Zamkatimu
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Lingaliro latsopano likulamulira dziko lonse lapansi, ndipo dzina la lingaliro limeneli ndilo chitaganya chaufulu. Liberal fundamentalism imakana boma ufulu womenya nkhondo ndi kumanga anthu, koma amakhulupirira kuti boma liyenera kupatsa aliyense ndalama, nyumba ndi maphunziro. Liberal fundamentalism imatcha dziko lililonse la Kumadzulo kukhala wopondereza, ndipo chigawenga chilichonse chimatcha dziko la Kumadzulo.
Liberal fundamentalism imakana ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Israeli ndikuzindikira kwa anthu aku Palestine. Wokhulupirira zowona zaufulu amadzudzula mokweza kuti US ikupha anthu wamba ku Iraq, koma ngati mungamukumbutse kuti ku Iraq anthu wamba amaphedwa makamaka ndi zigawenga, adzakuyang'anani ngati kuti mwachita chinthu chosayenera kapena chosokoneza.
Wokhulupirira mfundo zaufulu sakhulupirira mawu amodzi a boma ndipo amakhulupirira mawu aliwonse achigawenga.
Kodi zidachitika bwanji kuti ulamuliro wa "makhalidwe aku Western" adalandilidwa ndi iwo omwe amadana ndi anthu omasuka komanso opereka zigawenga? Kodi zidachitika bwanji kuti "makhalidwe aku Europe" atanthauze china chake chomwe chikadawoneka ngati chopusa komanso chamanyazi ku Europe mzaka za XNUMX ndi XNUMX? Nanga zimenezi zidzathera bwanji kwa anthu omasuka?
Lori Berenson
Mu 1998 Amnesty International idazindikira Lori Berenson m'modzi ngati mkaidi wandale.
Laurie Berenson anali womenyera ufulu wakumanzere waku America yemwe adabwera ku Peru mu 1995 ndipo adayamba kupita ku nyumba yamalamulo ndikufunsa nduna kumeneko. Zoyankhulana izi, mwangozi zachilendo, sizinawoneke kulikonse. Laurie Berenson anapita ku nyumba yamalamulo ndi wojambula zithunzi Nancy Gilvonio, yemwe, mwangozi yachilendo, anali mkazi wa Nestor Carpa, mtsogoleri wachiwiri wamkulu wa gulu lachigawenga la Tupac Amaru Movement.
Iye pamodzi ndi Nancy anamangidwa. Nyumba ya mkazi wa ku America inakhala likulu la zigawenga zomwe zikukonzekera kulanda nyumba ya malamulo. Anapeza mapulani a Nyumba Yamalamulo, yunifolomu ya apolisi ndi zida zonse zankhondo, kuphatikiza mipiringidzo itatu ya dynamite. Panthawi ya chiwembucho, zigawenga zitatu zinaphedwa, ndipo khumi ndi anayi adagwidwa amoyo. Pamene Berenson adawonetsedwa kwa anthu, adakuwa mokweza, akugwedeza nkhonya zake: "Tupac Amaru" si zigawenga - ndi opanduka.
Lori Berenson anaweruzidwa ndi woweruza wa hood, chifukwa Tupac Amaru Movement anali ndi chizolowezi pa nthawi yowombera oweruza omwe adawatsutsa. Pa mlanduwu, Laurie Berenson ananena kuti sakudziwa kalikonse. Kodi, wojambula wake ndi mkazi wa Karpa? Inde, sankadziwa! Bwanji, nyumba yake ndi likulu la zigawenga? Mukunena chiyani, sakudziwa! Malipoti ake ali kuti? Chifukwa chake adawaphika, kuwaphika, koma boma la Peru lamagazi lidamuba zolemba zake zonse.
Zotsimikizirika za Lori Berenson sizinkawoneka ngati zokhutiritsa ku khoti la Peruvia kapena ku American Congress, zomwe sizinamuyimire mnzake. Komabe, akuwoneka kuti akukhulupirira Amnesty International. Omenyera ufulu wa anthu sanaimitsidwe ngakhale ndi chenicheni chakuti pamene mu December 1996 "Movement to them. Tupac Amaru» adagwidwa ndi kazembe waku Japan, ndiye pamndandanda wa mamembala omwe zigawenga zidafuna kumasulidwa, dzina la Laurie Berenson linali lachitatu.
Moazzam Begg
Moazzam Begg, Mngelezi wochokera ku Pakistani, membala wa Al-Qaeda, adasamukira ku Afghanistan ku 2001. Monga momwe Begg mwiniwake adalembera, "Ndinkafuna kukhala m'dziko lachi Islam, lopanda ziphuphu ndi nkhanza." Afghanistan pansi pa ulamuliro wa a Taliban inkawoneka ngati Begg monga choncho, malo aulere komanso okongola.
Asanasamuke ku Afghanistan, Begg, mwa kuvomereza kwake, adaphunzitsidwa m'misasa ya zigawenga zosachepera zitatu. Anapitanso ku Bosnia ndipo anali ndi malo ogulitsa mabuku ku London ogulitsa mabuku a jihad. Buku lodziwika kwambiri mu shopulo linali Defense of the Islamic Land, lolembedwa ndi woyambitsa mnzake wa al-Qaeda Abdullah Azzam.
Achimereka atalowa ku Afghanistan, Begg adathawa ndi bin Laden kupita ku Toro Boro ndipo adasamukira ku Pakistan. Anamangidwa chifukwa chotengera ku banki dzina la Moazzam Begg chinapezeka mumsasa wa maphunziro a al-Qaeda ku Derunt.
