Ku France monga ku Canada, tikuwona kusagwirizana m'maphunziro ndi ntchito zamaluso zokhudzana ndi jenda la anthu. Ngakhale kuti atsikana amachita bwino pa maphunziro awo kusiyana ndi anyamata, amakonda kwambiri magawo a zolembalemba ndi maphunziro apamwamba, omwe ndi njira zopanda phindu kusiyana ndi za sayansi, zaumisiri ndi zamakampani zomwe anyamata amasankha. Malinga ndi olemba Couppié ndi Epiphane, umu ndi momwe amataya ” gawo la phindu la kupambana kwabwinoko pamaphunziro “. Kusankha kwawo ntchito n'kopanda phindu kwenikweni pazachuma, koma bwanji ponena za kufunika kwake ku chisangalalo ndi kukhutitsidwa? Tsoka ilo tikudziwa kuti machitidwe amakatswiriwa amabweretsa zovuta pakuphatikizana kwa akatswiri azimayi, ziwopsezo zazikulu za ulova komanso zikhalidwe zowopsa ... 

Mu 1981, Linda Gottfredson adapititsa patsogolo chiphunzitso choyimira ntchito. Malinga ndi omalizirawo, ana choyamba amazindikira kuti ntchito zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kugonana, ndiye kuti ntchito zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi milingo yosiyana ya kutchuka kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, ali ndi zaka 13, achinyamata onse amakhala ndi mapu ozindikira omwe amaimira akatswiri. Ndipo adzagwiritsa ntchito kukhazikitsa a gawo la zisankho zovomerezeka za ntchito molingana ndi 3 mfundo: 

• kugwirizana kwa kugonana koganiziridwa kwa ntchito iliyonse ndi chidziwitso cha jenda
• kugwirizana kwa mlingo wozindikiridwa wa kutchuka kwa ntchito iliyonse ndikumverera kukhala ndi kuthekera kokwaniritsa ntchitoyi
• kufunitsitsa kuchita chilichonse chofunikira kuti apeze ntchito yomwe akufuna.

Mapu awa a "ntchito zovomerezeka" angatsimikizire momwe maphunziro akuyendera komanso kusintha komwe kungachitike panthawi yantchitoyo.

Mu 1990, kufufuza kunasonyeza kuti anyamata ‘ntchito zomwe ankakonda kwambiri zinali ntchito zasayansi, wapolisi, zojambulajambula, mlimi, kalipentala, ndi mmisiri wa zomangamanga, pamene ntchito zimene atsikana ankakonda kwambiri zinali za mphunzitsi, mphunzitsi wa kusekondale, mlimi, zojambulajambula, mlembi. ndi grocer. Muzochitika zonse, ndi chifukwa cha jenda chomwe chimakhala patsogolo pa chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Komabe, ngakhale kuti anyamata amasamalira kwambiri malipiro a ntchito zosiyanasiyana zokhumbitsidwa, nkhawa za atsikana zimangoyang'ana kwambiri pa moyo wa anthu ndi kuyanjanitsa maudindo a banja ndi akatswiri.

Maganizo olakwikawa amapezeka ali aang'ono kwambiri makamaka kumayambiriro kwa sukulu ya pulayimale. 

Mu 1996, Gottfredson anapereka lingaliro la kunyengerera. Malinga ndi omalizawa, kunyengerera kumatanthauzidwa ngati njira yomwe anthu amasinthira zokhumba zawo kuti akhale ndi zisankho zenizeni komanso zofikiridwa ndi akatswiri.

Malinga ndi a Gottfredson, kulolerana komwe kumatchedwa “koyambirira” kumachitika munthu akazindikira kuti ntchito yomwe amailakalaka si njira yofikirika kapena yotheka. Zomwe zimatchedwa "zoyeserera" zimachitikanso ngati munthu asintha zokhumba zake potengera zomwe adakumana nazo poyesa kupeza ntchito kapena zomwe adakumana nazo kusukulu.

The zoyembekezeka amalumikizidwa ndi malingaliro osatheka ndipo osati chifukwa cha zochitika zenizeni pamsika wantchito: chifukwa chake amawonekera kale ndipo amakhudza kusankha ntchito yamtsogolo.

Mu 2001, Patton ndi Creed adawona kuti achinyamata amadzimva kukhala otsimikiza za ntchito yawo yaukadaulo pomwe zenizeni zopanga zisankho zili kutali (pafupifupi zaka 13): Atsikana amadzidalira kwambiri chifukwa amadziwa bwino zaukadaulo.

Koma chodabwitsa n’chakuti, patatha zaka 15, anyamata ndi atsikana amakhalanso osatsimikiza. Ali ndi zaka 17, pamene chisankho chayandikira, atsikana amayamba kukayikira ndikukhala ndi kusatsimikizika kwakukulu pakusankha ntchito ndi dziko la akatswiri kusiyana ndi anyamata.

Mu 1996 Holland adapereka lingaliro latsopano lozikidwa pa "kusankha ntchito". Imasiyanitsa magulu 6 a zokonda za akatswiri, chilichonse chikugwirizana ndi mbiri yamunthu:

• Zosatheka
• Wofufuzira
• Zaluso
• Social
• zokopa
• ochiritsira

Malinga ndi Holland, jenda, mitundu ya umunthu, chilengedwe, chikhalidwe (zokumana nazo za anthu omwe si amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ochokera kumtundu womwewo mwachitsanzo) komanso chikoka cha banja (kuphatikiza zoyembekeza, luso lakumverera) zipangitsa kuti zitheke kuyembekezera akatswiri. zofuna za achinyamata.