Kusokoneza machitidwe ambiri okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa anthu ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira anthu odana, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Russia komanso ndi achisilamu onyanyira.
Homer "Iliad" imayamba ndi zochitika za mkwiyo wa Achilles: Achilles adakwiyira Agamemnon chifukwa adachotsa Briseis wogwidwa chifukwa cha wankhondo wamkulu. Izi ndizochitika mwachibadwa za mwamuna wokwiya. Chinthu chokhacho chosamvetsetseka kuchokera kumalingaliro amakono: chifukwa chiyani Achilles amafunikira Briseis ngati ali kale ndi Patroclus?
Mukundiuza - izi ndi zolemba. Chabwino, ndiye nayi nkhani kwa inu: Mfumu ya Spartan Cleomenes, atathawa ku Egypt, anayesa kukonza kulanda kumeneko ndi kulanda mphamvu. Kuyesera kunalephera, a Spartans adazunguliridwa, Cleomenes adalamula aliyense kuti adziphe. Wopulumuka womalizira anali Pantheus, amene, malinga ndi kunena kwa Plutarch, “nthaŵi ina anali wokondedwa wa mfumu ndipo tsopano analandira malamulo kwa iye kuti afe komalizira pamene anatsimikiza kuti ena onse anali atafa . . . mopotozedwa, napsompsona mfumu, nakhala pansi pambali pake. Cleomenes atamwalira, Pantheus anakumbatira mtembowo ndipo, popanda kutsegula manja ake, anadzibaya yekha mpaka kufa.
Pambuyo pake, monga momwe Plutarch akunenera, mkazi wamng'ono wa Panthea nayenso anadzivulaza yekha: "Chowawa chinawagwera onse awiri pakati pa chikondi chawo."
Apanso: ndiye Cleomenes kapena mkazi wamng'ono?
Alcibiades anali wokonda Socrates, zomwe sizinamulepheretse kuchita zikondwerero zachiwerewere ku Athens konse. Kaisara wokonda akazi mu unyamata wake anali "malo ogona a Mfumu Nicomedes." Pelopidas, wokondedwa wa Epaminondas, adalamula gulu lopatulika la Theban, lomwe linali ndi okondana ndi okondana, zomwe sizinalepheretse mkazi wake "kumuwona ndi misozi m'nyumba." Zeus anatenga mnyamata Ganymede ku Olympus mu zikhadabo, zomwe sizinalepheretse Zeus kunyengerera Demeter, Persephone, Europe, Danae ndipo mndandanda umapitirira, ndipo mu Greece wakale, amuna mu chikondi analumbirira kukhulupirika kwa wina ndi mzake pamanda. wa Iolaus, wokondedwa Hercules, amene Hercules anapatsa mkazi wake Megara. Wogonjetsa wamkulu wakale, Alexander Wamkulu, ankakonda kwambiri Hephaestion wake wokondedwa, kotero kuti nthawi yomweyo anakwatira ana aakazi awiri a Dariyo. Awa si makatatu achikondi kwa inu, awa ndi ena, owongoka, okonda tetrahedra!
Monga munthu amene anaphunzitsidwa mbiri yakale ndi atate wake kuyambira ali ndi zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, mafunso awiri odziŵika bwino andivutitsa maganizo kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndithu.
- N'chifukwa chiyani anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha masiku ano amawaona kuti ndi aakazi, pamene m'nthaŵi zakale ma gay anali ankhondo ankhanza kwambiri?
- Ndipo n'chifukwa chiyani kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha tsopano kumaonedwa ngati mtundu wa anthu ochepa omwe amangofuna kugonana, pamene kale ankafotokozedwa ngati nthawi ya moyo wa amuna ambiri?
Kukambitsirana komwe kunachitika pa nthawi ya malamulo akale odana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe atengedwa ndi State Duma amandipatsa mwayi wolankhula pankhaniyi. Komanso, mbali zonse ziwiri za mkangano zimasonyeza, mwa lingaliro langa, kusadziwa kodabwitsa: onse omwe amanyoza "tchimo losakhala lachibadwa" ndi omwe amati: "Ndife gay, ndipo timabadwa motere."
Ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kulibe? Monga ngati heterosexuals.
