Wamba spruce

Wamba spruce (Picea abies) mtundu wakale kwambiri wobiriwira wa banja la paini, chowonda komanso chokongola chamitengo yayitali chokhala ndi piramidi yayikulu korona. M'chilengedwe, imafika kutalika kwa 50 m. Thunthu lake lolunjika limatha kufika 1 - 2 m m'mimba mwake. Pamwamba pa spruce nthawi zonse imakhala yakuthwa, nthambi zimakula mopingasa kapena zokwezeka mmwamba. Khungwa lake ndi lofiira kapena imvi. Singanozo ndi zazifupi, 15-20 mm kutalika, zobiriwira zobiriwira kapena zobiriwira zakuda, zokhala ndi fungo lodziwika bwino. Ngakhale tikukamba za conifers ngati zobiriwira nthawi zonse, kwenikweni, singano zimakhala ndi moyo wawo: mu spruce, zimakhala pamtengo kwa zaka 6 mpaka 12.

Norway spruce ndiye chomera chodziwika bwino cha coniferous m'dziko lathu, mitundu yayikulu yopanga nkhalango. M'chilengedwe, mutha kupeza mitengo yopitilira zaka 250 - 300.

Ma cones a spruce wamba ndi oblong, cylindrical. M’moyo wawo, amasintha mtundu kuchoka ku wofiira kupita ku wobiriŵira, ndipo akamakula, amakhala abulauni. Mbewuzo zimamwazikana mosavuta ndi mphepo chifukwa cha mapiko awo. Mbewu zimacha zaka 3-4 zilizonse, koma ma cones akale amatha kupachika pamtengo kwa nthawi yopitilira chaka chimodzi.

M'zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana, spruce amaonedwa kuti ndi chizindikiro cha moyo wosatha, kulimba mtima ndi kukhulupirika. Koma m'dziko Lathu, sanabzalidwe pafupi ndi nyumbayo - izi zimawoneka ngati zabodza. Zonse chifukwa ndi zabwino ... zimayaka. Ndipo ngati mwadzidzidzi m’nyumba ina munayaka moto, mtengowo unkayaka ngati machesi, n’kugwa n’kuyatsa motowo m’nyumba zina. Koma tsopano idabzalidwa mofunitsitsa m'malo ambiri: mitundu yaying'ono ndi zida zomangira zosatentha zawonekera.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya spruce

Koma tsopano spruce wamba ndi wotchuka kwambiri pakupanga malo chifukwa cha kukana chisanu, kulolerana kwa mthunzi, ndipo koposa zonse, mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Nidiformis (Nidiformis). Ndi ya dwarf subspecies wa wamba spruce. Chomera chophatikizika chokongolachi chapambana malo ake m'minda yaying'ono. Shrub yokhala ndi chitsamba choyambirira chozungulira (m'mitengo yaing'ono imakhala yooneka ngati chisa), korona wandiweyani kwambiri wa nthambi zopyapyala zokhala ndi singano zobiriwira zopepuka kutalika zimangofika 1 - 1,2 m ndi 2,5 m m'lifupi. Koma ku makulidwe awa, ayenera kukula kwa nthawi yayitali - m'zaka 10, spruce sikhala 40 cm.

Mitunduyi imakhala yolimba kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira, popanda mavuto imapirira kutentha kwa mpweya mpaka -40 ° C. Imakhala yosasunthika ku dothi, ngakhale kuti imakula bwino pa nthaka yatsopano, yonyowa. Imakula bwino pakuwala kokwanira komanso pamthunzi pang'ono.

Zosiyanasiyana zidayambitsidwa mu chikhalidwe kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 1. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi okonza malo m'minda yamiyala ndi m'malire otsika (XNUMX). Pali chokumana nacho chabwino chokulitsa Nidiformis muzotengera.

