Dongosolo la minyewa la munthu, locholowana kwambiri, limapangidwa ndi ma neuron pafupifupi 100 biliyoni, omwe amatchedwanso ma cell a mitsempha. Ma neurons muubongo amatha kulumikizana kudzera mu ma synapses omwe amatumiza chizindikiro cha minyewa kuchokera ku neuron kupita ku ina.

Ma dendrites ndi aafupi, owonjezera a ma neuron awa. Zowonadi, ma dendrites amapanga gawo lolandirira la neuron: nthawi zambiri amaimiridwa ngati mtengo womwe umachokera ku neuronal cell cell. M'malo mwake, ntchito yomveka ya ma dendrites iphatikiza kusonkhanitsa zidziwitso pamlingo wa ma synapses omwe amawaphimba, asanawayendetse kupita ku cell cell ya neuron. 

Maselo a mitsempha ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi maselo ena m'thupi la munthu: kumbali imodzi, ma morphology awo ndi apadera kwambiri ndipo kumbali inayo, amagwira ntchito zamagetsi. Mawu akuti dendrite amachokera ku liwu lachi Greek Dendron, kutanthauza “mtengo”.

Zigawo zitatu zomwe zimapanga neuron

Ma dendrites ndi mbali zazikulu zolandirira za neuron, zomwe zimatchedwanso minyewa cell. M'malo mwake, ma neuron ambiri amapangidwa ndi zigawo zazikulu zitatu:

• thupi la cell;
• mitundu iwiri ya zowonjezera zama cell zotchedwa dendrites;
• axons. 

Selo la ma neuroni, lomwe limatchedwanso soma, lili ndi phata komanso ma organelles ena. Axon ndi njira imodzi, yopyapyala, yozungulira yomwe imatsogolera minyewa kupita ku neuron ina kapena ku mitundu ina ya minofu. M'malo mwake, ntchito yokhayo yomveka ya axon ndikuyendetsa, kuchokera pamalo amodzi muubongo kupita ku ena, uthenga womwe umasungidwa m'njira yotsatizana ya zomwe zingatheke.

Nanga bwanji za dendrites ndendende?

Kapangidwe ka mtengo kakutuluka mu cell thupi

Ma dendrite awa ndi aafupi, opindika, komanso otalikirana kwambiri ndi nthambi, kupanga mtundu wa mtengo womwe umachokera ku neuronal cell cell.

Ma dendrites alidi zigawo zolandirira za neuron: kwenikweni, nembanemba ya plasma ya dendrites ili ndi malo angapo olandirira kuti amangirire amithenga amankhwala kuchokera ku maselo ena. Kutalika kwa mtengo wa dendritic kumayerekezedwa pa millimeter imodzi. Pomaliza, mabatani ambiri a synaptic amakhala pa dendrites m'malo akutali ndi thupi la cell.

Zotsatira za dendrites

Dendrite iliyonse imachokera ku soma ndi kondomu yomwe imapita ku mapangidwe a cylindrical. Mwamsanga kwambiri, izo ndiye kugawanika awiri nthambi mwana wamkazi. Kutalika kwawo ndi kocheperako kuposa nthambi ya makolo.

Kenako, aliyense wa ramifications motero anapeza magawidwe, ndiyeno, mu zina ziwiri, zabwino kwambiri. Magawo awa akupitilira: ichi ndichifukwa chake akatswiri a neurophysiologists amadzutsa mophiphiritsa "mtengo wa dendritic wa neuron".

Ntchito ya dendrites ndikusonkhanitsa chidziwitso pamlingo wa ma synapses (mipata pakati pa ma neuroni awiri) omwe amawaphimba. Kenako ma dendritewa amanyamula chidziwitsochi kupita ku cell cell ya neuron.

Ma neurons amakhudzidwa ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana, zomwe amazisintha kukhala ma siginecha amagetsi (otchedwa mphamvu zamanjenje), asanasamutsire zomwe zingatheke ku ma neuron ena, minofu kapena ku glands. Ndipo ndithudi, pamene mu axon, mphamvu yamagetsi imachoka ku soma, mu dendrite, mphamvu yamagetsi iyi imafalikira ku soma.

Kafukufuku wasayansi adapangitsa kuti zitheke, chifukwa cha ma elekitirodi ang'onoang'ono omwe adayikidwa m'manyuroni, kuti awunike ntchito yomwe ma dendrites ali nayo pakufalitsa mauthenga a mitsempha. Zikuwonekeratu kuti, m'malo mongokhala zongowonjezera chabe, zida izi zimagwira ntchito yayikulu pakukonza zidziwitso.