James Neill analemba m’buku lake lakuti, “Chikhulupiriro chakuti mwamuna ndi mkazi kapena mwamuna kapena mkazi ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi wina ndi nthano chabe.” khalidwe laumunthu, ine ndikhoza kungofanana ndi Sigmund Freud.
Apa ndi pamene timayambira: kuchokera ku lingaliro la biology yamakono, kunena kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kulibe m'chilengedwe komanso kuti kugonana kumafunika kuti anthu abereke ndi zolakwika. Ndizodziwikiratu komanso zabodza monga mawu akuti "Dzuwa limazungulira Dziko Lapansi."
Ndipereka chitsanzo chosavuta. Mbale wathu wapamtima, limodzi ndi chimpanzi, ndi bonobo, pygmy chimpanzee. Kholo wamba wa chimpanzi ndi bonobos anakhalapo zaka 2,5 miliyoni zapitazo, ndipo kholo wamba wa anthu, chimpanzi ndi bonobos anakhala zaka 6-7 miliyoni zapitazo. Akatswiri ena a zamoyo amakhulupirira kuti bonobos ali pafupi kwambiri ndi anthu kusiyana ndi anyani, chifukwa ali ndi zinthu zingapo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zogwirizana ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ma bonobos achikazi amakhala pafupifupi nthawi zonse okonzeka kukwatiwa. Ichi ndi chikhalidwe chapadera chomwe chimasiyanitsa bonobos ndi anthu ku anyani onse.
Gulu la Bonobo limasiyanitsidwa ndi zinthu ziwiri zochititsa chidwi pakati pa anyani. Choyamba, ndi matriarchal. Simatsogozedwa ndi alpha wamwamuna, monganso anyani ena, koma ndi gulu la akazi akale. Izi ndizodabwitsa kwambiri chifukwa ma bonobos, monga achibale awo apamtima a homo ndi chimpanzi, amatchula kuti kugonana, ndipo yaikazi imakhala ndi kulemera kwa thupi kwa 80% ya mwamuna. Mwachiwonekere, matriarchywa amalumikizidwa ndendende ndi kuthekera komwe tatchula kale kwa ma bonobos aakazi kuti azikwatirana nthawi zonse.
Koma chofunika kwambiri n’chosiyana. Bonobo ndi nyani yemwe amayendetsa pafupifupi mikangano yonse mkati mwa timu kudzera mu kugonana. Uyu ndi nyani yemwe, m'mawu odabwitsa a Franz de Waal, akuyimira momveka bwino mawu a hippie: "Pangani chikondi, osati nkhondo"2.
Ngati anyani amathetsa mikangano ndi chiwawa, ndiye kuti bonobos amathetsa ndi kugonana. Kapenanso zosavuta. Nyani akafuna kutenga nthochi kwa nyani wina, ndiye kuti ngati ndi chimpanzi, ndiye kuti adzakwera, kupereka nyanga ndi kutenga nthochiyo. Ndipo ngati ili bonobo, iye adzabwera ndi kupanga chikondi, ndiyeno kutenga nthochi mu chiyamiko. Kugonana kwa anyani onsewa kulibe kanthu. Bonobos ndi amuna awiri m'lingaliro lonse la mawuwa.
Mudzandiuza kuti bonobos ndi apadera. Inde, m’lingaliro lakuti amagonana monga chisonyezero cha kufanana.
Vuto ndiloti anyani ena onse amagonananso ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, koma nthawi zambiri amatenga mawonekedwe osiyana pang'ono.
Mwachitsanzo, gorilla ndi achibale athu apamtima, chisinthiko mizere diverged 10-11 miliyoni zapitazo. Gorilla amakhala mu paketi yaing'ono 8-15 anthu, mmene kutchulidwa alpha mwamuna, 3-6 akazi ndi achinyamata. Funso: Nanga bwanji za anyamata achichepere omwe adathamangitsidwa, koma palibe akazi kwa iwo? Amuna achichepere nthawi zambiri amapanga gulu lawo, popeza anyamata achichepere nthawi zambiri amapanga gulu lankhondo, ndipo maubwenzi pakati pa gulu la anyamata amasungidwa kudzera mukugonana.
