M'mapazi a Buddha
Pamene Chibuda chinayamba kufalikira chakum’maŵa kuchokera ku India, chinali ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu pa maiko onse amene anakumana panjira yake, kuphatikizapo China, Korea ndi Japan. Buddhism idabwera ku Japan cha m'ma 552 AD. Mu Epulo 675 AD mfumu ya ku Japan Tenmu inaletsa kudya nyama zonse za miyendo inayi, kuphatikizapo ng'ombe, akavalo, agalu ndi anyani, komanso nyama ya nkhuku (nkhuku, tambala). Wolamulira aliyense wotsatira nthawi ndi nthawi ankalimbitsa lamuloli, mpaka kudya nyama kunathetsedwa m'zaka za zana la 10.
Ku China ndi ku Korea, amonke achibuda amatsatira mfundo ya “ahimsa” kapena kusachita chiwawa m’zakudya zawo, koma zoletsedwazi sizinagwire ntchito kwa anthu wamba. Koma ku Japan, mfumuyo inali yokhwimitsa zinthu kwambiri ndipo inkalamulira m’njira yobweretsa anthu ake ku ziphunzitso za Buddha za kusachita chiwawa. Kupha nyama zoyamwitsa kunalingaliridwa kukhala tchimo lalikulu kwambiri, mbalame ndi uchimo wapakatikati, ndipo nsomba zinali tchimo laling’ono. Anthu a ku Japan ankadya anamgumi, amene masiku ano tikudziwa kuti ndi nyama zoyamwitsa, koma kalelo ankaonedwa kuti ndi nsomba zazikulu kwambiri.
Anthu a ku Japan anasiyanitsanso nyama zoweta m’banja ndi nyama zakutchire. Kupha nyama zakutchire monga mbalame kunkaonedwa kuti ndi tchimo. Kupha nyama imene munthu anakula kuyambira pa kubadwa kwake kunali konyansa kwambiri - kunali kofanana ndi kupha mmodzi wa anthu a m'banjamo. Chifukwa chake, chakudya cha ku Japan chinali makamaka mpunga, Zakudyazi, nsomba, ndipo nthawi zina masewera.
M’nyengo ya Heian (794-1185 AD), bukhu la Engishiki la malamulo ndi miyambo linanena kuti kusala kudya kwa masiku atatu monga chilango cha kudya nyama. Panthawi imeneyi, munthu, akuchita manyazi ndi khalidwe lake loipa, sayenera kuyang'ana mulungu (chifaniziro) cha Buddha.
M'zaka zotsatira, Ise Shrine adayambitsa malamulo okhwima - omwe amadya nyama amayenera kufa ndi njala kwa masiku 100; wodya ndi wodya nyama anasala kudya masiku 21; + kabili uwalya, na uulelya, na ulya ulya alelya, alekabila ukulya + inshiku cinelubali (7). Choncho, panali udindo wina ndi kulapa kwa magawo atatu odetsedwa ndi chiwawa chokhudzana ndi nyama.
Kwa anthu a ku Japan, ng'ombe inali nyama yopatulika kwambiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito mkaka ku Japan sikunali kofala. Nthaŵi zambiri, alimi ankagwiritsa ntchito ng’ombe ngati ng’ombe polima m’minda.
Pali umboni wina wakumwa mkaka m'magulu olemekezeka. Panali zochitika pamene zonona ndi batala zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito kulipira msonkho. Komabe, ng’ombe zambiri zinali zotetezedwa ndipo zinkangoyendayenda mwamtendere m’minda yachifumu.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zamkaka zomwe tikudziwa kuti anthu a ku Japan ankagwiritsa ntchito daigo. Mawu amakono achijapani akuti "daigomi", kutanthauza "gawo labwino kwambiri", amachokera ku dzina la mkaka uwu. Lapangidwa kuti lidzutse malingaliro akuya a kukongola ndi kupereka chisangalalo. Mophiphiritsira, "daigo" amatanthauza gawo lomaliza la kuyeretsedwa panjira yopita ku kuunikira. Kutchulidwa koyamba kwa daigo kumapezeka mu Nirvana Sutra, pomwe chotsatira chinaperekedwa:
Kuchokera ku ng'ombe kupita ku mkaka watsopano, kuchokera ku mkaka watsopano kupita ku zonona, kuchokera ku kirimu kupita ku mkaka wosakanizika, kuchokera ku mkaka wothira mpaka batala, kuchokera ku batala kupita ku ghee (daigo). Daigo ndiye wabwino koposa. " (Nirvana Sutra).