Acrocona (Acrocona). Imodzi mwa mitundu yokongola kwambiri, yodziwika kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 3. Maonekedwe ake osakhazikika a korona, asymmetrically ndi arched atapachikidwa nthambi zimapatsa munda kupepuka. Acrocona wamkulu amafika kutalika kwa 3 m ndi korona m'lifupi mwake mpaka 12 m. Singano zobiriwira zakuda ndi zazifupi, zimasungidwa panthambi kwa zaka XNUMX. Ma cones okongola ambiri, omwe amakula kumapeto kwa mphukira, amakhala chokongoletsera chenicheni cha mtengo. Poyamba amakhala ofiira kwambiri, kenako amasanduka bulauni.

Zosiyanasiyana zimakula pang'onopang'ono, zimapirira chisanu mpaka -40 ° C, ndi photophilous, zimakonda dothi lachonde komanso lonyowa lomwe lili ndi mchere pang'ono.

M'mawonekedwe a malo, imatengedwa ngati tapeworm (chomera chimodzi). Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga minda yamiyala ndi yaku Japan.

Inverse (Inversa). Chimodzi mwazosangalatsa kwambiri pamutu wa "kulira spruce". Anapezeka ku England m'chaka cha 1884. Mtengo wokhala ndi korona yopapatiza, nthambi zakugwa zomwe zimapanga nsonga pansi. Kulitsani ngati chitsamba chomwe chimakula pang'onopang'ono pamtengo, kapena mubzale pa thunthu lalitali. Nthambi zolendewera zimakwanira bwino pa thunthu, kotero ngakhale mumtengo wachikulire, kutalika kwa korona sikudutsa 2,5 m.

Mitundu ya Inversa (2) imakhala yolimba kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira (imapirira mpaka -40 ° C), imatha kukula ngakhale m'mapiri ovuta. Amakonda malo owala, koma amatha kukula mumthunzi. Nthaka imakonda yonyowa, yopatsa thanzi, yolekerera ku acidic komanso zamchere.

Popanga mawonekedwe, imagwira ntchito ngati nyongolotsi yochititsa chidwi.

Wills Zwerg. Anayamba kugulitsidwa mwachangu kuyambira 1956. Ocheperako, akukula pang'onopang'ono, akafika zaka 30 amapeza kutalika kwa 2 m, koma samafikira mita imodzi m'lifupi. Korona ndi wokongola, wandiweyani, wooneka ngati pini kapena conical. Zikuwoneka zokongola kwambiri komanso zochititsa chidwi kumayambiriro kwa kukula kwa mphukira, zomwe, motsutsana ndi maziko a mdima wobiriwira, zimawonekera ndi kukula kwachikasu-lalanje. Ndipo m'chilimwe, mphukira zazing'ono zimasiyana mumtundu - zimakhala zobiriwira.

Mitunduyi imakhala yolimba kwambiri yozizira (mpaka -40 ° C), yowoneka bwino, ngakhale imatha kukula m'malo amthunzi. Imafunika dothi lotayidwa bwino komanso lachonde.

Popanga minda yaing'ono, imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nyongolotsi komanso m'magulu ngati chothandizira.

Mwala Wamtengo Wapatali. Chimodzi mwazinthu zazing'ono kwambiri komanso zochedwa kusintha kwa spruce. Zinapezeka m'ma 50s azaka zapitazi ku Holland. Korona ndi wooneka ngati khushoni, wandiweyani, nthambi zake ndi zazifupi, zokwezeka pang'ono. Singano ndi wosakhwima, woonda, mdima wobiriwira. M'chaka, motsutsana ndi maziko awa, kakulidwe kakang'ono kokhala ndi singano zobiriwira zobiriwira kumawoneka kochititsa chidwi kwambiri. Pofika zaka 10, mtengo wa Khirisimasi umakula mpaka kutalika kwa masentimita 20 okha. Ndipo pambuyo pa 50 cm, kukula kwake kumasiya. A mbali yaing'ono iyi ndi yakuti samamasula.

Mitengo ya spruce yosamva chisanu (mpaka -35 ° C), photophilous, imakonda dothi lonyowa komanso lopatsa thanzi.

