina zotero patchuthi. "Anali mapaundi angapo." Chernyshevsky anayika zambiri m'bokosi momwe shuga ndi tiyi zimasungidwa. Atayang’ana m’bokosilo patapita milungu iwiri, anapeza kuti makekewo anali ofewa, anthete, ndiponso akhungu lonse. "Kuseka".
Chernyshevsky amayesa kubwezera kusowa kwa masamba potola zipatso za m'nkhalango. Pa August 14, 1877, analembera mwana wake Alexander kuti: “Kuno kuli masamba ochepa kwambiri. Koma ndingapeze chiyani, ndidya. Komabe, kusowa kwawo sikofunikira chifukwa chakuti lingonberries amamera kuno. M’mwezi umodzi udzapsa, ndipo ndidzaugwiritsa ntchito mosalekeza. Ndipo pa February 25, 1878, akuuza AN Pypin kuti: “Ndinadziŵa kuti ndinali ndi chisoni. Ndinadya zipatso za lingonberries pamene ndinazipeza. Ndinaidya ndi paundi.”
Uthenga wotsatirawu ukunena za May 29, 1878: “Dzulo ndinatulukira za gastronomic. Pali ma currants ambiri pano. Ndimayenda pakati pa tchire lake ndikuwona: akuphuka. <...> Ndipo kuchokera munjira ina, mulu wina wamaluwa, wokhala m'malire ndi masamba aang'ono, ukukwera m'milomo yanga. Ndinayesa kuona ngati zonse zikanakhala zokoma pamodzi, maluwa ndi masamba aang'ono. Ndipo anadya; zinkawoneka kwa ine: zimakoma ngati saladi; mofewa kwambiri komanso bwino. Sindimakonda saladi. Koma ndinazikonda. Ndipo ndinaluma chitsamba cha ma currants atatu. "Zomwe apeza zomwe gastronomes sangakhulupirire: ma currants ndiwo mitundu yabwino kwambiri ya letesi." October 27, 1879 - cholembera chofanana: "Ndi ma currant angati omwe ndinasonkhanitsa m'chilimwechi kuposa muyeso ndi kuthekera. Ndipo - taganizirani: magulu a currants ofiira akadali atapachikidwa pa tchire; tsiku lina lachisanu, tsiku lina linasungunukanso. Zozizira ndizokoma kwambiri; osati kukoma kofanana ndi kwa malimwe; ndipo ndikuganiza kuti zili bwino. Ndikadapanda kusamala kwambiri ndi zakudya zanga, ndikadadzikhutitsa nazo.
Zikuwoneka zovuta kugwirizanitsa makalata a Chernyshevsky opita kwa achibale ake ndi umboni wochokera ku Vl. Berenshtam komanso ndi lipoti la Mogilova pa moyo wamasamba wa wolemba kuyambira chaka chomaliza cha ukapolo. Koma mwina ndizothekabe? M’kalata ya pa June 15, 1877, timapeza chivomerezo chotsatirachi: “… Ndikuvomereza kuti wophika aliyense amaposa ine pa nkhani zonse za luso la kukhitchini: – sindikumudziwa ndipo sindingathe kumudziwa, chifukwa ndizovuta. kuti ndione osati nyama yofiyira yaiwisi yokha, komanso nyama ya nsomba yomwe imasunga maonekedwe ake achilengedwe. Pepani, pafupifupi kuchita manyazi. Mukukumbukira, nthawi zonse ndimadya pang'ono pa chakudya chamadzulo. Mukukumbukira, nthawi zonse ndimadya kukhuta kwanga osati pa chakudya chamadzulo, koma isanayambe kapena itatha - ndinadya mkate. Sindimakonda kudya nyama. Ndipo izi zakhala ndi ine kuyambira ubwana. Sindikunena kuti kumverera kwanga kuli bwino. Koma ndi mmene zilili mwachibadwa.”
M'kalata yayitali kwambiri ya Januware 30, 1878, Chernyshevsky amatanthauzira Olga, kufupikitsa pang'ono mawuwo, "nkhani yolembedwa ndi m'modzi mwa asayansi otchuka kwambiri, komanso, kuposa, m'modzi mwa asing'anga anzeru kwambiri ku Germany, komwe adachokera. pafupifupi chidziŵitso chonse chamankhwala choperekedwa ndi madokotala athu abwino.” Mlembi wa nkhaniyi ndi Paul Niemeyer, yemwe ankakhala ku Magdeburg. “Nkhaniyi ili ndi mutu wakuti: 'Popular Medicine and Personal Health Care.' Kuphunzira kwa chikhalidwe ndi mbiri ya Paul Niemeyer "".