Raku anali mankhwala ena a mkaka. Akuti anapangidwa kuchokera ku mkaka wosakaniza ndi shuga n’kuwiritsa n’kukhala chidutswa cholimba. Ena amati unali mtundu wa tchizi, koma kufotokoza kumeneku kumamveka ngati burfi. Zaka mazana ambiri mafiriji asanakhalepo, njira iyi idapangitsa kuti zitheke kunyamula ndi kusunga mapuloteni amkaka. Zakudya za raku zinkagulitsidwa, kudyedwa kapena kuwonjezeredwa ku tiyi wotentha.
Kufika kwa alendo
Pa August 15, 1549, Francis Xavier, mmodzi wa anthu amene anayambitsa bungwe la Jesuit Catholic Order, anafika pamodzi ndi amishonale achipwitikizi ku Japan m’mphepete mwa Nagasaki. Iwo anayamba kulalikira Chikhristu.
Panthaŵiyo Japan inali yogaŵikana pazandale. Olamulira ambiri osagwirizana ankalamulira madera osiyanasiyana, mitundu yonse ya mapangano ndi nkhondo zinachitika. Oda Nobunaga, samurai, ngakhale adabadwa wamba, adakhala m'modzi mwa anthu atatu akuluakulu omwe adagwirizanitsa Japan. Amadziwikanso kuti amakhala ndi Ajesuit kuti azilalikira, ndipo mu 1576, ku Kyoto, anachirikiza kukhazikitsidwa kwa mpingo woyamba wachikristu. Ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chinali chithandizo chake chimene chinagwedeza chisonkhezero cha ansembe Achibuda.
Pachiyambi, Ajezuiti anali kungoonerera chabe. Ku Japan, adapeza chikhalidwe chachilendo kwa iwo, choyeretsedwa komanso chotukuka kwambiri. Iwo anaona kuti anthu a ku Japan ankakonda kwambiri ukhondo ndipo ankasamba tsiku lililonse. Zinali zachilendo komanso zachilendo masiku amenewo. Njira yolembera a ku Japan inalinso yosiyana - kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi, osati kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja. Ndipo ngakhale kuti Ajapani anali ndi gulu lankhondo lamphamvu la Samurai, adagwiritsabe ntchito malupanga ndi mivi pankhondo.
Mfumu ya ku Portugal sinapereke ndalama zothandizira amishonale ku Japan. M’malo mwake, Ajesuit analoledwa kuchita nawo malondawo. Pambuyo pa kutembenuka kwa Daimyo (mbuye wa feudal) wakumaloko Omura Sumitada, mudzi waung’ono wa asodzi wa Nagasaki unaperekedwa kwa Ajesuit. M’nthaŵi imeneyi, amishonale achikristu anadzisonkhezera kumwera kwa Japan konse ndipo anatembenuza Kyushu ndi Yamaguchi (zigawo za Daimyo) kukhala Chikristu.
Malonda amtundu uliwonse anayamba kuyenda ku Nagasaki, ndipo amalondawo analemera kwambiri. Chochititsa chidwi kwambiri chinali mfuti za Chipwitikizi. Pamene amishonalewo anakulitsa chisonkhezero chawo, anayamba kuyambitsa kugwiritsira ntchito nyama. Poyamba, izi zinali "kusagwirizana" kwa amishonale akunja omwe "amafunikira nyama kuti akhale athanzi". Koma kupha nyama ndi kudya nyama kunafalikira kulikonse kumene anthu anatembenuzidwira ku chikhulupiriro chatsopanocho. Tikuwona kutsimikizira kwa izi: mawu achijapani yochokera ku Chipwitikizi .
