Dysgraphia ndi vuto lolemba, lomwe limabweretsa zilembo zolakwika komanso malo osakwaniritsidwa. Kusintha kwa zilankhulo zolembedwaku kumakhudza luso lamakina lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi zilembo zamalinga, zomwe zimadziwika kuti "malemba ophatikizidwa".

Dysgraphia nthawi zambiri imabweretsa kutaya mtima komanso kuchepa kwa maphunziro. Ndipo, ngakhale kufunikira kwa makompyuta m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, zolemba zomveka zimakhalabe luso lofunikira pamoyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kuphunzitsanso kulemba kungathetse vutoli. Njira ina: kugwiritsa ntchito, m'kalasi, pakompyuta, kulipira zovuta za mwana wa dysgraphic. 

Tanthauzo la dysgraphia

Tanthauzo loperekedwa ndi katswiri wa zamaganizo wa ku France Julian de Ajuriaguerra wa dysgraphia ndi wokwanira: "Ndi mwana wa dysgraphic yemwe amalemba bwino pomwe palibe vuto la minyewa kapena luntha lomwe lingafotokozere kupereweraku."

Choncho Dysgraphia ndi vuto losalekeza pakukwaniritsidwa kwa zojambulajambula, zomwe zimakhudza mawonekedwe a kulemba, komanso kuthamanga kwake kwa kuphedwa.

Ikhoza makamaka kukhala mbali ya symptomatology ya vuto la proprioception: luso lodziwa malo a ziwalo za thupi, komanso matalikidwe kapena kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake, popanda kuthandizidwa ndi zizindikiro zowonetsera kapena zomveka.

Zifukwa za dysgraphia

• Zomwe zili mkati:

Ntchito yolemba ndi yovuta ndipo imaphatikizapo maluso ambiri. Polemba, maluso monga kuyendetsa bwino magalimoto, kugwirizanitsa, kuphatikizika kwa visuospatial, kapena ngakhale kukonzekera mayendedwe ali pachiwopsezo. Zimasokonezanso kuwongolera kwa manja, malingaliro owoneka ndi umwini, zomwe tazitchula kale, komanso kuthekera kokhala ndi chidwi chokhazikika. Mphamvu ya kukhudzidwa kwa zala imathandizanso kwambiri.

Dysgraphia ikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi kulephera kwa luso limodzi kapena angapo, otchedwa intrinsic factor.

• Zinthu Zakunja:

Zinthu zakunja, za chilengedwe cha biomechanical, kapena zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe zingakhudzidwenso: mtundu wa cholembera kapena pepala logwiritsidwa ntchito, kutalika pakati pa mpando ndi desiki, kuchuluka kwa zolemba zofunika, ndi zina zotero. 

Kuzindikira kwa dysgraphia: mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso kuchuluka kwake

Kuzindikira kwa dysgraphia kumaphatikiza zida zovomerezeka komanso zokhazikika ndi zowonera mwamwayi, monga momwe angachitire mkalasi ndi mphunzitsi.

• Kuti awone ubwino wa kulemba, chiwerengero cha BHK dysgraphia, chomwe chinakhazikitsidwa mu 2002, chimaganizira za khalidwe la kujambula, kutulutsanso kalatayo, monga kukula kwake, mawonekedwe ake kapena gawo, ndi zilembo zotsatizana pakati pawo, kusunga. mzere, kapena bungwe lomwe lili patsamba… 
• Mbali ya kuchuluka kwa kulemba imatsimikiziridwa ndi BHK, kapena ndi Lespargot's kulemba mofulumira, kukhazikitsidwa mu 1981 ndipo recalibrated mu 2008. Mayesero amenewa adzakhala mwana mogwirizana ndi msinkhu wake kapena zaka. msinkhu wa sukulu, kutsimikizira kukula kwa kupatuka kwake kuchokera ku chikhalidwe. Kutopa, kupirira pang'ono kapena kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa kulemba pakapita nthawi kumatha kuzindikirika.
• Kuphatikiza apo, kuyesa kwa Ajuriaguerra komwe kumadziwika kuti kuthamangitsa kulemba kudzawunika kuchuluka kwa makina odzipangira okha, omwe amalola kapena salola kuthamangitsidwa kwa nyimbo yolembera. Kuchita kochepa, kofanana ndi kusakwanira kwa makina, kotero kumafunika kusamala kwambiri.

Kusokonezeka kwa zilankhulo zolembedwa izi, zomwe zimasokoneza kuwerenga komanso kufulumira kwa kulemba, zimawunikidwa kudzera pakuwunika kwamawu, komwe kumathandizira kuzindikira kwa dysgraphia, ndikulozera zolembetsa zowononga. Pamapeto pake, matenda amenewa amafuna maganizo a dokotala, nthawi zambiri neuropediatrician, amene amaona zofufuza zonse ikuchitika ndi akatswiri: zamaganizo, ophthalmologist, orthoptist, kulankhula Therapist, psychomotor Therapist, etc.