Begg adakhala zaka zingapo ku Guantanamo ndipo adatulutsidwa mu 2005. Pambuyo pake, adakhala m'modzi mwa akatswiri a Amnesty International. Ndi ndalama za Amnesty, adayendayenda ku Ulaya ndi nkhani za momwe adazunzidwira ndi akupha akupha a ku America.
Amnesty International sanachite manyazi ndi mfundo yakuti, nthawi imodzi ndi ntchito za ufulu wa anthu, Begg anapitirizabe kufalitsa mauthenga achigawenga. Monga purezidenti wa Islamic Society (onse omwe apurezidenti ake am'mbuyomu adamangidwa chifukwa chauchigawenga), adakonza zokambirana ndi Anwar al-Awlaki ku UK (kudzera pa kanema wawayilesi, inde, chifukwa pakakhala kuwonekera pagawo la United Kingdom, al-Awlaki akadamangidwa).
Amnesty International sanachite manyazi ndi mfundo yakuti nkhani za Begg za kuzunzidwa kosalekeza ku Guantanamo zimagwirizana ndendende ndi zomwe zimatchedwa. Manchester Manual ya al-Qaeda ndipo imagwirizana ndi mchitidwe wa «takqiyya», ndiko kuti, kunama mwadala kwa osakhulupirira, zomwe wokhulupirira Chisilamu sangathe, koma ayenera kuchitapo kanthu.
Amnesty sanachite manyazi ndi mfundo yakuti nkhani zimenezi n’zosemphana ndi nzeru. Ngati munthu yemwe ali ndi mbiri ya Begg adazunzidwadi, akadaweruzidwa kuti akhale ndi moyo katatu.
Koma wogwira ntchito ku Amnesty International Gita Sangal atakumbutsa poyera kuti Begg anali membala wa al-Qaeda, adachotsedwa ntchito. Gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe lidalengeza kuti Geeta Sangal persona non grata, ndipo mosiyana ndi Moazzam Begg, sanathe kupeza thandizo kuchokera kwa loya aliyense waufulu wachibadwidwe.
Colombia
Alvaro Uribe adasankhidwa kukhala Purezidenti wa Colombia mu 2002.
Panthawiyi, dziko la Colombia linali dziko lolephera ("dziko lopanda ntchito." - Approx. ed.). Pafupifupi 10% ya dzikolo inkalamulidwa ndi zigawenga zakumanzere, zomwe pambuyo pake zidayima zaka zambiri zachiwawa. Pablo Escobar, yemwe anayambitsa tsogolo la Medellin Cartel, anatsala pang'ono kuphedwa ndi zigawenga zomwe zinapha mzinda wa kwawo wa Titiribi ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Anali zigawenga za kumanzere, a Chusmeros, omwe anayamba chizolowezi chotchedwa "tayi ya ku Colombia" - apa ndi pamene khosi la munthu linadulidwa ndipo lilime linatulutsidwa pakhosi. The Corte de Florero, kapena Flower Vase, inalinso yotchuka - apa ndi pamene ot.eeelegs a munthu adakakamira m'mimba mwake yotseguka. Mu 50s Chusmeros anapha anthu 300.
Yankho ku mantha kumanzere, chifukwa cha kupanda mphamvu kwa boma, anali mantha kumanja; m'zigawo zosiyanasiyana, anthu ogwirizana theka-odzilamulira mayunitsi kudziteteza. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, Autodefencas Unidas de Colombia inali ndi asilikali oposa 19. Kumanzere kunali ndalama zogulira mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Oyenera nawonso. Pamene Pablo Escobar ankafunika kuwononga mafayilo ake a khoti omwe anasungidwa ku Khoti Lalikulu, adangolipira zigawenga za M-1985, ndipo mu 300 adagwira ndikuwotcha khotilo ndi anthu ogwidwa XNUMX.
Panalinso magulu ogulitsa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Panalinso achifwamba omwe ankaba zolemera kwambiri, kuphatikizapo. makamaka ogulitsa mankhwala.
Uribe, yemwe anali wachikoka pantchito komanso wodziletsa, anachita zosatheka: anaukitsa dziko lowonongeka. M'zaka ziwiri, kuyambira 2002 mpaka 2004, chiwerengero cha zigawenga ndi kubedwa ku Colombia chinatsika ndi theka, chiwerengero cha kupha - ndi 27%.
Kumayambiriro kwa utsogoleri wa Uribe, mabungwe 1300 othandiza komanso osachita phindu anali akugwira ntchito ku Colombia. Ambiri a iwo anapereka chithandizo kwa opanduka a kumanzere; mu 2003, Purezidenti Uribe kwa nthawi yoyamba adadzilola kuitana mphaka ndikupempha "omenyera uchigawenga" kuti "asiye mwamantha kubisa malingaliro awo kumbuyo kwa ufulu wa anthu."
Zomwe zidayambira apa! Amnesty International ndi Human Rights Watch inavutitsa United States ndi Europe ndi madandaulo oti anyalanyaze Colombia ndi "ndondomeko zake zomwe zikukulitsa vuto la ufulu wachibadwidwe m'dzikolo" (Amnesty International) ndi "kupewa kuchirikiza malamulo omwe angalole asitikali kuchitapo kanthu. kumanga ndi kufufuza mopanda malamulo” (HRW).
Mu Meyi 2004, Purezidenti Uribe adadzudzula makamaka omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe wakunja kuchokera ku Peace Brigades International ndi Fellowship Of Reconciliation, omwe adathandizira "Peace Commune" ku San Jose de Apartado, pothandizira zigawenga za FARC.