Limodzi la magulu a chikhalidwe cha anthu linali "Eta" (kumasulira malemba - "kuchuluka kwa dothi"), omwe oimira awo ankaonedwa kuti ndi odetsedwa, popeza ntchito yawo inali yoyeretsa mitembo yakufa. Masiku ano amadziwika kuti Burakumin. Ng'ombe sizinaphedwepo. Komabe, kalasi imeneyi inaloledwa kupanga ndi kugulitsa katundu kuchokera ku khungu la ng'ombe zomwe zinafa chifukwa cha chilengedwe. Pokhala m’zochita zodetsedwa, iwo anali pansi pa makwerero a chikhalidwe cha anthu, ambiri a iwo anatembenuzidwira ku Chikristu ndipo anali kuloŵerera m’ntchito yomakula nyama.
Koma kufalikira kwa kudya nyama kunali chiyambi chabe. Pa nthawiyo, dziko la Portugal linali limodzi mwa mayiko amene ankagulitsa akapolo. Ajezuiti anathandiza pa malonda a akapolo kudzera mumzinda wa Nagasaki. Idadziwika kuti malonda a "Nanban" kapena "akunja akumwera". Azimayi zikwizikwi a ku Japan anagulitsidwa mwankhanza kuukapolo padziko lonse lapansi. Kulumikizana pakati pa mfumu ya Portugal, Joao III ndi Papa, zomwe zinasonyeza mtengo wa wokwera wachilendo wotere - atsikana 50 a ku Japan pa mbiya 1 ya saltpeter ya Jesuit (cannon powder).
Pamene olamulira akumaloko anatembenuzidwira ku Chikristu, ambiri a iwo anakakamiza nzika zawo kuti nawonso atembenukire ku Chikristu. Komano, Ajezuiti ankaona kuti malonda a zida zankhondo ndi njira imodzi yosinthira mphamvu zandale pakati pa magulu ankhondo osiyanasiyana. Anapereka zida kwa a Christian daimyo ndipo adagwiritsa ntchito magulu awo ankhondo kuti awonjezere mphamvu zawo. Olamulira ambiri anali okonzeka kutembenukira ku Chikhristu podziwa kuti apambana otsutsana nawo.
Akuti panali anthu pafupifupi 300,000 amene anatembenuka m’zaka makumi angapo. Kusamala tsopano kwaloŵedwa m’malo ndi kudzidalira. Akachisi akale a Chibuda ndi tiakachisi tsopano ananyozedwa ndipo ankatchedwa "achikunja" ndi "oipa".
Zonsezi zidawonedwa ndi samurai Toyotomi Hideyoshi. Monga mphunzitsi wake, Oda Nobunaga, adabadwira m'banja losauka ndipo adakula kukhala mtsogoleri wamphamvu. Zolinga za Ajesuit zinam’kayikira pamene anaona kuti anthu a ku Spain asandutsa dziko la Philippines kukhala akapolo. Zimene zinachitika ku Japan zinamunyansa.
Mu 1587, General Hideyoshi anakakamiza wansembe wachiJesuit Gaspar Coelho kukumana ndikumupatsa "Redemptive Directive of the Jesusit Order". Chikalatachi chinali ndi zinthu 11, kuphatikizapo:
1) Imitsani malonda onse a akapolo aku Japan ndikubweza akazi onse achi Japan ochokera padziko lonse lapansi.
2) Lekani kudya nyama - pasakhale kupha ng'ombe kapena akavalo.
3) Lekani kunyoza akachisi achibuda.
4) Lekani kutembenuka mokakamizidwa kukhala mkhristu.
