Choyamba, tiyeni tinene kuti cocaine (komanso amphetamines) amaikidwa m'gulu la othandizira omwe amanenedwa kukhala. chapakati mantha dongosolo stimulants. Ngakhale zambiri zomwe zafotokozedwa pano zikugwiranso ntchito pa kudalira mowa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, pali umboni wina womwe umakhudza makamaka banja la mankhwala.

Timalankhula za kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo pamene wogwiritsa ntchito amalephera mobwerezabwereza kukwaniritsa udindo wake kuntchito, kusukulu kapena kunyumba. Kapena kuti amagwiritsa ntchito chinthucho ngakhale kuti ali pachiwopsezo chakuthupi, zovuta zamalamulo, kapena zomwe zimatsogolera kumavuto ammagulu kapena anthu.

Kudalira imadziwika ndi kulolerana, ndiko kunena kuti kuchuluka kwa mankhwala zofunika kupeza zotsatira chomwecho kumawonjezera; Zizindikiro zosiya kumwa mukasiya kumwa, kukwera kwachulukidwe komanso kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Wogwiritsa ntchito amathera nthawi yake yambiri kuzinthu zokhudzana ndi kumwa, ndipo akupitirizabe ngakhale zotsatira zake zoipa.

Kuledzera ndikuchita mokakamizika kudya chinthu popanda kutengera zotsatira zoyipa (zachikhalidwe, zamalingaliro komanso zathupi) zakugwiritsa ntchito izi. Chizoloŵezi chikuwoneka kuti chikukula pamene kugwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza kwa chinthucho kumasintha ma neuroni ena (maselo a mitsempha) mu ubongo. Tikudziwa kuti minyewa imamasula ma neurotransmitters (mankhwala osiyanasiyana) kuti azilumikizana wina ndi mnzake; neuron iliyonse imatha kumasula ndi kulandira ma neurotransmitters (kudzera mu zolandilira). Amakhulupirira kuti zolimbikitsa izi zimayambitsa kusintha kwa thupi kwa zolandilira zina mu ma neuron, motero zimakhudza momwe amagwirira ntchito. Izi sizingakhale bwino, ngakhale mutasiya kumwa. Kuphatikiza apo, zolimbikitsa zapakati pamitsempha (kuphatikiza cocaine) zimachulukitsa ma neurotransmitters atatu muubongo: Dopamine norepinephrine ndi Serotonin.

Dopamine. Nthawi zambiri amamasulidwa ndi ma neuron kuti ayambitse kukhutitsidwa ndikupereka mphotho. Dopamine akuwoneka kuti ndiye wamkulu wa neurotransmitter wolumikizidwa ndi vuto la kumwerekera, chifukwa zokhutiritsa zokhutiritsa sizimayambikanso muubongo mwa ogwiritsa ntchito cocaine.

Norépinéphrine. Kaŵirikaŵiri amatulutsidwa chifukwa cha kupsinjika maganizo, kumapangitsa kugunda kwa mtima, kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi zizindikiro zina za matenda oopsa. Nkhaniyi ikukumana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito zamagalimoto, ndikugwedezeka pang'ono m'malekezero.

Serotonin. Serotonin imathandiza kuwongolera maganizo, chilakolako ndi kugona. Lili ndi ntchito yodekha pathupi.

Kafukufuku waposachedwapa akusonyeza kuti mankhwala osokoneza bongo amasintha ntchito ya ubongo m’njira imene imapitirizabe munthu akasiya kugwiritsa ntchito. Mavuto azaumoyo, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ntchito zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatsagana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito molakwika zinthu izi sizimathera pomwe kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwayimitsidwa. Akatswiri amawona kuledzera ngati vuto lalikulu. Cocaine ikuwoneka ngati mankhwala omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kumwerekera, chifukwa champhamvu yake yosangalatsa komanso kuchitapo kanthu mwachangu.

Chiyambi cha cocaine

Masamba a Erythroxyloncoca, chomera chomwe chimachokera ku Peru ndi Bolivia, chinatafunidwa ndi Amwenye Achimereka ogonjetsa amene anayamikira zotsatira zake za tonic. Chomerachi chinathandizanso kuchepetsa kumva njala ndi ludzu. Sizinali mpaka pakati pa XIX^e m'ma XNUMX kuti cocaine weniweni wachotsedwa ku chomera ichi. Pa nthawi imeneyo, madokotala ankagwiritsa ntchito ngati mankhwala a tonic mu mankhwala ambiri. Zotsatira zake zovulaza sizinadziwike. Thomas Edison ndi Sigmund Freud ndi ogwiritsa ntchito awiri otchuka. Kukhalapo kwake ngati chophatikizira mu chakumwa choyambirira cha "coca-cola" mwina ndichodziwika bwino (chakumwacho sichinalowemo kwa zaka zingapo).

Mafomu a cocaine

Anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo a cocaine amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu iwiri ya mankhwala awa: cocaine hydrochloride ndi crack (ufulu). Cocaine hydrochloride ndi ufa woyera womwe umatha kuphunthwa, kusuta, kapena kusungunuka m'madzi kenako kubayidwa kudzera m'mitsempha. Crack imapezeka ndi kusintha kwa mankhwala a cocaine hydrochloride kuti apeze phala lolimba lomwe limatha kusuta.

Kuchuluka kwa chizolowezi

Bungwe la US National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) lati chiwerengero cha anthu omwe amagwiritsa ntchito cocaine ndi crack chatsika m’zaka khumi zapitazi.¹. Kuchuluka kwa Cocaine ndizomwe zimayambitsa kugonekedwa chifukwa chamankhwala m'zipatala ku United States ndi Europe. Malinga ndi kafukufuku waku Canada, kuchuluka kwa kugwiritsa ntchito kokeni pakati pa anthu aku Canada mu 1997 kunali 0,7%², mlingo wofanana ndi wa United States. Uku ndikutsika kuchokera pamlingo wa 3% mu 1985, womwe unali kuchuluka kwakukulu komwe kunanenedwa. Malinga ndi kafukufuku womwewu, amuna ali ndi mwayi wowirikiza kawiri kuti afotokoze kugwiritsa ntchito kokeni kuposa akazi.