Ndemanga za mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe za izi zidaphwanya mbiri yonse; pamene, patatha mwezi umodzi, FARC yomweyo inapha alimi 34 ku La Gabarra, Amnesty International inakhala chete modzichepetsa.
Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi zapita; Wachiwiri kwa wachigawenga wa FARC, a Daniel Sierra Martinez, yemwenso amadziwika kuti Sameer, adachoka ku boma ndipo adauza a Mary O'Grady a Wall Street Journal za ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya Peace Commune ku San Jose de Apartado, pamodzi ndi Peace Brigades International ndi Fellowship. kwa zigawenga za mankhwala. Ya Chiyanjano.
Malinga ndi Martinez, zofalitsa zabodza mu Khoti Lamtendere zidayendetsedwa komanso Hamas: podzinamizira kuti "mtendere", gululo linakana kulola asitikali a boma kulowa m'gawo lake, koma nthawi zonse amapereka chitetezo cha FARC, ngati chigawenga chaphedwa, iye. nthawi zonse ankadziwika ngati anthu wamba.
Mungiki
Mu 2009, woyambitsa Wikileaks, katswiri wodziwika bwino wa makompyuta ku Australia, Julian Assange, adalandira Mphotho ya Amnesty International chifukwa cha ntchito yake yofufuza za kupha anthu ku Kenya, kumene mu 2008 anthu ophedwa anapha anthu pafupifupi 500 kumeneko.
Atalandira mphothoyo, Assange adatcha lipoti la kupha anthuwa "chizindikiro cha mphamvu ndi kukula kwa anthu aku Kenya." "Kuwonekera kwa kupha kumeneku," adatero Assange, "kutheka chifukwa cha ntchito yayikulu ya mabungwe monga Oscar Foundation."
Tsoka ilo, Bambo Assange anayiwala kutchulapo mfundo imodzi yofunika. Amene anaphedwa anali a Mungiki. Ichi ndi gulu la satana lomwe anthu amtundu wa Kikuyu okha ndi omwe angakhale nawo.
Gululi limakana Chikhristu ndipo likufuna kubwereranso ku miyambo yachi Africa. N’zovuta kunena chimene kwenikweni anthu a m’gululi amakhulupirira, chifukwa chilango choulula chinsinsi ndi imfa. Mulimonse mmene zingakhalire, amadziwika kuti amamwa magazi a anthu ndi kupereka nsembe ana a zaka ziwiri. Mungiki anali kuchita zachiwembu mopanda chifundo komanso zauchigawenga - mu June 2007 mokha, monga gawo la kampeni yawo yauchigawenga, gululi linapha anthu oposa 100.
Julian Assange anakhala zaka zingapo ku Kenya ndipo sakanatha kudziwiratu kuti akuluakulu a ku Kenya adatsutsa mwachindunji Oscar Foundation kuti inali kutsogolo kwa Mungiki.
Kodi zonsezi zikutanthauza chiyani?
Kodi kumvetsa zonsezi? Kodi zingakhale kuti otsatira Mungiki obisika akukhaladi ku Amnesty International ndikupereka nsembe ana a zaka ziwiri usiku?
Zokayikitsa. Choyamba, a Kikuyu okha ndi omwe angakhale mamembala a Mungiki. Chachiwiri, mamembala achipembedzo cha satana sangakhale mamembala a al-Qaeda nthawi imodzi.
Mwina Amnesty International ndi mabungwe ena omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi osangalala omwe sangathe kupirira ngakhale chiwawa chaching'ono? Zokayikitsa. Chifukwa ngakhale omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe amadzudzula anthu omwe amapha anthu odya nyama ndi zigawenga, sakufulumira kubwera kumsasa wophunzitsira wa al-Qaeda ndikulalikira zachiwawa kumeneko.
Kodi mantha anzeru amenewa akuchokera kuti, kulephera kodabwitsa kumeneku pa masamu a makhalidwe abwino?
HRW
Francis waku Assisi adalumbira umphawi wamuyaya ndikulalikira kwa mbalame. Koma kale pansi pa wolowa m'malo wake, dongosolo Franciscan anakhala mmodzi wa olemera ndipo osati sachita chidwi mabungwe mu Europe. Ndi gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la XNUMX, zomwezi zidachitikanso monga ndi dongosolo la Franciscan.
Bungwe lakale kwambiri komanso lodziwika bwino la mabungwe omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe, Human Rights Watches, adapangidwa ndi Robert Bernstein mu 1978 kuti ayang'anire momwe USSR ikugwiritsira ntchito Mapangano a Helsinki. Koma mu 1992, USSR inagwa, ndipo HRW anakhalabe ndi moyo. Komanso, iye anangokula; bajeti yake ndi mamiliyoni a madola, maofesi ali m'mayiko 90.
Ndipo pa Okutobala 19, 2009, panachitika zamanyazi kwambiri: woyambitsa octogenarian wa HRW adawonekera mu The New York Times ndi nkhani yomwe adadzudzula HRW chifukwa chosamvera mfundo komanso kuthandizira kosalekeza kwa Hamas ndi Hezbollah, pomwe amakondera komanso kusamalidwa bwino. wa Israeli.
Njira ziwiri zomwe HRW amagwiritsa ntchito podzudzula Israeli nthawi zonse ndizosavuta. Choyamba ndi kukana kuphunzira zomwe zimayambitsa mikangano. Bungwe la HRW linanena kuti: “Sitiphunzira zimene zachititsa kuti mkanganowo ukhale wovuta, timaphunzira mmene anthu amene ali m’nkhondoyo amalemekezera ufulu wa anthu.”