Ndi malangizo amenewa, anathamangitsa Ajesuit ku Japan. Pangopita zaka 38 kuchokera pamene anafika. Kenako anatsogolera ankhondo ake kupyola m’maiko akummwera akunja. Pamene ankagonjetsa madera amenewa, anaona ndi kunyansidwa ndi nyama zambiri zophedwa zitatayidwa pafupi ndi masitolo a m’misewu. Kudera lonselo, adayamba kukhazikitsa Kosatsu - zizindikiro zochenjeza anthu za malamulo a Samurai. Ndipo pakati pa malamulowa pali “Osadya Nyama”.
Nyama sinali chabe “yochimwa” kapena “yodetsedwa.” Nyama tsopano inagwirizanitsidwa ndi chisembwere cha akunja akunja—ukapolo wa kugonana, kuchitira nkhanza zachipembedzo, ndi kugonjetsa ndale.
Hideyoshi atamwalira mu 1598, Samurai Tokugawa Ieyasu anayamba kulamulira. Anaonanso ntchito yaumishonale Yachikristu kukhala “gulu lankhondo” logonjetsa Japan. Pofika m’chaka cha 1614, analetsa Chikristu kotheratu, ponena kuti “chimaipitsa makhalidwe abwino” ndipo chimayambitsa magawano andale. Zikuoneka kuti m’zaka zotsatira Akhristu pafupifupi atatu anaphedwa, ndipo ambiri anasiya kapena kubisa chikhulupiriro chawo.
Pomalizira pake, mu 1635, Lamulo la Sakoku (“Dziko Lotsekedwa”) linatsekereza Japan ku chisonkhezero chachilendo. Palibe wa Ajapani amene analoledwa kuchoka ku Japan, komanso kubwererako ngati mmodzi wa iwo anali kunja. Sitima zamalonda za ku Japan zinatenthedwa ndi kumira m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Alendo adathamangitsidwa ndipo malonda ochepa adaloledwa kudzera pachilumba chaching'ono cha Dejima ku Nagasaki Bay. Chilumbachi chinali mamita 120 ndi mamita 75 ndipo sichilola alendo oposa 19 panthawi imodzi.
Kwa zaka 218 zotsatira, dziko la Japan linakhala lodzipatula koma lokhazikika pazandale. Popanda nkhondo, a Samurai anayamba kuchita ulesi pang’onopang’ono ndipo anayamba kuchita chidwi ndi miseche yaposachedwapa. Sosaite inali pansi pa ulamuliro. Ena anganene kuti inaponderezedwa, koma ziletso zimenezi zinalola Japan kusungabe chikhalidwe chake chamwambo.
Akunja abwerera
Pa July 8, 1853, Commodore Perry analowa m’mphepete mwa likulu la Edo ndi zombo zinayi zankhondo za ku America zikupuma utsi wakuda. Iwo anatsekereza gombelo ndi kudula chakudya cha m’dzikolo. Anthu a ku Japan, omwe anadzipatula kwa zaka 218, anali kumbuyo kwambiri mwaukadaulo ndipo sakanatha kufanana ndi zombo zankhondo zamakono zaku America. Chochitika ichi chinatchedwa "Black Sails".
Anthu a ku Japan anachita mantha, izi zinayambitsa vuto lalikulu la ndale. Commodore Perry, m’malo mwa United States, anafuna kuti dziko la Japan lisayine pangano lotsegula malonda aulere. Iye anawombera ndi mfuti zake mosonyeza mphamvu zake ndipo anawopseza chiwonongeko chotheratu ngati samvera. Pangano la mtendere la Japan ndi America (Pangano la Kanagawa) linasainidwa pa March 31, 1854. Pasanapite nthawi, asilikali a ku Britain, Dutch, ndi Russia anatsatira njira yofanana ndi imeneyi pofuna kukakamiza asilikali awo kuti azichita malonda mwaufulu ndi Japan.
Anthu a ku Japan anazindikira kuti ali pachiopsezo ndipo anaganiza kuti ayenera kusintha.
Kachisi wina waung'ono wachi Buddha, Gokusen-ji, wasinthidwa kuti alandire alendo akunja. Pofika m'chaka cha 1856, kachisiyo adakhala kazembe woyamba wa US ku Japan, motsogozedwa ndi Consul General Townsend Harris.