Nkhaniyi, makamaka, ikukhudza udindo wa munthu payekha; Chernyshevsky akunena kuti: "Aliyense ayenera kusamalira kuchira kwake, <...> dokotala amangomugwira dzanja." Ndipo akupitiriza kuti: “Koma, akutero Paul Niemeyer, panali anthu ochepa chabe amene anasankha kukhala motsatira malamulo a ukhondo. Awa ndiwo zamasamba (otsutsa chakudya cha nyama).
Paul Niemeyer amapeza mwa iwo eccentricity zambiri, zosafunikira kwenikweni kwa anthu anzeru. Akunena kuti iye mwini samayesa kunena motsimikiza kuti: "nyama ndi chakudya chovulaza." Koma zimene amakonda kuganiza ndi zoona. “Sindinkayembekezera zimenezo.
Sindikunena za thanzi lanu, wokondedwa wanga Lyalechka, koma chifukwa cha chisangalalo changa.
Kwanthaŵi yaitali ndakhulupirira kuti madokotala ndi akatswiri a physiology analakwitsa poika munthu m’gulu la cholengedwa chodya nyama mwachibadwa. Mano ndi m’mimba, zomwe zinapangidwa kuti zithetse mavuto amtunduwu, sizifanana mwa munthu ndi nyama zodya nyama. Kudya nyama ndi chizolowezi choipa kwa munthu. Nditayamba kuganiza motere, sindinapeze kalikonse m’mabuku a akatswiri kupatulapo kutsutsana kotheratu kwa lingaliro ili: “nyama ili yabwino koposa mkate,” aliyense anatero. Pang'ono ndi pang'ono, zizindikiro zina zamantha zinayamba kubwera kuti mwina ife (madokotala ndi akatswiri a zamankhwala) tinali mkate wochititsa manyazi, nyama yokwezeka kwambiri. Tsopano iwo amanena izo kawirikawiri, molimba mtima. Ndipo katswiri wina, monga Paul Niemeyer ameneyu, ali wofunitsitsa kuganiza kuti nyama ndi chakudya cha anthu, mwina chovulaza. Komabe, ndimaona kuti ndinakokomeza maganizo ake, ndikuwafotokoza m’mawu angaangu. Amangoti:
"Sindingavomereze kuti kudziletsa kwathunthu ku nyama kungakhale lamulo. Ndi nkhani ya kukoma”.
Ndipo pambuyo pake amayamika kuti odya zamasamba amanyansidwa ndi kususuka; ndipo kususuka kwa nyama ndikofala kuposa ina iliyonse.
Sindinayambe ndakhalapo ndi mtima wofuna kuchita zinthu mobisa. Aliyense amadya nyama; chifukwa chake ziri momwemo kwa ine: Ndidya chimene ena amadya. Koma—koma, zonsezi ziribe kanthu kwenikweni. Monga wasayansi, ndine wokondwa kuwona kuti njira yolondola, m'malingaliro mwanga, njira yasayansi yomvetsetsa ubale wa mkate ndi nyama sikukanidwanso mopanda malire ndi akatswiri. Choncho ndinalankhula za chisangalalo changa chophunzira.
M'kalata yomwe idalembedwa pa Okutobala 1, 1881, Chernyshevsky adatsimikizira mkazi wake kuti: "Nthawi ina ndidzakulemberani tsatanetsatane wa chakudya changa ndi chilichonse chonga icho, kuti muwone bwino lomwe ndikutsimikizira kwanga nthawi zonse: " Ndimakhala bwino, kukhala ndi zonse zofunika kwa ine ", osati zapadera, mukudziwa, wokonda zapamwamba." Koma "zambiri" zolonjezedwa zaperekedwa mu kalata yomweyi:
“Sindikuwona nyama yaiwisi; ndipo zonse zimakula mwa ine. M’mbuyomo, sanali kuona kokha nyama ya nyama zoyamwitsa ndi mbalame; anayang’ana nsombazo mosasamala. Tsopano zimandivuta kuyang'ana nyama ya nsomba. Kuno sikutheka kudya zakudya zamasamba zokha; ndipo ngati n’kotheka, mwapang’onopang’ono akanayamba kudana ndi zakudya zonse za nyama.