Zabwino! Tayerekezerani kuti ndinu mkazi amene anaukiridwa ndi wamisala m’nkhalango, ndipo munakwanitsa kumuwombera. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe kuchokera ku HRW, mudzakhala ndi mlandu.
The «sitifufuza chifukwa» udindo amaika mwadala wachigawenga wankhanza, amene ali ndi zinthu zochepa, mu malo opindulitsa poyerekeza ndi boma kuti amayankha mantha.
Njira yachiwiri ndiyosavuta - ndikusokoneza, kukhala chete komanso mabodza. Mwachitsanzo, mu lipoti la 2007, HRW inanena kuti Hezbollah inalibe chizolowezi "chogwiritsa ntchito chiwerengero cha anthu ngati zishango za anthu" ndipo panthawi imodzimodziyo inanena kuti inali ndi umboni wakuti asilikali a Israeli "akufuna dala anthu wamba." Mliri wodzipha ku Palestine utafika pachimake mu 2002, HRW idasindikiza zofalitsa zokhuza kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu ku Israeli. Zinatenga HRW miyezi ina ya 5 kumasula lipoti la mabomba odzipha, ndi zaka 5 kuti atulutse lipoti la kuukira kwa Israeli kuchokera ku Gaza.
Mu 2009, HRW idapita ku Saudi Arabia, komwe idapeza ndalama zopangira malipoti odana ndi Israeli. Zomwe zili ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe ku Saudi Arabia ndizoyipa kwambiri kuposa ku Israeli. Kuphatikiza apo, Saudi Arabia ndiye wothandizira kwambiri zauchigawenga. Koma HRW sanakhumudwe.
Zomwezo zimatengedwa ndi HRW ku Sri Lanka, kumene asilikali a boma akulimbana ndi Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam, gulu lachigawenga lankhanza lomwe lapha anthu masauzande ambiri ndipo limagwiritsa ntchito Tamils ngati zishango za anthu. Kuyesa kulikonse kwa asitikali aboma kuti aukire, HRW nthawi yomweyo imalengeza kuti asitikali aboma akulimbana ndi anthu wamba.
Amnesty International
Bungwe lachiwiri lakale kwambiri komanso lodziwika bwino la ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi Amnesty International. Inakhazikitsidwa mu 1961 ndi loya Peter Benenson; chifukwa chimene anayambitsa chinali nkhani yonena za ophunzira awiri a Chipwitikizi omwe anaponyedwa m'ndende kwa zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri chifukwa "adamwa toast ku ufulu." Amnesty inaonetsetsa kuti akaidi omangidwa chifukwa cha chikumbumtima ku Ulaya amamasulidwa ndiponso kuti akaidi andale aimbidwe mlandu mwachilungamo.
Koma pofika kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 90, akaidi a chikumbumtima ku Ulaya anali atasowa, ndipo panthawiyi kukula kwa Amnesty (komanso dongosolo la Franciscan) kunangowonjezeka: mamembala a 2,2 miliyoni m'mayiko a 150. Panabuka funso lakuti: Kodi akaidi okhudzidwa ndi chikumbumtima angapeze kuti amene ufulu wawo uyenera kutetezedwa? Zachidziwikire, Amnesty idachita kampeni yokhudzana ndi ufulu wa amayi komanso motsutsana ndi kutentha kwa dziko, komabe, mukuwona, izi siziri zofanana: zomwe zimafunikira anthu omvera chikumbumtima nthawi zonse zimakhala za akaidi a chikumbumtima, makamaka ku Europe kapena America: ku Congo. zili ngati zili kutali komanso zosasangalatsa.
Ndipo Amnesty adapeza akaidi achikumbumtima: ku Guantanamo Bay. Kuyambira 1986 mpaka 2000, dziko lomwe linali ndi malipoti ambiri a Amnesty linali United States, yokhala ndi malipoti 136, ndikutsatiridwa ndi Israeli. Maiko a Nice ngati Uganda kapena Congo sanali m'gulu la anthu XNUMX ophwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe.
Ndipo dziko la United States litalengeza za “nkhondo yolimbana ndi uchigawenga”, Amnesty adalengezanso za kampeni yake: Kuthana ndi uchigawenga ndi chilungamo (“Kuthana ndi uchigawenga mwalamulo.” — Pafupifupi. ed.). Ndipo monga mukumvetsetsa, woyipa wamkulu pa kampeni iyi sanali zigawenga. Ndi amene akulimbana ndi uchigawenga. Amene alimbane kwambiri ndiye woipa kwambiri.
Pa nkhani makumi awiri zomwe zili mu gawoli (kuyambira pa December 20, 2010), imodzi ikukhudza Turkey, ina ikukhudzana ndi Libya, ina ikukhudzana ndi Yemen (Amnesty imafuna kuti Yemen asiye kupereka ufulu wachibadwidwe pamene akukumana ndi Al-Qa'ida), wina akudandaula Pakistan ( Amnesty adakwiya kwambiri kuti akuluakulu aku Pakistani sateteza ufulu wa anthu m'malo omwe a Taliban akukhala, ngakhale ndizovuta kuwona momwe angachitire izi, chifukwa ngati asitikali aku Pakistani ayamba kuukira a Taliban, adzafunika kusiya kupereka nsembe. ufulu wa anthu pamene akulimbana ndi Al-Qa'ida). Zina ziwiri zaperekedwa ku Great Britain, ndipo 14 yotsalayo idaperekedwa ku Guantanamo Bay, CIA ndi United States.