Pazaka 1, palibe ng'ombe imodzi yomwe yaphedwa ku Japan.
Mu 1856 Consul General Townsend Harris adabweretsa ng'ombe ku kazembe ndikuipha pabwalo la kachisi. Kenako iye, limodzi ndi womasulira wake Hendrik Heusken, anakazinga nyama yake ndi kuidya ndi vinyo.
Chochitikachi chinayambitsa chipwirikiti pakati pa anthu. Alimi mwamantha anayamba kubisa ng’ombe zawo. Heusken pomalizira pake anaphedwa ndi ronin (samurai wopanda nzeru) yemwe ankatsogolera ndawala yolimbana ndi alendo.
Koma ntchitoyo idamalizidwa - adapha nyama yopatulika kwambiri kwa aku Japan. Akuti izi ndi zomwe zidayambitsa Japan yamakono. Mwadzidzidzi "miyambo yakale" inachoka mu mafashoni ndipo anthu a ku Japan adatha kuchotsa njira zawo "zachikale" ndi "zambuyo". Kukumbukira chochitika ichi, mu 1931 nyumba ya kazembeyo idatchedwanso "Kachisi wa Ng'ombe Yophedwa". Chifaniziro cha Buddha, pamwamba pa chopondapo chokongoletsedwa ndi zithunzi za ng'ombe, chimayang'anira nyumbayo.
Kuyambira pamenepo, nyumba zophera nyama zinayamba kuonekera, ndipo kulikonse kumene ankatsegula, anthu ankachita mantha. Ajapani analingalira kuti zimenezi zinaipitsa malo awo okhala, kuwapangitsa kukhala odetsedwa ndi osayanjidwa.
Pofika m’chaka cha 1869, Unduna wa Zachuma ku Japan unakhazikitsa kampani yotchedwa guiba kaisha, yomwe inkagulitsa nyama ya ng’ombe kwa amalonda akunja. Kenaka, mu 1872, Mfumu Meiji inapereka Lamulo la Nikujiki Saitai, limene linathetsa mokakamiza ziletso ziŵiri zazikulu kwa amonke Achibuda: linawalola kukwatira ndi kudya nyama yang’ombe. Kenako, m’chaka chomwecho, Mfumu inalengeza poyera kuti iye ankakonda kudya ng’ombe ndi nkhosa.
Pa February 18, 1872, amonke khumi achibuda analowa m’nyumba ya Imperial Palace kuti aphe Mfumu. Amonke asanu anawomberedwa ndi kufa. Iwo ananena kuti kudya nyama kunali “kuwononga miyoyo” ya anthu a ku Japan ndipo kuyenera kuthetsedwa. Nkhani imeneyi inabisidwa ku Japan, koma uthenga wake unatuluka m’nyuzipepala ya ku Britain ya The Times.
Kenako Mfumuyo inathetsa gulu la asilikali a Samurai, n’kuika gulu lankhondo la Azungu, n’kuyamba kugula zida zamakono ku United States ndi ku Ulaya. Samurai ambiri adataya mwayi wawo usiku umodzi wokha. Tsopano malo awo anali pansi pa amalonda omwe ankapeza ndalama kuchokera ku malonda atsopano.
Kugulitsa nyama ku Japan
Ndi chilengezo chapoyera cha Emperor chokonda nyama, nyama idavomerezedwa ndi anzeru, andale ndi gulu lamalonda. Kwa anzeru, nyama idayikidwa ngati chizindikiro cha chitukuko ndi zamakono. Ndale, nyama inkawoneka ngati njira yopangira asilikali amphamvu - kupanga msilikali wamphamvu. Pazachuma, malonda a nyama anali ogwirizana ndi chuma ndi chitukuko cha gulu la amalonda.