Anyani amakhala m'magulu akuluakulu, mpaka anthu 100, ndipo popeza gulu la amuna a alpha liri pamutu pa gulu la nkhosa, funso limabuka mwachibadwa: kodi mwamuna wa alpha angasonyeze bwanji kuti ali ndi mphamvu kuposa anyamata popanda kuwapha mpaka kufa, ndi achinyamata. Amunanso, mungasonyeze bwanji kumvera kwanu? Yankho lake ndi lodziwikiratu: mwamuna wa alpha amatsimikizira ubwino wake pokwera pamtunda, nthawi zambiri wamwamuna wamng'ono. Monga lamulo, uwu ndi ubale wopindulitsa. Ngati eromenos wotero (Agiriki akale amatcha mawuwa amene adatenga malo a Alcibiades poyerekezera ndi Socrates) akhumudwitsidwa ndi anyani ena, amalira, ndipo mwamuna wamkulu adzabwera kudzapulumutsa nthawi yomweyo.
Kawirikawiri, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi anyamata achichepere ndikofala kwambiri pakati pa anyani kotero kuti ofufuza ena amakhulupirira kuti anyani amadutsa mu gawo la kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakukula kwawo3.
Maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha m'chilengedwe ndi malo omwe kusintha kwa Copernican kukuchitika pamaso pathu. Kumayambiriro kwa 1977, ntchito ya upainiya ya George Hunt yokhudza amuna kapena akazi okhaokha omwe amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa mbalame zakuda ku California inakanidwa kangapo chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi mfundo za m'Baibulo za biology.
Kenako, zitakhala zosatheka kukana manyazi, siteji ya mafotokozedwe a Freudian idabwera: "Izi ndi masewera", "Inde, nyani uyu adakwera pa nyani wina, koma uku sikugonana, koma kulamulira." The chitsa n'zoonekeratu kuti ulamuliro: koma n'chifukwa chiyani motere?
Mu 1999, ntchito yopambana ya Bruce Bagemill4 idawerengera mitundu 450 yomwe ili ndi maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mtundu umodzi kapena wina wa maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha walembedwa mu mitundu 1,5 zikwi za zinyama, ndipo tsopano vuto ndilosiyana ndendende: akatswiri a zamoyo sangathe kutsimikizira kuti pali zamoyo zomwe zilibe.
Nthawi yomweyo, mawonekedwe ndi kuchuluka kwa maulalo awa amasiyana modabwitsa. Mu mkango, mfumu ya zilombo, monyada, mpaka 8% ya kugonana kumachitika pakati pa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Chifukwa chake n’chofanana ndendende ndi cha anyani. Mutu wa kunyada ndi mwamuna wa alpha (kawirikawiri awiri, ndiye kuti ndi abale), ndipo mwamuna wa alpha amafunika kumanga ubale ndi achichepere komanso ndi wolamulira mnzake kuti asamenyane.
M'magulu a nkhosa zamapiri, mpaka 67% amagonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo nkhosa yoweta ndi nyama yapadera, yomwe 10% ya anthu amakwerabe pa nkhosa ina, ngakhale pali yaikazi pafupi. Komabe, izi zitha kukhala chifukwa cha zinthu zosagwirizana ndi zachilengedwe zomwe nthawi zambiri zimasintha: tiyeni tifanizire, mwachitsanzo, ndi machitidwe ogonana a amuna m'ndende zaku Russia.
Nyama ina yapadera ndi giraffe. Ali ndi 96% mwa omwe amalumikizana nawo ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Zonse zomwe zili pamwambazi ndi zitsanzo za ziweto zomwe, kudzera mu kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zimachepetsa kukangana mu timu, zimasonyeza kulamulira, kapena, mosiyana, zimakhala zofanana. Komabe, pali zitsanzo za anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha nyama zomwe zimakhala ziwiriziwiri.
Mwachitsanzo, 25% ya swans zakuda ndi gay. Amuna amapanga gulu losalekanitsa, kumanga chisa pamodzi ndipo, mwa njira, amalera ana amphamvu, chifukwa yaikazi yomwe yaona awiriwa nthawi zambiri imazembera ndikugudubuza dzira mu chisa. Popeza amuna onsewa ndi mbalame zamphamvu, ali ndi gawo lalikulu, chakudya chambiri, ndipo ana (osati awo, koma achibale) ndi abwino kwambiri.
Pomaliza, ndikuwuzani nkhani ina, yomwe ilinso yapadera, koma yofunika kwambiri.