Nkovuta kulimbana ndi zigawenga. Kuti muchite izi, muyenera kukwawa m'mimba mwako kudutsa m'mapiri, kudumpha ndi parachute, kuika moyo wanu pachiswe. Ndikwabwino komanso kosavuta kumenyera chilungamo kwa zigawenga: chifukwa cha izi ndi zokwanira kutumiza zofalitsa kuti "kusalungama kwatsiku ndi tsiku" ("kusayeruzika tsiku ndi tsiku") kukuchitika ku Guantanamo ndikuti "boma la Purezidenti Obama lalephera kufanana ndi mawu ake. ndi zochita zenizeni pankhani ya kuyankha ndi kuthetsa kuphwanya ufulu wachibadwidwe wochitidwa m'dzina la «kuthana ndi uchigawenga» «).
Amnesty akufotokoza ndondomeko yake motere: timalemba za mayiko otukuka nthawi zambiri, chifukwa momwe zinthu zilili mwa iwo ndi chitsogozo cha anthu onse. Ndikuwopa kuti mafotokozedwe enieni ndi osiyana. Kudzudzula US ndikotetezeka kuposa kudzudzula anthu enieni odya anthu. Ndipo othandizira podzudzula United States ndiosavuta kupeza.
Pali lingaliro losavuta laumunthu: wolfhound ndi yolondola, wodya anthu ndi wolakwika. Pali lingaliro la omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe: wolfhound ndi wolakwika chifukwa adaphwanya ufulu wa anthu odya anthu. Ndipo sitidzafunsa wodya anthu.
Ideology of international bureaucracy
Mkhalidwe wodzudzula woterowo pa chitukuko chaumwini sunakhalepo nthaŵi zonse m’mbiri ya Azungu. M'zaka za m'ma XNUMX, Europe idagonjetsa dziko lapansi ndipo silinade nkhawa konse ndi ufulu wa anthu omwe akuphwanyidwa nawo. Pamene Cortes adawona nsembe zamagazi za Aaziteki, sanakhudze "miyambo yapadera" yomwe iyenera kusungidwa. Pamene anthu a ku Britain anathetsa mwambo wowotcha akazi amasiye ku India, sizinawazindikire kuti anali kuphwanya ufulu wa akazi amasiyewa amene ankafuna kutsatira amuna awo.
Nthawi imene maganizo amenewa anaonekera ndipo Komanso, anakhala pafupifupi nkhani wamba kwa osankhika aluntha a Kumadzulo, tingatchule molondola ndithu: 30s, nthawi imene Stalin ndalama Comintern ndi kukonzekera kugonjetsa dziko lonse. Apa m'pamene "zitsiru zothandiza" (m'mawu a Lenin) anawonekera ambiri Kumadzulo, omwe anali ndi khalidwe limodzi lachilendo: kudzudzula mwakhama "ulamuliro wamagazi wamagazi", pazifukwa zina iwo sanazindikire GulaAG pamalo opanda kanthu. .
Kulakalaka kwanzeru kumeneku kunapitilira, mwachitsanzo, pankhondo ya Vietnam. Atsogoleri akumanzere adapita kukadzudzula "zankhanza za asitikali aku America." Mfundo yaying'ono yakuti nkhondoyo sinayambitsidwe ndi Achimerika, koma ndi Achikomyunizimu, ndi kuti kwa Viet Cong, mantha amphamvu anali njira chabe, kumanzere sikunazindikire.
Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha izi ndi chithunzi chodziwika bwino chojambulidwa ndi wojambula zithunzi Eddie Adams. Zikuwonetsa General waku Vietnamese Nguyen Ngoc Lon akuwombera zipolopolo ku Viet Cong Nguyen Van Lem. Chithunzicho chinayenda padziko lonse lapansi ngati chizindikiro cha nkhanza za ma imperialists. Zowona, Eddie Adams pambuyo pake adanena kuti a Viet Cong adaphedwa, adatulutsidwa mnyumbamo, pomwe adapha banja lonse mphindi zingapo m'mbuyomu, koma izi sizinali zofunikanso kumanzere.
Gulu lamakono lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ku West lakula kuchokera kumanzere kwambiri.
Ndipo ngati m’mbiri kumanzere kwenikweni kunali zidole m’manja mwa maulamuliro opondereza, tsopano kuumirira mfundo zachikhazikitso kwasanduka chikoka m’manja mwa zigawenga ndi odya anthu.
Zolinga za FARC, al-Qaeda kapena odya anthu aku Africa ndizosiyana kwambiri. Ena akufuna kumanga chikominisi, ena akufuna ufumu wa Allah, ena akufuna kubwerera ku miyambo yachikhalidwe monga ufiti ndi kudya anthu. Ali ndi chinthu chimodzi chokha chofanana: kudana ndi dziko labwinobwino la Kumadzulo. Udani uwu ukuphatikizidwa ndi gawo lalikulu la okhulupirira mfundo zowongoka ndi zigawenga.
“Ndiye, n’chifukwa chiyani ukudera nkhawa? - mukufunsa. "Ngati" omenyera mtendere" ndi" zitsiru zothandiza" sakanatha kugonjetsa Kumadzulo pamene magulu achinsinsi amphamvu opondereza adayima kumbuyo kwawo, kodi angathe kuchita tsopano?"
Vuto ndiloti ngakhale zaka makumi asanu zapitazo, "omenyera mtendere" anali ambiri oganiza bwino, omwe ankagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kufunikira kwa maulamuliro ankhanza. Tsopano «kulimbana kwa ufulu wa anthu» wakhala nzeru ya gulu lonse - kalasi ya bureaucracy mayiko.
