Zofunikira za umunthu wopangidwa

Wolemba: Yu.B. Gippenreiter

Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zofunika komanso zokwanira kuti munthu akhale ndi umunthu wopangidwa?

Ndigwiritsa ntchito malingaliro pankhaniyi ya wolemba monograph pakukula kwa umunthu wa ana, LI Bozhovich (16). Kwenikweni, ikuwunikira njira ziwiri zazikulu.

Mfundo yoyamba: munthu akhoza kuonedwa ngati munthu ngati pali utsogoleri mu zolinga zake m'lingaliro linalake, ndiko kuti, ngati angathe kugonjetsa zilakolako zake zomwe zachitika posachedwa chifukwa cha chinthu china. Zikatero, nkhaniyo imanenedwa kuti imatha kukhala mkhalapakati. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, zimaganiziridwa kuti zolinga zomwe zolinga zachangu zimagonjetsedwa ndizofunika kwambiri pamagulu. Iwo ndi chikhalidwe chiyambi ndi tanthauzo, ndiko kuti, iwo amaikidwa ndi anthu, analeredwa mwa munthu.

Mulingo wachiwiri wofunikira wa umunthu ndikutha kuwongolera mwachidwi zomwe munthu amachita. Utsogoleriwu umachitika pamaziko a zolinga zodziwika bwino-zolinga ndi mfundo zake. Mulingo wachiwiri umasiyana ndi woyamba chifukwa umafotokoza ndendende kugonjera kozindikira kwa zolinga. Wachidule mkhalapakati khalidwe (chizindikiro choyamba) akhoza zochokera mowiriza wotsogola wa zolinga, ndipo ngakhale «mowiriza makhalidwe»: munthu mwina sakudziwa chiyani? zinam’pangitsa kuchita zinthu mwanjira inayake, komabe kuchita zinthu mwamakhalidwe. Chifukwa chake, ngakhale kuti chizindikiro chachiwiri chimatanthawuzanso za khalidwe la mkhalapakati, ndiko kuyanjana kozindikira komwe kumatsindika. Imalingalira kukhalapo kwa kudzizindikira ngati chitsanzo chapadera cha umunthu.

Kuti timvetse bwino izi, tiyeni tiyese kusiyanitsa chitsanzo chimodzi - maonekedwe a munthu (mwana) ndi kuchedwa kwakukulu pakukula kwa umunthu.

Iyi ndi nkhani yapaderadera, ikukhudza wotchuka (monga Olga Skorokhodova wathu) wa ku America wosamva wakhungu Helen Keller. Helen wamkulu wakhala munthu wachikhalidwe komanso wophunzira kwambiri. Koma ali ndi zaka 6, pamene mphunzitsi wamng'ono Anna Sullivan anafika kunyumba ya makolo ake kuti ayambe kuphunzitsa mtsikanayo, iye anali cholengedwa chachilendo.

Panthawiyi, Helen anali atakula bwino m'maganizo. Makolo ake anali anthu olemera, ndipo Helen, mwana wawo yekhayo, ankapatsidwa chisamaliro chilichonse. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ankakhala wotanganidwa, ankadziwa bwino za m’nyumba, ankathamanga m’dimba ndi m’dimba, ankadziwa ziweto zapakhomo, ndiponso ankadziwa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri zapakhomo. Anali bwenzi la mtsikana wakuda, mwana wamkazi wa wophika, ndipo ngakhale analankhulana naye m’chinenero chamanja chimene iwo okha ankachimva.

Ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, khalidwe Helen anali chithunzi choipa. M'banja, mtsikanayo anali wachisoni kwambiri, amamuchitira chirichonse ndipo nthawi zonse amamvera zofuna zake. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anakhala wopondereza m’banjamo. Ngati sakanatha kukwaniritsa zinazake kapena kungomvetsetsa, adakwiya, adayamba kukankha, kukanda ndi kuluma. Pofika mphunzitsiyo, matenda a chiwewe anali atachitika kale kangapo patsiku.

Anna Sullivan akufotokoza momwe msonkhano wawo woyamba udachitikira. Mtsikanayo ankamuyembekezera chifukwa anachenjezedwa za kubwera kwa mlendoyo. Kumva masitepe, kapena kani, kumverera kugwedezeka kwa masitepe, iye, kuŵerama mutu wake, anathamangira ku kuukira. Anna anayesa kumukumbatira, koma ndi mateche ndi zipsera, mtsikanayo anadzimasula yekha kwa iye. Pa chakudya chamadzulo, mphunzitsiyo anakhala pafupi ndi Helen. Koma mtsikanayo nthawi zambiri sankakhala m’malo mwake, koma ankazungulira patebulo, n’kuika manja ake m’mbale za anthu ena n’kusankha zimene amakonda. Dzanja lake lili m’mbale ya mlendoyo, anamenyedwa ndipo anamukhazika pampando mokakamiza. Atadumpha pampando, mtsikanayo adathamangira kwa achibale ake, koma adapeza mipandoyo ilibe. Aphunzitsiwo analamula mwamphamvu kuti Helen apatukane ndi banja lake kwakanthaŵi, zomwe zinali zongotsatira zofuna zake. Kotero mtsikanayo anapatsidwa mphamvu ya "mdani", ndewu zomwe zinapitirira kwa nthawi yaitali. Aliyense olowa kanthu - kuvala, kutsuka, etc. - chikwiyire kuukira za nkhanza mwa iye. Tsiku lina, ndi nkhonya kunkhope, anatulutsa mano aŵiri akutsogolo kwa mphunzitsi. Panalibe funso lililonse lokhudza maphunziro. “Kunali koyenera kaye kuletsa mkwiyo wake,” akulemba motero A. Sullivan (wogwidwa mawu mu: 77, p. 48-50).

Choncho, pogwiritsa ntchito malingaliro ndi zizindikiro zomwe zafufuzidwa pamwambapa, tikhoza kunena kuti mpaka zaka 6, Helen Keller analibe chitukuko cha umunthu, popeza zikhumbo zake zomwe zinalipo nthawi yomweyo sizinagonjetsedwe, koma zinakulitsidwa pamlingo wina ndi achikulire olekerera. Cholinga cha mphunzitsi - «kuletsa mkwiyo» wa mtsikanayo - ndipo anatanthauza kuyamba mapangidwe umunthu wake.