Ofufuzawo adawona kuti chiwerengero cha anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha pakati pa nsonga zakuda ku Patagonia zimadalira El Niño, mwa kuyankhula kwina, nyengo ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya. Ngati chakudya chili chochepa, ndiye kuti chiwerengero cha amuna ndi akazi omwe amagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha chimakula, pamene nsonga imodzi imasamalira bwenzi lomwe lakhalapo kale, ndipo amalera anapiye pamodzi. Ndiko kuti, kuchepa kwa chakudya kumapangitsa kuti chiwerengero cha anapiye chikhale chochepa komanso kumapangitsa kuti otsalawo azikhala ndi moyo wabwino.
Kwenikweni, nkhaniyi ikuwonetsa bwino momwe zimakhalira kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Kuganiza kuti makina osindikizira a DNA, komanso ifeyo ndife makina a DNA, akufunika kupanga makope ambiri momwe tingathere, n’zovuta kumvetsa za Darwin. Richard Dawkins, yemwe ndi katswiri wa sayansi ya sayansi ya sayansi ya zakuthambo, dzina lake Richard Dawkins, wasonyeza bwino kwambiri kuti makina osindikizira a DNA amafunika chinthu chinanso, choti makina osindikizira a DNA ambiri akhalebe ndi moyo kuti abereke.
Kubala mopusa kwa izi sikutheka. Mbalame ikaikira mazira 6 pachisa, ndipo ili ndi zinthu zitatu zokha zodyetsera, ndiye kuti anapiye onse amafa, ndipo iyi ndi njira yoyipa.
Chifukwa chake, pali njira zambiri zamakhalidwe zomwe cholinga chake ndikukulitsa kupulumuka. Njira imodzi yotereyi ndi, mwachitsanzo, madera.
Akazi a mbalame zambiri sangakwatire mwamuna ngati alibe chisa - werengani: dera limene adzadyetse anapiye. Ngati ina yaimuna yapulumuka m’chisacho, ndiye kuti yaikaziyo imakhala pachisacho. Iye ndi wokwatiwa, gu.e. kuyankhula, osati yamphongo, koma chisa. Za chuma cha chakudya.
Njira ina yopulumutsira ndikumanga utsogoleri ndi paketi. Ufulu wobereka umakhala wabwino kwambiri, wamwamuna wa alpha. Njira yomwe ikugwirizana ndi utsogoleri ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mu paketi, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mafunso atatu oti athetse: momwe mwamuna wa alpha angasonyezere kuti ali wamkulu kuposa anyamata popanda kuwapundula (zomwe zingachepetse mwayi wa makina a jini kuti apulumuke), anyamata angapange bwanji maubwenzi pakati pawo? , kachiwiri popanda kuthyolana wina ndi mzake mpaka kufa, Ndi kuonetsetsa kuti akazi asamenyana okha?
Yankho lake n'lachidziwikire.
Ndipo ngati mukuganiza kuti munthu ali pamwamba apo, ndili ndi funso losavuta. Ndiuzeni, chonde, pamene munthu agwada pamaso pa wolamulira, ndiko kuti, pamaso pa alpha wamwamuna, kapena, kuwonjezera apo, akudzigwetsa pansi, amatanthauza chiyani, ndi zizolowezi zachibadwidwe za makolo akutali zomwe zimabwereranso. ?
Kugonana ndi chida champhamvu kwambiri kuti chigwiritsidwe ntchito mwanjira imodzi. Kugonana si njira yokhayo yoberekera, komanso njira yopangira maubwenzi mkati mwa gulu lomwe limathandizira kuti gulu lipulumuke. Mitundu yodabwitsa kwambiri yamakhalidwe okhudzana ndi kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ikuwonetsa kuti njira iyi idadziyimira pawokha m'mbiri ya chisinthiko kangapo, monga, mwachitsanzo, diso lidawuka kangapo.
Pakati pa nyama zapansi, palinso amuna ambiri ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, ndipo potsiriza - ili ndi funso la mitundu yosiyanasiyana - sindingachitire mwina koma kukusangalatsani ndi nkhani ya nsikidzi wamba. Mwana wapathengo uyu amagwirizana ndi cholakwika china pazifukwa zosavuta: amatengera munthu yemwe wangoyamwa magazi.