"Mafuta a chakudya"
Apa, dziwani, womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe Denis Holiday, mutu wa UN ntchito zothandiza anthu ku Iraq, ndiyeno membala wa «Freedom Flotilla», amene anayesa kuswa blockade Israel wa Gaza Strip. Bungwe la UN litathetsa pulogalamu ya mafuta a chakudya, Bambo Holiday adasiya ntchito, akulengeza poyera kuti UN ndi George W. Bush anali kuchita nkhanza za "anthu osalakwa a Iraq."
Pambuyo pake, Bambo Holiday adapanga filimu yokhudza ana 500 aku Iraq omwe adamwalira chifukwa cha chitsamba cha Nazi. Mtolankhani David Edwards atafunsa womenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe a Denis Holiday ngati akuluakulu aku Iraq akubera mankhwalawo, Holiday adakwiya kwambiri: "palibe chifukwa chotsimikizira izi."
Pamene mtolankhani David Edwards anafunsa chifukwa chake, panthaŵi imene ana aku Iraq anali kufa popanda mankhwala, matani masauzande a matani a mankhwala osagaŵiridwa anali atasonkhanitsidwa m’malo osungiramo katundu a UN akuyang’aniridwa ndi Holiday, Holiday anayankha popanda kuphethira m’maso kuti mankhwalawa ayenera kuperekedwa m’malo ovuta kufikako. : "Nyumba zosungiramo katundu zili ndi masitolo omwe sangathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa akudikirira zigawo zina zomwe zaletsedwa ndi Komiti ya Sanctions."
Tchuthi sichinali bungwe lokhalo la UN lomwe silikusangalala ndi kuthetsedwa kwa pulogalamu yamafuta a chakudya. Wolowa m'malo mwake, Hans von Sproneck, nayenso adasiya ntchito, akufuula poyera, "Kodi anthu wamba aku Iraq adzalangidwa mpaka liti chifukwa cha zomwe sanachite?" Patatha masiku awiri von Sproneck atasiya ntchito, mkulu wa World Food Programme ku Iran anachitanso zomwezo.
Chodabwitsa. Kuchokera pamalingaliro anzeru, udindo wachiwawa ndi umphawi uli ndi omwe amayambitsa chiwawa ndi umphawi. Ku Iraq anali Saddam Hussein. Koma akuluakulu a bungwe lothandizira anthu ochokera ku UN adachita mosiyana: adadzudzula dziko lonse chifukwa cha zomwe zinkachitika ku Iraq, osati wolamulira wamagazi, pamene iwo eni, pamodzi ndi wolamulira wamagazi, adacheka ndalama pansi pa pulogalamu ya Mafuta a Chakudya.
Ndipo apa pali vuto laling'ono: kuti ndalama zidulidwe, anthu ayenera kuvutika.
Njala ku Ethiopia
Njala ku Ethiopia chapakati pa 80s idayambitsa ntchito yodabwitsa ya mabungwe othandiza anthu. Mu 1985 mokha, konsati ya Live Aid, yomwe inaonetsa Bob Dylan, Madonna, Mfumukazi, Led Zeppelin, inapeza $249 miliyoni kuthandiza Ethiopia yomwe ili ndi njala. Konsatiyi inakonzedwa ndi Bob Geldof, yemwe kale anali woimba nyimbo za rock anasintha kwambiri wamalonda wotchuka yemwe amagwira ntchito yothandiza mu Africa yomwe ili ndi njala. Mazana a mamiliyoni ena analeredwa ndi Christian Aid.
Mamiliyoni sanathandize kalikonse: anthu oposa miliyoni imodzi anafa ndi njala. Ndipo mu Marichi 2010, chiwopsezo chidabuka: wopanduka wakale wa ku Ethiopia Aregavi Berhe, atakangana ndi mtsogoleri wakale wa zigawenga, ndipo tsopano mtsogoleri wa Ethiopia, Meles Zenawi, adauza BBC kuti 95% ya chithandizo cha anthu idapita kukagula anthu. zida.
Mawu ake anayambitsa chipolowe. Bob Geldof adanena kuti "palibe chowonadi chilichonse" m'mawu a Berhe. Max Peberdy, wolankhulira Christian Aid, adati palibe njira yomwe chithandizocho chikanabedwa, ndipo adajambulapo penti momwe adagulira tirigu kwa amalonda ndi ndalama.
Poyankha, m'modzi mwa zigawenga zomwe adagulitsa tirigu kuchokera ku Peberdi adafotokoza momwe adadziwonetsera ngati wamalonda wachisilamu. Msilikaliyo dzina lake anali Gebremedin Araya. Malingana ndi Araya, panali matumba a mchenga pansi pa matumba a tirigu, ndipo ndalama zomwe Araya analandira chifukwa cha tirigu zinasamutsidwa mwamsanga kugula zida.
Vuto la njala ku Ethiopia silinali kokha kuti anthu oposa miliyoni imodzi anafa nayo. Koma kuti boma ndi zigawengazo zinasamutsa anthu mwadala kuti afinye ndalama zambiri m'mabungwe omwe siaboma ponamizira kuti akuvutika. Kupeza ndalama kuchokera ku mabungwe omwe siaboma sikunali chotsatira, koma cholinga cha njalayi dala.
Zomwezo zikuchitika ku Gaza Strip. Hamas (ndipo isanakwane PLO - Bungwe la Ufulu wa Palestine) amasunga anthu muumphawi kuti agwiritse ntchito umphawi umenewu ngati njira yopezera ndalama kuchokera ku mabungwe othandiza anthu komanso mabungwe. Chotsatira chake, Hamas ndi NGOs amakhala pampu yomwe imatulutsa ndalama kuchokera kudziko lapansi kupita ku Gaza Strip, ndipo umphawi wa anthu ake ndi mphamvu ya mlengalenga yomwe imapangitsa kuti mpope ugwire ntchito.