Anthu okhudzidwa ndi dysgraphia

10 mpaka 30% ya ana akusukulu amakhudzidwa ndi dysgraphia. Anyamata amakhudzidwa kwambiri kuposa atsikana. Choncho, maphunziro opangidwa mwa ana a zaka 7 ndi kupitirira awonetsa, poyerekeza, kuchepa kwakukulu kwa khalidwe ndi liwiro la kulemba kwa anyamata.

Zowopsa za dysgraphia: prematurity kapena hyperactivity

Ana obadwa msanga nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi dysgraphia kuposa ana obadwa nthawi yayitali. Makamaka, kuchepa kwa mphamvu zawo zomverera pamlingo wa zala. Chiwopsezo chinanso: kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi. Pafupifupi 50% ya ana omwe ali ndi vuto la kuperewera kwa chidwi amakumana ndi zovuta zamagalimoto.

Zolemba pamanja ndi momwe zimagwirira ntchito zimawunikidwa potengera njira zitatu: liwiro, kuwerengeka, ndi mtengo wamaganizidwe.

Mtengo wozindikira wa dysgraphia: Zizindikiro zazikulu

Dysgraphia imapangitsa kuti pakhale mtengo wozindikira, womwe zizindikiro zosiyanasiyana zimatha kuyesedwa ngakhale mwamwambo, monga:

• hypertonia, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa minofu. Kupanikizika kumeneku mu minofu yopuma nthawi zina kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi ululu.
• Synkinesias imatha kuwonedwa: kugundana kosagwirizana kwa minofu, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kusuntha kwa minofu ina, mwaufulu kapena kusinthika.
• Kutopa kwachilendo, komanso kuwonongeka kwa zolemba pamanja pa ntchitoyi nthawi zambiri zimawonedwa.

Zizindikiro zina

Kuonjezera apo, zizindikiro zamaganizo, makamaka kusowa chidaliro kapena kudzidalira, nthawi zambiri zimadziwika. Dysgraphia ingavumbulutsenso zovuta kuvomereza zoletsa, kapena kufotokoza zakukhosi.

Njira zingapo zitha kuphatikizidwa pochiza dysgraphia.

Chithandizo chachikulu cha dysgraphia: kukonzanso kulemba

Magawo a graphotherapy, ochitidwa ndi katswiri wamawu, katswiri wama psychomotor therapist kapena graphopedagogue, amalola mwanayo kuti aphunzitsenso zolemba zake. Ntchito yolemba yolimbikitsa ntchito zamagalimoto ndi ntchito zama psychic, graphotherapy idzafuna kuwongolera zolemba zake komanso, nthawi yomweyo, khalidwe la mwanayo.

• Pamagawo awa, kupumula kumatha kutsagana ndi zochitika zolimbitsa thupi polemba ndi zojambulajambula.
• Zochita izi zidzachitidwa mwanjira yosangalatsa.
• Zochita zowongolera kaimidwe zidzaphatikizidwa, kuwongolera ndondomeko yopangidwa ndi mwanayo chifukwa cha kuyika kwa thupi lake.
• Zochita za Motricity zidzalola kugwira ntchito pamagulu a minofu ndi kusintha kwa zinthu.
• Zosiyanasiyana chisanadze zithunzi ntchito kumathandiza mwanayo kupeza mosavuta ndi fluidity kuyenda.
• Zochita za scryptographic zimayang'ana kwambiri kwa membala wolemba, kudzera pakuzindikira mawonekedwe, mizere yopitilira, sinusoids, garlands ...
• Potsirizira pake, zochitika za calligraphy zidzalola mwanayo kuti aphunzire kulemba molondola, posewera pazinthu monga cholembera cholembera, zida, ndi kupereka zolemba zolembera: zolemba zolembera kapena zakhungu, kusiyana kwa kukula kwa chilembo, ndi zina zotero.

Zothetsera zolimbana ndi dysgraphia m'kalasi

M'kalasi, mphunzitsi akhoza kukonzekera wophunzira wa dysgraphic, monga:

• Perekani mafotokopi ndi malemba opanda kanthu, kuti mulembe zolondola. 
• Sinthani zida zolembera pogwiritsa ntchito mizere yamitundu, zolemba zolembera zokhala ndi mipata yambiri.
• Thandizani kuberekanso kwazithunzi za geometric.
• Onetsetsani kuti mukukulitsa chisangalalo cholemba ...
• Pomalizira pake, mwanayo akhoza kupatsidwa ntchito ya kompyuta.

Kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta m'kalasi kubwezera dysgraphia

Kompyuta ikhoza kukhala njira yobwezera ana omwe ali ndi dysgraphia. Chifukwa ngakhale kuphunzitsidwanso kwazithunzi kumapangitsa kuti ziwongolere magwiridwe ake, powerenga komanso kuthamanga, mtengo wanzeru womwe umapitilira ndi wakuti amadula chidwi cha mwanayo.

"Kusukulu, mwana yemwe ali ndi vuto lolemba mopanda phindu amakhalabe wodetsedwa chifukwa cholemba zolembedwa, ndipo sakhalanso ndi zida zokwanira kuti aganizire ntchitoyo", tsindikani akatswiri a zantchito Anne-Laure Guillermin ndi Sophie Leveque-Dupin. Iwo amanena zimenezo "Kulembako kumatha kulipidwa polemba pa kiyibodi, yomwe imakhalabe yosavuta kuchitapo kanthu ngakhale itakhala yokha".

Madokotala awiriwa, omwenso ndi ophunzitsa, amaumirira ndondomeko yokhazikitsa chida cha kompyuta, chomwe "Zimafunika kuti mwanayo azitha kulemba mofulumira, komanso kuti kompyuta yake imulole kuti athe kuyankha kusukulu".

Potsirizira pake, ngati sichikhala chosiyana ndi chilema chochuluka, makompyuta, kumasula mwanayo ku chizindikiro cha kulemba, adzawonjezera chidwi chake pa ntchito zina zachidziwitso.

Mankhwala azitsamba: Maluwa a Bach akulimbikitsidwa dysgraphia

Mankhwala azitsamba, makamaka maluwa a Bach, atha kupulumutsanso mphamvu yopulumutsa mwana akamavutika: izi ndi zomwe mlangizi wovomerezeka Françoise Quencez akuwonetsa, m'buku lake. Moyo wabwino wasukulu ndi maluwa a Bach.

Kwa ana omwe ali ndi vuto lolemba, zotsatirazi ndizofunika kwambiri:

• Sceleranthus (mpweya), duwa lokhazikika m'malingaliro lomwe limachita mosasamala komanso kusalumikizana,
• Chestnut Bud, wochokera m'gulu "kusowa chidwi pakali pano", zothandiza polimbana ndi zovuta kuphunzira.

Katswiri wa sayansi ya ubongo Bernard Sablonnière anafotokoza bwino izi: "Ubongo ndi pulasitiki kotero kuti njira zokhudzana ndi kuphunzira ndi kukula kwa mphamvu za ubongo sizimasiyanitsidwa." Pali zomwe amazitcha mazenera ophunzirira, ndiko kuti, "nthawi zomwe zimathandizira luso linalake la kuphunzira"..

Lingaliro la kulandila zenera lophunzirira likupezeka kwa luso la magalimoto abwino, lomwe lili pakati pa miyezi itatu ndi khumi ndi isanu ndi itatu: zaka zomwe mwanayo amafunikira kukhudza, dinani ... Ndikulimbikitsa maluso osiyanasiyana pogwiritsa ntchito masewera olimbitsa thupi akhoza kusintha pulogalamuyo. Bernard Sablonnière nayenso ndi gulu: "Ngati ana a miyezi itatu aphunzitsidwa kuzindikira ndi kugwira zinthu mothandizidwa ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi oyenera, amaphunzira luso lamagetsi kusiyana ndi kukula kwabwino kwa ma motor cortex. kapena kuyambira ali ndi miyezi isanu. “

Kuyambira ali aang'ono, limbitsani ana muzojambula zamitundu yonse, zojambula, masewera apulasitiki, kuwagwira, ndikuwapangitsa kuti azigwira ndikunyamula zinthu, ndikuwonetsetsa momwe angathere kuti achepetse mawonekedwe awo pazithunzi, zomwe zingayambitse kufooketsa mphamvu zawo zama psychomotor, njira zonse kutsatira kulimbikitsa tsogolo labwino chitukuko cha galimoto ana. Ndipo mumulole, mwina, kuti apewe zovuta zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha dysgraphia, monga, mwina nthawi zambiri, kutchedwa "waulesi" kapena "wopusa"?

Zomwe zimayambitsa dysgraphia, zovomerezeka zovuta, ndizosiyanasiyana. Komabe, ndi chilema chogonjetseka, chikazindikirika ndikusamalidwa. Maphunziro a kulemba pamanja tsiku ndi tsiku kusukulu ya pulayimale ndi njira yoyamba yopewera, kuthandizira luso la kalembedwe.