Pakupanga malo, imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'minda yaying'ono ndi yaying'ono, mu rockeries ndi scree, ndipo imagwira ntchito m'mitsuko.

Kubzala spruce

Lamulo lofunika: musanagule mbande, muyenera kudziwa bwino malo obzala, pozindikira kukula kwa mbewuyo muzaka 10-20. Maspruce si mtundu wa zomera zomwe zimalekerera mosavuta kuyika. Kwa zomera zomwe zili ndi mizu yotsekedwa (ZKS), nthawi yabwino yobzala ndi kuyambira pakati pa Epulo mpaka Okutobala, mbande zokhala ndi mizu yotseguka - mpaka pakati pa Epulo ndi theka lachiwiri la Seputembala - koyambirira kwa Novembala.

Njira yabwino kwambiri ndi mbande mu chidebe kapena ndi dothi lodzaza ndi dothi. Dzenje lofikira liyenera kukonzedwa pasadakhale.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti zomera zazing'ono m'nyengo ziwiri zoyambirira zimatha kuvutika ndi kutentha kwa dzuwa, choncho kutetezedwa ku mphepo yowuma ndi dzuwa lowala kumapeto kwa nyengo yozizira kumafunika.

Norway spruce chisamaliro

Mitundu ndi mitundu ya spruce wamba ndi yosiyana, yolimba kwambiri m'nyengo yozizira (kupatulapo kawirikawiri), ena amakhala ndi zosamalira, koma nthawi zambiri chidziwitso choyambirira chimakhala chokwanira kuti mbewu zikule bwino, zathanzi komanso zolimba.

Ground

Mitengo ya spruce ya ku Norway imakula bwino pa dothi lonyowa pang'ono, lopanda madzi, komanso lachonde. Chabwino - loam wolemera pang'ono. Mitundu ina imafunikira dothi lokhala ndi mchere pang'ono, koma nthawi zambiri maspruce amakula bwino pa dothi lopanda asidi komanso lopanda ndale. Pa dothi lamchenga losauka, mukabzala m'maenje, dongo ndi humus zimawonjezeredwa mu chiŵerengero cha 1: 1.

Kuunikira

Mitundu yambiri imalekerera bwino kuwala kwa dzuwa, koma m'nyengo ziwiri zoyambirira, mitundu yaying'ono imafunikira shading. Mitundu yambiri imalekerera mthunzi, komabe, mawonekedwe okongola a korona amakula kokha ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa.

Kuthirira

Mwachilengedwe, spruce wamba amamera pa dothi lonyowa pang'ono, ngakhale nkhalango zambiri za spruce zimapezeka m'mapiri pomwe mulibe chinyezi. Komabe, pobzala, mitundu yonse ya spruce imafunikira kuthirira kwapamwamba, makamaka m'chaka choyamba.

Mukabzala, kuthirira kumafunika kamodzi pa sabata pamlingo wa 1 - 10 malita a madzi pa mbande osapitirira 12 m kutalika. M'nyengo yotentha, madzulo kapena m'mawa, kusamba kumakhala ndi phindu. Kuti musunge chinyezi, mabwalo a thunthu amatha kuphimbidwa ndi khungwa lakuda kapena utuchi wa conifers.

Pambuyo pa chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri, mitundu yambiri ya spruce ya ku Norway sikufunikanso kuthirira, ngakhale kuti imayankha bwino posamba pamasiku otentha.

Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa nyengo yozizira ya zomera zazing'ono ndikuthirira madzi. Ziribe kanthu momwe nthawi yophukira imanyowa, mu Okutobala, pansi pa mtengo uliwonse wa coniferous, malita 20-30 amadzi ayenera kuthiridwa pazitsamba zazing'ono ndi malita 50 pa mita imodzi ya kutalika kwa korona.

feteleza

Mukabzala, feteleza wa phosphorous-potaziyamu ndi utuchi wamtengo wapatali wa conifers amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Palibe manyowa kapena manyowa atsopano, komabe, komanso fetereza iliyonse ya nayitrogeni, komanso phulusa. Pansi pa mitundu yocheperako, ndizololedwa kuyika theka la ndowa ya kompositi wakucha bwino m'dzenje.