Zikuwonekeratu kuti muzochitika izi, HRW ndi mabungwe ena omwe siaboma azikhala kumbali ya Hamas nthawi zonse.
Kupatula apo, ngati Mr. Holiday ndi Co. apereka chithandizo chachifundo kwa anthu a Israeli, ntchito zawo sizidzalandiridwa. Chitetezo cha anthu a Israeli chimaperekedwa ndi Boma la Israeli, osati omenyera ufulu wa anthu. Ndipo dziko la Israeli silikufuna kusintha anthu ake kukhala anthu opanda pokhala, mothandizidwa ndi mavuto omwe akuluakulu a ndale adzalanda ndi kudula ndalama.
Gawo la kukhazikitsidwa
Izi mwina ndiye zowopsa kwambiri. Otsatira mfundo zaufulu, monga ochenjeza zanyengo, amadziyika ngati odana ndi kukhazikitsidwa. Ndipotu, akhala akugwirizana kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsidwa, ndipo mbali yake yoipa kwambiri ndi bungwe ladziko lonse.
Nthawi zambiri timadzudzula boma ndi boma. Koma boma, zivute zitani, likufuna kuteteza nzika zake ndi kuthetsa mavuto awo. Ulamuliro wapadziko lonse lapansi ulibe udindo kwa aliyense.
Timauzidwa kuti mabungwe othandiza anthu amathandiza kumene kuli njala ndi chiwawa. Koma muzochita, zosiyana ndendende zimachitika: kumene mabungwe othandiza anthu amapita, njala ndi chiwawa zimakhala kosatha.
Choncho, maboma omwe akuyesera kuthana ndi zigawenga, monga ku Colombia, nthawi zonse amatsutsidwa ndi omenyera ufulu wa anthu.
Ndipo, m'malo mwake, maulamuliro owopsa kwambiri, monga omwe ali ku Gaza Strip kapena ku Ethiopia, amakhala ogwirizana ndi mabungwe omwe siaboma, omwe sangathe kulinganiza chuma m'dziko lawo, koma amatha kukonza ziwawa ndi njala kuti athetse vutoli. kulandira ndalama kuchokera kumayiko ena.
Kumenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe kwadzetsa mtundu watsopano wauchigawenga: zigawenga zomwe, monga Hamas, sizifuna kwambiri kuwononga ana a anthu ena pamene akufuna kuonetsetsa kuti kubwezera kwa Israeli kuwononga ana ambiri a Palestina. Kumenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe kwadzetsa mtundu watsopano wadziko labodza: awa ndi malo owopsa olamulidwa ndi maboma owopsa omwe sangakhale m'dziko labwinobwino ndipo angagonjetsedwe kapena kuwonongedwa. Koma ndalama zochokera ku mabungwe omwe siaboma komanso kuletsa nkhondo yolimbana ndi madera oterowo zimawalola kusunga anthu awo m'mikhalidwe yankhanza, komanso osankhika awo kusangalala ndi mphamvu zonse.
Kutsiliza
Mfundo yofunikira ya kayendetsedwe ka ufulu wa anthu ndi yosavuta. Tiyenera kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, kaya akhale ndani. Ndiyenera kunena kuti chiphunzitso ichi ndi cholakwika mwachibadwa. Zimatsutsana ndi mfundo yaikulu ya khalidwe la munthu: zoipa ziyenera kulangidwa. Munthu ayenera kusankha.
Zimatsutsana ndi zonse zomwe nthano ndi zolemba zimatiphunzitsa za ngwazi, zabwino ndi zoipa. Ponena za ufulu wa anthu, Hercules si ngwazi, koma chigawenga chankhondo. Iye sanalemekeze ufulu wa Lernean Hydra ndi ufulu wa Mfumu Diomedes, amene anadyetsa anthu akavalo ake.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro aumunthu, Odysseus ndi chigawenga chankhondo; popanda mlandu, iye anapha Polyphemus, Komanso, kuukira ake, Polyphemus, gawo. Theseus, Perseus, Siegfried, Yoshitsune - onse ndi achifwamba. Gilgamesh akuyenera kuzengedwa mlandu ku The Hague, ndipo Prince Hamlet, yemwe adapha abambo ake opeza popanda mlandu, ayenera kulembedwa ndi Amnesty International.
Onse amene anthu amawatcha ngwazi, omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe ayenera kuganizira zigawenga zankhondo. Kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu kumathetsa lingaliro lenileni la nkhondo, chifukwa nkhondo ndi pamene anthu amaphedwa popanda mlandu. Inde, ndi bwino kusiya nkhondo, koma bwanji ngati mdani wanu sasiya? Ngati kukumbukira kwanga kumanditumikira bwino, sanali ofera chikhulupiriro Achimereka pa Arab Boeings omwe adagwa mu Kaaba, zinali njira ina mozungulira.
CNN ikadakhalapo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, Allies sakadapambana Hitler. "Mabomba a Dresden atatha, Goebbels sakanasiya zowonera ndi mitembo ya ana a Dresden m'manja mwake," Garry Kasparov adandiyankha monyoza pokambirana naye payekha.
Ngati nkhondo iliyonse imadziwika kuti ikuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, izi zimabweretsa zotsatira zodabwitsa: mbali yotetezayo imakhala yolakwa. Kupatula apo, mukuwona, izi ndizomveka: ngati simuyankha kuukira, ndiye kuti sipadzakhala nkhondo. Izi zikutanthawuza kuti si anthu amene anaukira amene ali ndi mlandu, koma amene asankha kudziteteza.