Malinga ndi kafukufukuyu yemwe adasindikizidwa mu Nature, ma dendrites motero sangakhale zowonjezera za nembanemba zomwe zimakhudzidwa potumiza mphamvu ya minyewa ku axon: kwenikweni sangakhale oyimira pakati, koma nawonso amakonza zambiri. Ntchito yomwe ingawonjezere mphamvu za ubongo. 

Chifukwa chake deta yonse ikuwoneka ngati ikusintha: ma dendrites sangokhala, koma, mwanjira ina, makompyuta ang'onoang'ono muubongo.

Kusagwira bwino ntchito kwa ma dendrites kumatha kulumikizidwa ndi kukanika kokhudzana ndi ma neurotransmitters omwe amawasangalatsa kapena, m'malo mwake, amawalepheretsa.

Odziwika kwambiri mwa ma neurotransmitterswa ndi dopamine, serotonin kapena GABA. Izi ndizowonongeka kwa katulutsidwe kawo, komwe kumakhala kokwera kwambiri kapena kotsika kwambiri, kapena koletsedwa, komwe kumatha kukhala chifukwa cha zovuta.

Matenda oyambitsidwa ndi kulephera kwa ma neurotransmitters ndi, makamaka, matenda amisala, monga kupsinjika maganizo, bipolar disorder kapena schizophrenia.

Kulephera kwa ma psychic komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kusawongolera bwino kwa ma neurotransmitters ndipo chifukwa chake, pansi, ndikugwira ntchito kwa ma dendrites, tsopano akuchira. Nthawi zambiri, phindu pamatenda amisala limapezedwa ndi mgwirizano pakati pa chithandizo chamankhwala ndi kuwunika kwamtundu wa psychotherapeutic.

Pali mitundu ingapo ya mafunde a psychotherapeutic: kwenikweni, wodwalayo amatha kusankha katswiri yemwe amadzidalira, amamumvera komanso njira yomwe imamuyenerera malinga ndi zakale, zomwe adakumana nazo, komanso zosowa zake.

Palinso njira zochiritsira zamakhalidwe, zochiritsira za anthu kapena ngakhale ma psychotherapies omwe amalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi psychoanalytic pano.

Kuzindikira kwa matenda amisala, komwe kumafanana ndi kulephera kwa dongosolo lamanjenje komwe ma dendrites amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri, adzapangidwa ndi katswiri wamisala. Nthawi zambiri zimatenga nthawi yayitali kuti muzindikire.

Pomaliza, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti wodwalayo sayenera kudzimva kuti watsekeredwa mu "chilembo" chomwe chingamuzindikiritse, koma kuti akhalebe munthu wathunthu, yemwe amangoyenera kuphunzira kuwongolera zomwe amakonda. Akatswiri, akatswiri amisala ndi akatswiri amisala, adzatha kumuthandiza mbali iyi.

Tsiku lodziwika la mawu akuti "neuron" lakhazikitsidwa mu 1891. Ulendowu, makamaka wa anatomical pachiyambi, unawonekera makamaka chifukwa cha mtundu wakuda wa selo ili, wochitidwa ndi Camillo Golgi. Koma, epic yasayansi iyi, osati kungoyang'ana pazokhazikika za zomwe zapezedwazi, pang'onopang'ono zidapangitsa kuti pakhale zotheka kutenga neuron ngati selo kukhala malo opangira magetsi. Kenako zidawoneka kuti ma reflexes owongolera, komanso zovuta zaubongo.

Zinali makamaka kuchokera ku 1950s kuti zida zambiri zapamwamba za biophysical zidagwiritsidwa ntchito pophunzira neuron, pa infra-cellular ndiyeno mulingo wa mamolekyulu. Chifukwa chake, ma electron microscopy adapangitsa kuti zitheke kuwulula malo a synaptic cleft, komanso exocytosis ya ma neurotransmitter vesicles pa synapses. Ndiye zinali zotheka kuphunzira zomwe zili mu vesicles izi.

Kenaka, njira yotchedwa "patch-clamp" inachititsa kuti, kuyambira zaka za m'ma 1980, aphunzire kusiyana kwamakono kudzera mu njira imodzi ya ion. Kenako tinatha kufotokoza njira zapamtima za neuron. Zina mwa izo: kufalitsa kumbuyo kwa zomwe zingatheke mumitengo ya dendrite.

Pomaliza, kwa Jean-Gaël Barbara, katswiri wa sayansi ya ubongo ndi mbiri yakale, "pang'onopang'ono, neuron imakhala chinthu chowonetsera chatsopano, monga selo lapadera pakati pa ena, pamene limakhala lapadera ndi matanthauzo ovuta a machitidwe ake.".

Asayansi Golgi ndi Ramon y Cajal adalandira Mphotho ya Nobel mu 1906 chifukwa cha ntchito yawo yokhudzana ndi lingaliro la ma neuron.