Monga mukuonera pamwambapa, mu zinyama, maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amadziwika ndi mitundu yambiri. Amawonetsa maubwenzi ochuluka kwambiri m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Munthu yemwe alibe mayankho obadwa nawo pamakhalidwe, koma ali ndi miyambo yambiri, malamulo ndi miyambo, ndipo miyamboyi sikuti imangokhala pa physiology, komanso imalowanso m'mawu okhazikika nawo ndikuwongolera - kubalalitsidwa kwa machitidwe okhudzana ndi thupi. kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Munthu akhoza kupanga magulu aatali amagulu malinga ndi momwe amaonera kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Pamapeto amodzi a sikelo iyi padzakhala, mwachitsanzo, chitukuko cha Chiyuda ndi Chikhristu ndi kuletsa kwake mwatsatanetsatane za tchimo la Sodomu.
Kumapeto ena a sikelo kungakhale, mwachitsanzo, gulu la Etoro. Uwu ndi fuko laling'ono ku New Guinea, momwe, mofanana ndi mafuko ambiri a ku New Guinea, chinthu monga mbewu yamphongo chimakhala ndi gawo lalikulu m'chilengedwe chonse.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a Etoro, mnyamata sangakule pokhapokha atalandira mbewu yamphongo. Choncho, ali ndi zaka khumi, anyamata onse amachotsedwa kwa akazi (kawirikawiri amachitira akazi zoipa, amawaona ngati mfiti, ndi zina zotero) ndikupita nawo kunyumba ya amuna, kumene mnyamata wazaka 10 mpaka 20 amalandira gawo lake nthawi zonse. wa wothandizira kukula, mwamano ndi pakamwa. Popanda izi, "mnyamatayo sadzakula." Kwa mafunso a ofufuza: "Motani, ndipo inunso?" - anthu ammudzi adayankha: "Chabwino, mukuwona: Ndinakulira." Mchimwene wa mkazi wake wam'tsogolo nthawi zambiri amapezerapo mwayi pa mnyamatayo, koma pazochitika zazikulu, othandizira ena ambiri amachita nawo mwambowo. Pambuyo pa zaka 20, mnyamatayo amakula, maudindo amasintha, ndipo amakhala ngati wopereka njira za kukula.
Kaŵirikaŵiri panthaŵi ino amakwatira, ndipo popeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amakwatira mtsikana amene adakali wamng’ono, panthaŵi ino ali ndi zibwenzi ziŵiri, onse aŵiri amene amalankhulana nawo, monga momwe m’busa Wachiprotestanti anganene, “m’njira yosakhala yachibadwa.” Kenako mtsikanayo amakula, ali ndi ana, ndipo pofika zaka 40 amayamba kukhala ndi moyo wosagonana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, osawerengera udindo wa anthu pamasiku olemekezeka kuti athandize mbadwo wamtsogolo kukula.
Potsatira chitsanzo cha thisoro, apainiya ndi Komsomol adakonzedwa mu USSR yathu, kusiyana kokha ndiko kuti adawombera ubongo, osati ziwalo zina za thupi.
Sindine wokonda kulondola kwandale, zomwe zimati chikhalidwe chilichonse cha anthu ndi chapadera komanso chodabwitsa. Zikhalidwe zina siziyenera kukhalapo. Sizingatheke kupeza china chilichonse chonyansa pamndandanda wa zikhalidwe za anthu kuposa etoro, kupatula, zowonadi, chifukwa cha chizolowezi chokoma cha ansembe a zitukuko zina zaku America zomwe zatha kuti zigwirizane ndi ozunzidwa amtsogolo asanapereke nsembe.
Kusiyana kwa chikhalidwe chachikhristu ndi etoro kumawonekera m'maso. Ndipo zili mu mfundo yakuti chikhalidwe chachikhristu chafalikira padziko lonse lapansi ndipo chabweretsa chitukuko chachikulu, ndipo a Etoros akhala akukhala m'nkhalango zawo ndipo akukhala. Mwa njira, izi zimagwirizana mwachindunji ndi malingaliro okhudzana ndi kugonana, chifukwa Akristu amaletsa maubwenzi ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndipo anali obala zipatso ndi kuchulukitsa mu ziwerengero kotero kuti anayenera kukhazikika, ndipo chifukwa cha zizolowezi zawo zaukwati, thisoros ali molingana ndi chilengedwe.