Koma anthu ambiri ankaonabe nyama ngati chinthu chodetsedwa komanso chauchimo. Koma ntchito yolimbikitsa nyama kwa anthu ambiri yayamba. Njira imodzi - kusintha dzina la nyama - kunapangitsa kuti zisamvetsetse zomwe zilidi. Mwachitsanzo, nyama ya nguluwe inkatchedwa “botan” (maluwa a peony), nyama ya ng’ombe yotchedwa “momiji” (mapulo), ndipo nyama ya akavalo inkatchedwa “sakura” (maluwa a chitumbuwa). Masiku ano tikuwona njira yofananira yotsatsa malonda - Happy Mills, McNuggets ndi Woopers - mayina osazolowereka omwe amabisa chiwawa.
Kampani ina yogulitsa nyama idayendetsa kampeni yotsatsa mu 1871:
“Choyamba, chifukwa chomwe anthu ambiri amadana nacho nyama n’chakuti ng’ombe ndi nkhumba n’zambiri moti zimagwira ntchito yopha. Ndipo wamkulu ndani, ng'ombe kapena chinsomba? Palibe amene amaletsa kudya nyama ya namgumi. Kodi ndi nkhanza kupha munthu wamoyo? ndi kudula msana wa mbawala yamoyo kapena kudula mutu wa kamba wamoyo? Kodi nyama ya ng'ombe ndi mkaka ndizonyansa? Ng'ombe ndi nkhosa zimangodya tirigu ndi udzu, pamene phala la nsomba zowiritsa zopezeka ku Nihonbashi amapangidwa kuchokera ku shaki zomwe zimadya anthu omira. Ndipo ngakhale kuti msuzi wopangidwa kuchokera ku nkhumba zakuda [nsomba za m’nyanja zofala ku Asia] ndi wokoma, umapangidwa kuchokera ku nsomba zomwe zimadya ndowe za anthu zoponyedwa m’madzi ndi zombo. Ngakhale masamba a kasupe mosakayikira amakhala onunkhira komanso okoma kwambiri, ndikuganiza kuti mkodzo womwe adalumikizidwa nawo dzulo dzulo udalowetsedwa m'masamba. Kodi ng'ombe ndi mkaka zimanunkha? Kodi matumbo a nsomba zam'madzi samanunkhizanso? Thovu ndi zouma Pike nyama mosakayikira fungo kwambiri. Nanga bwanji biringanya zozifutsa ndi daikon radish? Kwa pickling yawo, njira "yachikale" imagwiritsidwa ntchito, malinga ndi zomwe mphutsi za tizilombo zimasakanizidwa ndi mpunga miso, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati marinade. Kodi si vuto lomwe timayambira pa zomwe tidazolowera komanso zomwe sitili? Ng'ombe ndi mkaka ndizopatsa thanzi komanso zabwino kwambiri mthupi. Izi ndi zakudya zofunika kwambiri kwa Azungu. Ife a ku Japan tiyenera kutsegula maso athu ndikuyamba kusangalala ndi ubwino wa ng'ombe ndi mkaka. "
Pang’ono ndi pang’ono, anthu anayamba kuvomereza mfundo yatsopanoyi.
Kuzungulira kwa chiwonongeko
Zaka makumi otsatira adawona Japan ikupanga mphamvu zankhondo komanso maloto okulitsa. Nyama idakhala yofunika kwambiri pazakudya za asitikali aku Japan. Ngakhale kuti nkhondo zotsatilapo ndi zazikulu kwambiri pa nkhaniyi, tikhoza kunena kuti dziko la Japan ndilomwe limayambitsa nkhanza zambiri ku Southeast Asia. Nkhondoyo itatsala pang’ono kutha, dziko la United States, lomwe poyamba linali logulitsa zida zankhondo ku Japan, linamaliza kupha zida zowononga kwambiri padziko lonse.