Kudyetsa

Pa dothi lachonde zaka 2 - 3 mutabzala, spruce safunikira kuvala pamwamba. M'tsogolomu, feteleza wapadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamagulu a thunthu. Singano zikasanduka zachikasu ndikugwa, komanso m'chaka choyamba, ndizothandiza kupopera korona ndi mayankho a Epin ndi Ferrovit.

Kubereketsa wamba spruce

Spruce akhoza kufalitsidwa m'njira zitatu.

Mbewu. Ndi njirayi, mawonekedwe amitundu yosiyanasiyana samasungidwa. Komabe, njirayi ndi yotchuka ndi omwe amafunikira zinthu zambiri zobzala, ndipo samafulumira. Ndi njira yakukula iyi, ndikofunikira kuti mbewuzo zikhale zatsopano komanso zokhazikika.

Inoculation. Izi ndizosankha kwa zomera zamitundumitundu - zimakulolani kusunga zizindikiro zonse za chomera cha mayi.

Zodula. Amagwiritsidwanso ntchito kufalitsa mitengo yamtundu wa fir. Koma pamafunika kuleza mtima, nthawi komanso kutsatira malamulo ambiri.

Kudulira kwa mizu kumatengedwa kuchokera ku zomera za mayi pa tsiku lamitambo kumapeto kwa Marichi - koyambirira kwa Epulo, ndikudula nthambi ndi chidendene - chidutswa cha khungwa la thunthu. Kudula bwino kuyenera kukhala 7-10 cm. Mukangokolola, malekezero a cuttings amayikidwa kwa tsiku mu njira yothetsera mizu (mwachitsanzo, Heteroauxin). Kenako zodulidwazo zimabzalidwa mumiphika yokhala ndi nthaka yachonde yopepuka pamtunda wa 30 °, kuzama ndi 2-3 cm. Miphika imayikidwa mu wowonjezera kutentha kapena yokutidwa ndi thumba la pulasitiki. Ndikofunikira kuwulutsa zobzala kamodzi patsiku.

Khalani oleza mtima - ndondomeko ya rooting ikhoza kutenga chaka chimodzi. Ndipo panthawiyi, ndikofunikira kuthirira ndi kuthirira mbewu pafupipafupi. Kamodzi pa masabata awiri aliwonse, mutha kuwonjezera njira yofooka ya Heteroauxin m'madzi.

M'chaka, zodulidwa zozikika zimabzalidwa kusukulu, zomwe zimakonzedwa pansi pa denga la mitengo. Pokhapokha patatha chaka chimodzi kapena ziwiri zomera zazikulu zingabzalidwe pamalo okhazikika.

Matenda a spruce wamba

Dzimbiri (spruce spinner). Ichi ndi matenda oyamba ndi fungus. Matendawa amadziwonetsera pa kotekisi mu mawonekedwe ang'onoang'ono, 0,5 masentimita awiri otupa a mtundu wa lalanje. Kenako singano zimayamba kusanduka zachikasu ndikugwa. Ma cones amathanso kukhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri.

Ndikofunikira kale poyambira kusonkhanitsa singano ndi ma cones omwe ali ndi matenda, kudula ndikuwotcha nthambi zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi bowa, ndikuchiza mbewu ndi Hom (copper oxychloride) (3) kapena Rakurs. Pofuna kupewa, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi madzi a Bordeaux kumachitika.

Shutte. Ngakhale kuti mitengo ya paini imakonda kudwala matendawa, Schütte (nkhungu ya chipale chofewa) nthawi zambiri imakhudza mitengo ya spruce ya ku Norway. Choyambitsa chake ndi bowa. Imadzaza zomera m'dzinja. Mofulumira akufotokozera m'nyengo yozizira, makamaka pansi matalala. M'chaka, singano zofiirira zokhala ndi zokutira zoyera zimawonekera pa zomera. Singano odwala akhoza kukhala pa spruce kwa chaka china. Izi zimabweretsa kuyimitsa kukula kwa mbewu, ndipo nthawi zina kufa.