Izi makamaka kwa okonda bwino ndi chilengedwe: chonde musaiwale kuti ena mwa mafuko amene anali mu bwino kwambiri akwaniritsa homeostasis amene anasangalala miyoyo ya «wobiriwira» mothandizidwa ndi pedophilia ndi cannibalism.
Komabe, panali zikhalidwe zambiri padziko lapansi zomwe sizinali zopambana kuposa zathu, nthawi zina zinali zotsogola zake zenizeni ndipo zimalekerera kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha.
Choyamba, ichi ndi chikhalidwe chakale chomwe ndatchula kale, komanso chikhalidwe cha Ajeremani akale ndi samurai Japan. Nthawi zambiri, monganso pakati pa anyani achichepere, kugonana kunkachitika pakati pa ankhondo achichepere, ndipo kukondana kunapangitsa gulu lankhondo loterolo kukhala losagonjetseka.
Gulu lopatulika la Theban linali lopangidwa ndi anyamata, omangidwa mwanjira iyi, kuyambira ndi atsogoleri awo, akuluakulu a boma otchuka Pelopidas ndi Epaminondas. Plutarch, yemwe nthawi zambiri amakangana kwambiri pankhani ya kugonana kwa amuna, adatiuza nkhani ya momwe Mfumu Filipo, atagonjetsa a Thebans ku Chaeronea ndikuwona mitembo ya okondana ndi okondana omwe adafera mbali imodzi osabwerera m'mbuyo: " Awonongeke amene akhulupirira kuti achita chochititsa manyazi.”
Detachments wa okonda achinyamata anali khalidwe la Ajeremani oopsa. Malinga ndi nkhani ya Procopius wa ku Kaisareya6, Alaric, yemwe adalanda Roma mu 410, adakwaniritsa izi mwachinyengo: kutanthauza kuti, atasankha achinyamata 300 opanda ndevu ku gulu lake lankhondo, adawapereka kwa okonda bizinesiyo, ndipo iye adadziyesa kuchotsa msasa: pa tsiku loikidwiratu, achinyamata, omwe anali m'gulu la ankhondo olimba mtima kwambiri, adapha alonda a mzindawo ndikulowetsa a Goths. Kotero, ngati Troy adatengedwa mothandizidwa ndi kavalo, ndiye Roma - mothandizidwa ndi pi ... mitundu.
Samurai ankachitira kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha mofanana ndi anthu a ku Sparta, ndiko kuti, gu.e. kulankhula, adaloledwa, monga mpira kapena nsomba. Ngati kusodza kumaloledwa m’chitaganya, zimenezi sizikutanthauza kuti aliyense azichita zimenezo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti palibe chodabwitsa chomwe chidzapezeka mmenemo, pokhapokha ngati, ndithudi, munthu agwera mumisala chifukwa cha kusodza.
Pomaliza, nditchula za chikhalidwe cha anthu, chomwe, mwina, si aliyense amene amadziwa. Ili ndilo bungwe lachiyanjano la ku Korea "hwarang" la Silla Dynasty: gulu lankhondo la anyamata osankhika olemekezeka, otchuka chifukwa cha kulimba mtima kwawo, komanso chizolowezi chojambula nkhope zawo ndi kuvala ngati akazi. Mtsogoleri wa Hwarang Kim Yushin (595-673) adatenga gawo lotsogolera pakugwirizanitsa dziko la Korea pansi pa ulamuliro wa Silla. Pambuyo pa kugwa kwa mzera, mawu akuti "hwarang" adayamba kutanthauza "hule lachimuna".
Ndipo ngati mupeza zizolowezi za Hwarang zachilendo, ndiye funso losayankhula: chonde ndiuzeni chifukwa chake ankhondo ambiri m'magulu osiyanasiyana adapita kunkhondo mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi nthenga, ngati mahule pagulu?
Kwenikweni, tsopano kudzakhala kosavuta kuti tiyankhe funso lomwe linafunsidwa kumayambiriro kwa nkhaniyi: chifukwa chiyani Achilles anali ndi Briseis ngati anali kale ndi Patroclus?
M'magulu a anthu, khalidwe silidziwika ndi biology. Zimatengera chikhalidwe. Ngakhale anyani alibe makhalidwe chibadwa: magulu a chimpanzi akhoza kusiyana mu zizolowezi zochepa kuposa mayiko a anthu. Komabe, mwa anthu, khalidwe silidziwika konse ndi biology, koma ndi chikhalidwe, kapena kani, ndi kusintha kosayembekezereka kwa biology ndi chikhalidwe.