Pa July 16, 1945, chida choyamba cha atomiki, chotchedwa Utatu, chinayesedwa ku Alamogordo, New Mexico. “Atate wa Bomba la Atomiki” Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer panthaŵiyo anakumbukira mawu a m’lemba la Bhagavad Gita 11.32 akuti: “Tsopano ndasanduka imfa, wowononga maiko. Pansipa mutha kuwona momwe akuyankhira pa ndime iyi:
Kenako asitikali ankhondo aku US akuyang'ana ku Japan. M’zaka za nkhondo, mizinda yambiri ku Japan inali itawonongedwa kale. Purezidenti Truman adasankha zolinga ziwiri, Hiroshima ndi Kokura. Mizinda imeneyi inali isanakhudzidwebe ndi nkhondo. Poponya mabomba pazifukwa ziwirizi, a US akhoza kupeza "mayesero" ofunika kwambiri a zotsatira zake pa nyumba ndi anthu, ndikuphwanya chifuniro cha anthu a ku Japan.
Patapita milungu itatu, pa August 6, 1945, wophulitsa mabomba wa Enola Gay anaponya bomba la uranium lotchedwa “Mwana” kum’mwera kwa Hiroshima. Kuphulikaku kunapha anthu 80,000, ndipo ena 70,000 anafa m'milungu yotsatira chifukwa cha kuvulala kwawo.
Chotsatira chake chinali mzinda wa Kokura, koma mphepo yamkuntho yomwe inabwera inachedwetsa ndege. Pamene nyengo inasintha, pa August 9, 1945, ndi dalitso la ansembe aŵiri, The Fat Man, chida cha atomiki cha plutonium, chinakwezedwa m’ndege. Ndegeyo inanyamuka pachilumba cha Tinian (codename "Pontificate") ndikulamula kuti iphulitse mzinda wa Kokura poyang'aniridwa ndi maso.
Woyendetsa ndegeyo, Major Charles Sweeney, anawulukira ku Kokura, koma mzindawu sunawonekere chifukwa cha mitambo. Anayendanso ulendo wina, sanathenso kuwuona mzindawo. Mafuta anali kutha, anali m'gawo la adani. Anayesa kachitatu komaliza. Kachiŵirinso chivundikiro chamtambocho chinamlepheretsa kuwona chandamalecho.
Anakonzekera kubwerera ku maziko. Kenako mitambo idagawanika ndipo Major Sweeney adawona mzinda wa Nagasaki. Cholinga chinali chowonekera, adalamula kuti bomba ligwe. Anagwa m'chigwa cha Urakami mumzinda wa Nagasaki. Anthu oposa 40,000 anaphedwa nthawi yomweyo ndi lawi lamoto ngati dzuwa. N’kutheka kuti panali anthu enanso ambiri amene anafa, koma mapiri ozungulira chigwacho ankateteza mbali yaikulu ya mzindawo.
Umu ndi mmene maupandu aŵiri aakulu kwambiri ankhondo m’mbiri anachitira. Okalamba ndi achichepere, akazi ndi ana, athanzi ndi olumala, onse anaphedwa. Palibe amene anapulumuka.
Mu Chijapani, mawu akuti "mwayi ngati Kokura" adawonekera, kutanthauza chipulumutso chosayembekezereka ku chiwonongeko chonse.
Nkhani ya kuwonongedwa kwa Nagasaki itamveka, ansembe aŵiri amene anadalitsa ndegeyo anadabwa kwambiri. Onse aŵiri Atate a George Zabelka (Mkatolika) ndi William Downey (wa Lutheran) pambuyo pake anakana mitundu yonse ya ziwawa.
Nagasaki anali likulu la Chikhristu ku Japan ndipo Chigwa cha Urakami chinali likulu la Chikhristu ku Nagasaki. Pafupifupi zaka 396 pambuyo pake Francis Xavier anafika koyamba ku Nagasaki, Akristu anapha otsatira awo ambiri kuposa masamurai aliyense m’zaka zoposa 200 za chizunzo chawo.
Pambuyo pake, General Douglas MacArthur, Mtsogoleri Wachigwirizano Wapamwamba wa Occupation Japan, anasonkhezera mabishopu aŵiri Achikatolika a ku Amereka, John O’Hare ndi Michael Ready, kutumiza “amishonale zikwizikwi Achikatolika” panthaŵi imodzi “kuti adzaze malo opanda kanthu auzimu amene anadza chifukwa cha kugonjetsedwa koteroko” mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.