Chithandizocho chimaphatikizapo kuchotsa nthambi zomwe zakhudzidwa ndikuchiza mbewuzo katatu ndi kukonzekera kwa Hom kapena Rakurs (3).

Tizilombo ta spruce

Spider mite. Tizilombo tambiri timene timaswana kwambiri m'miyezi yotentha. Nkhupakupa kubaya singano, kumwa timadziti, kusiya ting'onoting'ono mawanga achikasu pa iwo. Ndi matenda amphamvu, singano zimasanduka zofiirira ndi kusweka. Ukonde umawonekera panthambi.

Kupewa - kuthira korona nthawi zonse ndi madzi. Chithandizo - kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi Actellik, Antiklesch, Fitoverm. Ndikofunika kuchita zosachepera 3 mankhwala kuyambira June mpaka September.

Spruce sawfly. Kachilombo kakang'ono kamakhala ndi mphutsi zomwe zimadya singanozo. Sikophweka kwambiri kuzindikira kuwukira kwa sawfly poyamba - mphutsi zimalumikizana ndi singano. Koma singano zazing'ono zikasanduka zofiira-bulauni, ziyenera kuchitidwa mwamsanga kuteteza zomera.

Mankhwala a Pinocid amagwira ntchito kuchokera ku sawfly. Mtengowo umathiridwa ndi yankho osachepera kawiri, ndikofunikanso kutaya mabwalo apafupi ndi tsinde ndi yankho - mphutsi zimakumba pansi. Mu gawo loyambirira la matenda, kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa ndi Actellik kapena Fury ndikothandiza.

Spruce leaflet-needleworm. Gulugufe wa njenjete amawononga mphutsi ndi mphutsi zomwe zimaluma mu singano, kupanga migodi. Patapita nthawi, singanozo zimakutidwa ndi ma cobwebs ndikusweka.

Calypso ndi Confidor amalimbana ndi nyongolotsi zamasamba. Ndi zilonda pang'ono, mankhwala awiri kapena atatu a nthambi zomwe zakhudzidwa ndi sopo wobiriwira ndizokwanira.

Spruce chishango chabodza. Nthawi zambiri zimakhudza achinyamata zomera. Tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timakhazikika pa khungwa ndi singano, zomwe zimawonekera ndi zokutira zomata. Zomera zimaponderezedwa, singano zimasanduka zofiirira ndikugwa, nthambi zimapindika ndikuuma.

Zothandiza kwambiri polimbana ndi tizirombozi ndi Aktara ndi Confidor.

Mafunso ndi mayankho otchuka

Tinafunsa za spruce wamba Agronomist Oleg Ispolatov - adayankha mafunso otchuka kwambiri a anthu okhala m'chilimwe.

Magwero a

1. Stupakova OM, Aksyanova T.Yu. Zopangidwa kuchokera ku zomera zosatha za herbaceous, zamtengo wapatali komanso zowonongeka m'matawuni // Conifers of the boreal zone, 2013, https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/kompozitsii-iz-mnogoletnih-travyanistyh-drevesnyh-hvoynyh-i-listvenn -rasteniy -v-ozelenenii-gorodov
2. Gerd Krussman. Mitundu ya Coniferous. // M., Makampani a matabwa, 1986, masamba 257.
3. Gulu la boma la mankhwala ophera tizilombo ndi agrochemicals omwe amaloledwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'gawo la Federation kuyambira pa Julayi 6, 2021 // Unduna wa Zaulimi wa Federation
4. https://mcx.gov.ru/ministry/departments/departament-rastenievodstva-mekhanizatsii-khimizatsii-i-zashchity-rasteniy/industry-information/info-gosudarstvennaya-usluga-po-gosudarstvennoy-registratsii-pestitsidov-i-agrokhimikatov/