Funso likuwoneka lomveka. Chernyshevsky, kuyambira ali wakhanda, monga ana ambiri - monga Rousseau adanenera - adakumana ndi kudana kwachilengedwe ndi nyama. Chifukwa cha malingaliro ake ku sayansi yomveka, adayesa kupeza kufotokozera kwa kukayikira uku, koma anakumana ndi zotsutsana ndi zowunikira za sayansi, zomwe zimaperekedwa ngati choonadi chosatsutsika. Ndipo kokha m'nkhani ya Niemeyer mu 1876 adapeza kufotokozera maganizo ake. Kalata ya Chernyshevsky ya January 30, 1878 (onani pamwambapa: c. yy pp. 54 - 55) inalembedwa kale kuposa nkhani ya AN Beketov "Zakudya zaumunthu pakalipano ndi m'tsogolomu" zomwe zinawonekera mu August chaka chomwecho. Choncho, Chernyshevsky mwina ndi woimira woyamba wa Russian intelligentsia amene, mwa mfundo, amadzitcha yekha wothandizira moyo wa zamasamba.
Mfundo yakuti Vilyuisk Chernyshevsky anadya nyama ndipo makamaka nsomba n'zosakayikira, koma tiyenera kukumbukira kuti iye anayesa kuteteza anansi ake ku nkhawa, makamaka mkazi wake Olga, chifukwa, malinga ndi maganizo ofala panthawiyo, nyama ankaona. chakudya chofunika kwambiri. Zokwanira kukumbukira nthawi zonse mantha a SA Tolstoy, kaya boma lazamasamba lidzafupikitsa moyo wa mwamuna wake.
Chernyshevsky, m'malo mwake, akutsimikiza kuti thanzi lake labwino likhoza kufotokozedwa chifukwa chakuti amakhala ndi "moyo wolondola kwambiri" ndipo nthawi zonse amawona "malamulo a ukhondo": "Mwachitsanzo: sindidya chilichonse chovuta. m'mimba. Pali mbalame zambiri zakutchire pano, kuchokera ku mitundu ya abakha ndi mitundu ya black grouse. Ndimakonda mbalamezi. Koma ndizosavuta kwa ine kuposa ng'ombe. Ndipo ine sindimazidya. Pali nsomba zouma zambiri pano, monga nsomba za salimoni. Ndimamukonda. Koma imalemera m'mimba. Ndipo sindinaitengepo m’kamwa kwa zaka zonsezi.”
Mwachiwonekere, chikhumbo cha Chernyshevsky chofuna zamasamba sichinali chifukwa cha zolinga zamakhalidwe ndi kukhudzidwa kwa nyama, koma ndizochitika zokondweretsa komanso, monga momwe Niemeyer anafalitsa, "ukhondo" wamtundu. Mwa njira, Chernyshevsky anali ndi maganizo otsika za mowa. Mwana wake Alexander anapereka kwa bambo ake malangizo a madokotala Russian kumwa mowa - mowa wamphamvu Mwachitsanzo, ngati si mphesa vinyo. Koma samasowa mowa kapena peel kapena malalanje: "Ndimasunga m'mimba mwanga bwino. <...> Ndipo izi nzosavuta kwa ine kuziwona: Ndilibe ngakhale pang'ono chizolowezi cha gastronomy kapena zamkhutu zilizonse. Ndipo nthawi zonse ndimakonda kukhala wodekha pazakudya zanga. <...> Vinyo wopepuka kwambiri amandivuta; osati pa mitsempha - ayi - koma pamimba. M’kalata yopita kwa mkazi wake ya May 29, 1878, iye akusimba nkhani ya mmene tsiku lina, atakhala pa chakudya chamadzulo chapamwamba, anavomera kumwa kapu ya vinyo kaamba ka ulemu, ndipo pambuyo pake anauza mwiniwakeyo kuti: “Mwaona! Ndimamwa; Inde, Madeira, osati vinyo wofooka chabe. Aliyense anayamba kuseka. Zinapezeka kuti unali moŵa, “mowa wamba wamba wa ku Russia.”