Aftermath & Modern Japan
Pa September 2, 1945, asilikali a ku Japan anagonja. M'zaka za ulamuliro wa US (1945-1952), mkulu wa asilikali olanda adayambitsa pulogalamu ya nkhomaliro ya sukulu yoyendetsedwa ndi USDA kuti "akhale ndi thanzi labwino" la ana a sukulu a ku Japan ndikuwaphunzitsa kuti azikonda nyama. Pofika kumapeto kwa ntchitoyo, chiwerengero cha ana omwe akugwira nawo ntchitoyi chinali chitakula kuchoka pa 250 kufika pa 8 miliyoni.
Koma ana asukulu anayamba kudwala matenda osadziwika bwino. Ena ankawopa kuti chinali chifukwa cha cheza chotsalira chochokera ku mabomba a atomiki. Matupi a ana asukulu anayamba kuonekera pa matupi a ana asukulu. Komabe, anthu a ku America anazindikira m’kupita kwa nthaŵi kuti anthu a ku Japan anali osagwirizana ndi nyama, ndipo chifukwa cha izo ming’oma.
Kwa zaka makumi angapo zapitazi, ku Japan kugulitsa nyama kuchokera kunja kwakula kwambiri ngati mmene amagulitsira nyama m’deralo.
Mu 1976, American Meat Exporters Federation inayamba ntchito yotsatsa nyama ya ku America ku Japan, yomwe inapitirira mpaka 1985, pamene Targeted Export Promotion Programme inakhazikitsidwa.TIYI). Mu 2002, bungwe la Meat Exporters' Federation linayambitsa kampeni ya "Welcome Beef", yomwe inatsatiridwa mu 2006 ndi kampeni ya "We Care". Ubale wachinsinsi ndi anthu pakati pa USDA ndi American Meat Exporters Federation wathandiza kwambiri kulimbikitsa kudya nyama ku Japan, motero kumapanga mabiliyoni a madola ku makampani ophera nyama ku US.
Zomwe zikuchitika pano zikuwonetsedwa mumutu waposachedwa ku McClatchy DC pa Disembala 8, 2014: "Kufuna Kwamphamvu kwa Lilime la Ng'ombe ku Japan Kumalimbikitsa Kutumiza Kumayiko Ena ku US."
Kutsiliza
Umboni wakale umatiwonetsa njira zomwe zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kulimbikitsa kudya nyama:
1) Pemphani kuti mukhale anthu ochepa achipembedzo/achilendo
2) Kutenga nawo gawo kwa magulu apamwamba
3) Kutenga nawo mbali kwamagulu apansi
4) Kugulitsa Nyama Pogwiritsa Ntchito Mayina Osazolowereka
5) Kupanga chithunzi cha nyama ngati chinthu chomwe chikuyimira zamakono, thanzi ndi chuma
6) Kugulitsa zida kuti apange kusakhazikika kwandale
7) Zowopseza ndi zochitika zankhondo kuti apange malonda aulere
8) Kuwononga kwathunthu & kupanga chikhalidwe chatsopano chomwe chimathandizira kudya nyama
9) Kupanga Pulogalamu ya Chakudya Chamadzulo Kusukulu Yophunzitsa Ana Kudya Nyama
10) Kugwiritsa ntchito magulu amalonda ndi zolimbikitsa zachuma
Anthu anzeru akale ankamvetsa malamulo osaonekera bwino amene amalamulira chilengedwe chonse. Chiwawa chomwe chimapezeka mu nyama chimafesa mbewu za mikangano yamtsogolo. Mukawona njirazi zikugwiritsidwa ntchito, dziwani kuti (kuwononga) kuli pafupi.
Ndipo pomwe Japan idalamulidwa ndi oteteza kwambiri ng'ombe - Samurai ...
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