Chitsanzo cha izi, mwa njira, ndi homophobia. Kafukufuku wasayansi akuwonetsa kuti nthawi zambiri anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amakhala otsekeka. Mchitidwe wokonda kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi wokhumudwa yemwe wasokoneza machitidwe ake ndikusintha udani kwa omwe sanatero.
Ndipo apa pali chitsanzo chosiyana: m'madera amakono, ndi akazi (ndiko kuti, omwe mwachiwonekere sangaganizidwe kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha) omwe amamvera chisoni amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Mary Renault analemba buku lonena za Alexander Wamkulu m'malo mwa wokonda wake waku Persia Bagoas; wokondedwa wanga Lois McMaster Bujold analemba buku lakuti «Ethan kuchokera ku dziko la Eytos», momwe mnyamata wina wochokera ku dziko la amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (panthawiyi vuto la kubereka popanda kutenga nawo mbali kwa mkaziyo, ndithudi, linali litathetsedwa kale) alowa m'dziko lalikulu ndikukumana - o, mantha! - cholengedwa choyipa ichi - mkazi. Ndipo JK Rowling adavomereza kuti Dumbledore ndi gay. Mwachiwonekere, wolemba mizere iyi alinso mu kampani yabwinoyi.
Anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha posachedwapa akhala akukonda kwambiri kafukufuku wokhudzana ndi zomwe zimayambitsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (kawirikawiri tikukamba za mahomoni ena omwe amayamba kupangidwa ngakhale m'mimba panthawi yachisokonezo). Koma zoyambitsa biochemical izi zimakhalapo ndendende chifukwa zimayambitsa kuyankha komwe kumawonjezera mwayi wamoyo wokhala ndi moyo pansi pamikhalidwe yomwe yachitika. Izi sizowonongeka mu pulogalamuyi, iyi ndi pulogalamu yaying'ono yomwe imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa anthu, koma imawonjezera kuchuluka kwa chakudya kwa ena onse ndikuwongolera kuthandizana kwawo.
Khalidwe la munthu ndi pulasitiki wopanda malire. Zikhalidwe za anthu zimasonyeza mitundu yonse ya khalidwe la anyani. Mwachiwonekere munthu amatha kukhala m'mabanja okhala ndi mwamuna mmodzi ndipo mwachiwonekere (makamaka panthawi yamavuto kapena kuponderezedwa) amatha kusonkhanitsa magulu akuluakulu omwe ali ndi utsogoleri, alpha wamwamuna, wamkazi, ndi mbali yotsalira ya utsogoleri - kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, zonse zokhudzana ndi thupi komanso thupi. zophiphiritsa.
Pamwamba pa chitumbuwa chonsechi, chuma chimakhalanso chapamwamba, ndipo m'dziko lomwe likusintha mofulumira, ndi kondomu, ndi zina zotero, machitidwe onse akale amakhalidwe amalephera.
Momwe njirazi zimasinthira mwachangu, ndi zinthu ziti zomwe zimadalira zomwe siziri zamoyo, zitha kuwoneka m'buku lakale la Edward Evans-Pritchard pa Zande 'mkazi-mkazi'. Kalelo m’zaka za m’ma 8, Azande anali ndi mafumu okhala ndi akazi akuluakulu; munali kusowa kwa akazi pakati pa anthu, kugonana kunja kwa banja kunali chilango cha imfa, chiwongoladzanja chinali chokwera mtengo kwambiri, ndipo anyamata ankhondo ku nyumba yachifumu sakanakwanitsa. Chifukwa chake, pakati pa Azande apamwamba, monga ku France masiku ano, ukwati wa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha unaloledwa, ndipo omwe anafunsidwa akufotokozera momveka bwino kwa Evans-Pritchard kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa "akazi aamuna" kunayambika chifukwa cha kusowa ndi kukwera mtengo kwa akazi. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa ankhondo osakwatiwa ku nyumba yachifumu kutangotha (onani ndi anyani achichepere kapena Ajeremani akale), malipiro a chikwati ndi imfa chifukwa cha kugonana kunja kwa banja, "akazi aamuna" nawonso anatha.