Ndizofunikira kwambiri kuti Chernyshevsky amavomereza kuti amadya nyama mwa apo ndi apo chifukwa cha kusafuna (onani pamwambapa, p. 55 yy) kuti adziwonekere pagulu - vuto lomwe odya zamasamba amakumananso nawo masiku ano; Tiyeni tikumbukire mawu a Tomasz Mazarik ogwidwa mawu ndi Makowicki, amene akufotokoza chifukwa chake, mosasamala kanthu za “zokonda zamasamba,” akupitirizabe kudya nyama (onani pansipa, p. 105 yy).
Kusilira zipatso kumamvekanso m'kalata yochokera ku Chernyshevsky ya Novembala 3, 1882. Amamva kuti mkazi wake adagula nyumba ku Saratov ndipo adzabzala munda: "Ngati tilankhula za minda, yomwe imatchedwa" minda "ku Saratov. , ndiko kuti, za minda ya mitengo yazipatso, ndiye kuti nthawi zonse ndakhala ndikulingalira chitumbuwa kukhala chokongola kwambiri pamitengo yathu yazipatso. Mtengo wabwino ndi peyala. <...> Pamene ndinali mwana, mbali ina ya bwalo lathu inali ndi dimba, lakuda ndi lokongola. Bambo anga ankakonda kusamalira mitengo. <...> Kodi mwaphunzira tsopano ku Saratov momwe mungakwaniritsire kukula kwa mphesa?
M'zaka za unyamata wa Chernyshevsky ku Saratov kunali "minda ya dothi" momwe, - akupitiriza, - mitengo ya zipatso yofewa inakula bwino - zikuwoneka, ngakhale ma apricots ndi mapichesi. - Bergamots idakula bwino m'minda yosavuta yomwe sinatetezedwe ku dzinja. Kodi alimi a Saratov aphunzira kusamalira mitundu yolemekezeka ya mitengo ya maapulo? - Mu ubwana wanga, panalibe "reinette" ku Saratov panobe. Tsopano, mwina, iwonso acclimatized? Ndipo ngati simunakhalepo, yesani kuthana nawo ndi mphesa ndikupambana. ”
Tiyeni tikumbukirenso kuti kulakalaka kum'mwera, komwe kumamveka mu loto lachinayi la Vera Pavlovna kuchokera m'bukuli. Zoyenera kuchita? - za mtundu wina wa "Russia Yatsopano", mwachiwonekere pafupi ndi Persian Gulf, kumene anthu a ku Russia anaphimba "mapiri opanda kanthu okhala ndi nthaka yakuda, ndipo nkhalango zamitengo yayitali kwambiri zimamera pakati pa minda: m'munsimu m'mayenje achinyezi. kulima mtengo wa khofi; pamwamba pa kanjedza, mitengo ya mkuyu; minda yamphesa yophatikizana ndi nzimbe; kulinso tirigu m’minda, koma mpunga wochuluka…”.
Kubwerera kuchokera ku ukapolo, Chernyshevsky anakakhala ku Astrakhan ndipo kumeneko anakumananso ndi Olga Sokratovna, m'makalata awo omwe sanalankhulenso za zakudya, koma za kuopa kukhalapo, zovuta zolembalemba ndi ntchito yomasulira, za ndondomeko yofalitsa Baibulo la Chirasha. ya Brockhaus encyclopedia ndi amphaka ake awiri. Kamodzi kokha komwe Chernyshevsky amatchula "zipatso za ku Perisiya zomwe mumandiuza nthawi zonse kuti nditenge" kutchulidwa kwachiwiri kwa chakudya kumapezeka mu akaunti yodziwika bwino ya ndalama, ngakhale zazing'ono kwambiri: "nsomba (zouma)" zidagulidwa kwa iye 13 kopecks.
Chifukwa chake, chidziwitso chokhudza "malingaliro okonda zamasamba" a Chernyshevsky ndi zizolowezi zake zidatsikira kwa ife kokha chifukwa cha miyeso yopondereza ya ulamuliro wa tsarist: akadapanda kuthamangitsidwa, ndiye mwina sitikanadziwa chilichonse.