Otsatira mfundo zaufulu ali ndi zolinga zabwino. Koma njira yopita ku gehena ndi yokonzedwa ndi zolinga zabwino. Tinakhala zaka 70 m’dziko limene linalinso ndi zolinga zabwino. Dziko lino linamanga chikomyunizimu ndipo linalonjeza aliyense maphunziro aulere ndi mankhwala aulere. Koma kunena zoona, mankhwala aulere anasanduka nkhokwe m’malo mwa chipatala. Mfundo zina zabwino kwambiri zimasanduka zosiyana. Mfundo yakuti “tiyenera kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense” ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zimenezi.
Koma izi sizokwanira. Mwachiwonekere, ngati panalibe mlandu wa ichi kapena munthu ameneyo, kapena zikuwoneka kwa ife kuti ufulu wake sunatsatidwe moyenera, ndiye pokhudzana ndi munthu uyu tiyenera kutsogoleredwa ndi nzeru. Panalibe. Kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu kumasanduka chitetezo cha ufulu wachigawenga. Omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe satsogoleredwa ndi nzeru kapena zenizeni. Malinga ndi malingaliro awo, zonse zomwe zigawenga zimanena mwachiwonekere ndi zoona, ndipo zonse zomwe boma likunena ndi zabodza. Zotsatira zake, zigawenga zimagawanitsa anthu kuti azinamiza omenyera ufulu wa anthu. Komanso, amasintha njira. Ngati zigawenga zakale zinkagwiritsa ntchito akazi ndi ana awo monga zishango za anthu, tsopano zikumayitana moto dala. Tsopano cholinga cha Hamas, kuyika maroketi ake padenga la masukulu ndi nyumba zogona, ndikuti a Israeli aphe anthu wamba ambiri momwe angathere pobwezera powombera.
N’chifukwa chiyani mabungwe omwe siaboma omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe amakhulupirira zilizonse zauchigawenga? Chifukwa chiyani amakhulupirira membala wa al-Qaeda Moazzam Begg pomwe zikuoneka kuti akunama? Chifukwa gulu lomenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe lakhala lingaliro labungwe lapadziko lonse lapansi. Ku Gaza Strip, ana azaka zisanu akuphunzira kuguba ndi mfuti zamakina; amaonetsedwa makatuni amomwe angaphedwere Ayuda. Hamas imapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha anthu chikhale chodalira; bizinesi iliyonse imakhomeredwa msonkho mokomera Hamas, panthawi ya Opaleshoni Cast Lead, mamembala a Hamas sanagwetse tanki imodzi ya Israeli, sanagwetse helikopita imodzi, koma adagwiritsa ntchito nthawiyi kumanga ndi kupha mamembala oposa zana a Fatah. Anatenga nthawi kuti azunze anthuwa ku likulu lawo, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa m'chipatala ku Rafah, kumene anathamangitsira odwala ndi ovulala.
Hamas ikufuna kuwonongedwa kwa Boma la Israeli ndi Ayuda onse ndipo imati ngati Israeli savomereza, zikutanthauza kuti safuna kunyengerera. Kodi nchifukwa ninji omenyera ufulu wachibadwidwe kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ku mbali ya Hamas osati ku mbali ya Israeli? Chifukwa iwo, pamodzi ndi Hamas, amalamulira ndalamazo.
Kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wa anthu, pokhala nkhani yogwiritsidwa ntchito mofala, kunakhala kutsutsana kodabwitsa ndi kulingalira. Mabuku ndi mafilimu amatiphunzitsa chinthu chimodzi, nkhani china. Timauzidwa m'nkhani kuti "Harry Potter anapha Ambuye Voldemort popanda mlandu" ndi kuti "Anthu zikwizikwi anafa ndipo ambiri akudzipha ndi masoka anachitika pa nthawi ya nkhondo ya Potter ndi Voldemort." Sindikuganiza kuti ndikofunikira kunena kuti Voldemort ndi amene amachititsa masokawo.
Uchigawenga ndi mtundu watsopano wankhanza. Wakunja amangolemekeza mphamvu, kotero chitukuko chiyenera kukhala champhamvu kuposa wakunja. Ngati ali wolemera kapena wotetezeka, sizikutanthauza kalikonse. Chitukuko chiyenera kukhala champhamvu.
Tikuuzidwa kuti: "Tiyenera kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense, chifukwa ngati lero boma likuphwanya ufulu wa Anwar al-Awlaki, ndiye kuti mawa likuphwanya ufulu wanu." Koma, abambo, uku ndi demagoguery! "Lero akuvina jazi, ndipo mawa adzagulitsa dziko lake." Ngati Harry Muumbi anawononga Ambuye Voldemort popanda mlandu, izi sizikutanthauza kuti mawa adzatentha Hermione Granger popanda mlandu ndi kufufuza.
Timauzidwa kuti: "Munthu aliyense, ngakhale woipa kwambiri, ali ndi ufulu woweruzidwa." Koma pamene kuyesedwa kosatheka, izi zimakhala zopanda chilango kwa zigawenga. Tsoka padziko lapansi, m'malo mwa ngwazi zolimbana ndi zoyipa, ndi omenyera ufulu wa anthu okhawo omwe angotsala. “Kunyengerera ndi zoipa ndi mlandu,” anatero Thomas Mann ponena za chifashisti. Ndiwonjezera: kuteteza ufulu wa Lord Voldemort ndizopanda pake.
Wolfhound akulondola. Cannibal - ayi.