Tinganene kuti kulibe anthu ogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Komanso heterosexuals. Pali kugonana kwaumunthu komwe kuli muzokambirana zovuta ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Mabodza a LGBT nthawi zambiri amabwereza mawu onena za "10% ya gay obadwa nawo mumtundu uliwonse"9. Zonse zomwe timadziwa zokhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu zimasonyeza kuti izi ndi zopanda pake. Ngakhale pakati pa anyani, chiwerengero cha gay sikudalira chibadwa, koma chilengedwe: akazi kukhala mfulu? Ayi? Kodi mnyamata wamng'ono angapulumuke yekha? Kapena ndi bwino kupanga «ankhondo»? Zomwe tinganene ndizoti chiwerengero cha gay sichikuwoneka bwino kuti sichili ndi ziro ngakhale pamene pali mitu yambiri; kuti ndi 100% m'zikhalidwe zomwe zili zoyenera (mwachitsanzo, m'mafuko angapo a New Guinea) komanso kuti pakati pa mafumu a Spartan, mafumu achiroma ndi ophunzira a Japanese goji chiwerengerochi chinaposa 10%, ndipo Patroclus sanasokonezedwe. ndi Briseis mwanjira iliyonse.
Zonse. Kunena m'zaka za zana la XNUMX kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha ndi peccarum contra naturam (chimo motsutsana ndi chilengedwe) kuli ngati kunena kuti dzuwa limazungulira dziko lapansi. Tsopano akatswiri a sayansi ya zamoyo ali ndi vuto losiyana kotheratu: sangapeze modalirika nyama zamitundu iwiri zomwe zilibe, makamaka mu mawonekedwe ophiphiritsira.
Chimodzi mwazinthu zoopsa kwambiri pazabodza zogonana amuna kapena akazi okhaokha komanso zabodza za LGBT, m'malingaliro mwanga, ndikuti onsewa amakakamiza mnyamata yemwe wachita chidwi ndi kugonana kwake, lingaliro la iyemwini ngati "munthu wopatuka" ndi “ochepa” . Samurai kapena Spartan muzochitika izi amapita kukawedza ndipo samasokoneza ubongo wake: kaya ambiri ndi omwe amapita kukawedza kapena ayi, komanso ngati kupita kukawedza sikumatsutsana ndi ukwati ndi mkazi. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, munthu amene mu chikhalidwe china, monga Alcibiades kapena Kaisara, angaone kuti khalidwe lake ndi mbali ya kugonana kwake kapena kuti ndi gawo la kukula kwake, amasanduka munthu wokhumudwa amene amadana ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha amene amavomereza malamulo akale, kapena kukhala gay wokhumudwa amene amapita. ku ma gay parade. , kutsimikizira, "Inde, ndine."
Chofunikanso kwa ine ndi ichi.
Ngakhale George Orwell mu «1984» adawona gawo lofunika kwambiri lomwe zoletsa zakugonana zimagwira pomanga anthu opondereza. Inde, Putin sangaletse, monga mpingo wachikhristu, kuletsa chisangalalo chilichonse cha moyo, kupatula kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha muutumiki waumishonale ndi cholinga chobala ana. Zingakhale zochuluka kwambiri. Komabe, kutsutsa mbali zambiri za kugonana kwa anthu ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yopangira gulu losagwira ntchito, lodzala ndi chidani, lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Putin ndi Asilamu onyanyira.
Maudindo a akonzi a Psychologos: "Kugonana ndi nyama, kugona kapena kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha - potengera chitukuko cha anthu, komanso pamalingaliro a chitukuko cha munthu aliyense - ndizofanana ndi zomwe zimatsutsana ngati kusewera makina olowetsa. Monga lamulo, muzochitika zamakono, iyi ndi ntchito yopusa komanso yovulaza. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, ngati kugonana ndi nyama ndi pedophilia lero sikuli ndi zifukwa zomveka (sitikhala m'dziko lakale) ndipo tikhoza kutsutsidwa molimba mtima, ndiye kuti kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kumakhala kovuta kwambiri. Ichi ndi kupatuka kwambiri osafunika kwa anthu, koma osati nthawi zonse ufulu kusankha munthu - anthu ena amabadwa ndi zopatuka. Ndipo mu nkhani iyi, anthu masiku ano amakonda kukulitsa kulolerana.