Munthu, monga mutu wa zochitika zothandiza ndi zongopeka, yemwe amazindikira ndikusintha dziko lapansi, sakhala wosaganizira za zomwe zikuchitika mozungulira iye, kapena automaton yofanana yomwe imachita zinthu zina, monga makina ogwirizana bwino <.. .> Amakumana ndi zomwe zimamuchitikira ndipo zimamuchitikira; amagwirizana mwanjira inayake ndi zomwe zimamuzungulira. Zochitika za ubale uwu wa munthu ku chilengedwe ndi gawo la malingaliro kapena malingaliro. Kumverera kwa munthu ndiko kawonedwe kake ku dziko, ku zomwe amakumana nazo ndi kuchita, mu mawonekedwe a chokumana nacho chachindunji.
Kutengeka mtima kumatha kuzindikirika mozama pamlingo wofotokozera mozama ndi zinthu zingapo zowululira. Choyamba, mosiyana, mwachitsanzo, malingaliro omwe amasonyeza zomwe zili mu chinthu, malingaliro amasonyeza mkhalidwe wa phunziro ndi ubale wake ndi chinthucho. Kutengeka, kachiwiri, kawirikawiri amasiyana polarity, mwachitsanzo ndi zabwino kapena zoipa chizindikiro: zosangalatsa - kusasangalala, zosangalatsa - chisoni, chimwemwe - chisoni, etc. Onse mizati si kwenikweni kunja-mu udindo. M'malingaliro ovuta aumunthu, nthawi zambiri amapanga mgwirizano wotsutsana: mu nsanje, chikondi champhamvu chimakhala ndi chidani choyaka moto.
Makhalidwe ofunikira a gawo lokhudzidwa-mtima, lomwe limadziwika ndi mizati yabwino komanso yoipa muzomverera, ndizosangalatsa komanso zosasangalatsa. Kuphatikiza pa polarity yosangalatsa komanso yosasangalatsa, m'mikhalidwe yamalingaliro mulinso (monga Wundt adanenera) zotsutsana ndi kupsinjika ndi kutulutsa, chisangalalo ndi kukhumudwa. <...> Pamodzi ndi chimwemwe chokometsedwa (chisangalalo-chisangalalo), pali chimwemwe pa mtendere (chisangalalo chokhudzidwa, chisangalalo-chifundo) ndi chisangalalo chachikulu, chodzaza ndi kulimbikira (chimwemwe cha chiyembekezo chokhudza mtima ndi kuyembekezera monjenjemera); momwemonso, pali chisoni chachikulu, chodzala ndi nkhawa, okondwa chisoni, pafupi kukhumudwa, ndi chete chisoni chisoni - melancholy, mmene munthu amamva kumasuka ndi bata. <....>
Kuti mumvetse bwino za kutengeka m'mawonekedwe awo apadera, m'pofunika kupyola mikhalidwe yolongosoka yomwe tafotokozayi.
Choyambira chachikulu chomwe chimatsimikizira momwe zimakhalira komanso magwiridwe antchito amalingaliro ndikuti mumayendedwe amalingaliro amalumikizidwa, ubale pakati pa zochitika zomwe zikuchitika molingana kapena mosiyana ndi zosowa za munthu, njira ya ntchito yake yomwe cholinga chake ndi kukhutiritsa. zofunika izi, pa dzanja limodzi, ndi njira ya mkati organic ndondomeko kuti agwire ntchito zazikulu zofunika pa moyo wa chamoyo chonse chimadalira, ina; Zotsatira zake, munthuyo amagwirizana ndi zomwe achita kapena kuchita.
Ubale pakati pa mndandanda wa zochitika ziwirizi m'malingaliro umayendetsedwa ndi njira zamaganizo - kulandira kosavuta, kuzindikira, kumvetsetsa, kuyembekezera zotsatira za zochitika kapena zochita.
Njira zamaganizo zimapeza khalidwe labwino kapena loipa malingana ndi zomwe munthu amachita komanso zotsatira zake zimakhala zogwirizana ndi zosowa zake, zofuna zake, maganizo ake; malingaliro a munthu kwa iwo ndi momwe amachitira, kupitilira chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zolinga mogwirizana ndi kapena zotsutsana nazo, zimatsimikizira tsogolo la malingaliro ake.
Ubale wa zomverera ndi zosowa ukhoza kudziwonetsera nokha m'njira ziwiri - mogwirizana ndi uwiri wa chosowacho, chomwe, pokhala kusowa kwa munthu pa chinthu chomwe chimamutsutsa, kumatanthauza kudalira kwake pa chinachake ndi chikhumbo chake. Kumbali imodzi, kukhutitsidwa kapena kusakhutitsidwa kwa chosowa, chomwe sichinadziwonetsere ngati chomverera, koma chodziwika, mwachitsanzo, m'mawonekedwe oyambira a organic sensations, kungayambitse chisangalalo chamalingaliro. - kusakondwa, chimwemwe - chisoni, etc.; kumbali ina, chosowa chokha ngati chizoloŵezi chogwira ntchito chikhoza kukhala ngati kumverera, kotero kuti kumverera kumachitanso ngati chiwonetsero cha zosowa. Izi kapena maganizo athu ndi athu kwa chinthu chinachake kapena munthu - chikondi kapena chidani, etc. - aumbike pa maziko a chosowa pamene tikuzindikira kudalira kukhutitsidwa kwawo pa chinthu ichi kapena munthu, akukumana ndi zikhalidwe maganizo zosangalatsa, kukhutitsidwa, chimwemwe kapena kusakondwa, kusakhutira, chisoni chimene amabweretsa kwa ife. Kuchita ngati chiwonetsero cha chosowa - monga mawonekedwe enieni amalingaliro akukhalapo kwake, kutengeka kumawonetsa mbali yogwira ntchito ya chosowacho.
Popeza zili choncho, kutengeka mtima mosakayikira kumaphatikizapo chikhumbo, kukopeka ndi zomwe zimakopa kukumverera, monga momwe kukopa, chikhumbo, nthawi zonse chimakhala chamaganizo. Chiyambi cha chifuniro ndi maganizo (zokhudza, chilakolako) ndizofala - pa zosowa: popeza timadziwa chinthu chomwe kukhutitsidwa kwa zosowa zathu kumadalira, tili ndi chikhumbo cholunjika kwa icho; popeza timakumana ndi kudalira kumeneku kokha mu chisangalalo kapena kusasangalala komwe chinthucho chimatipangitsa ife, timapanga malingaliro amodzi kwa icho. Mmodzi ndi wosalekanitsidwa bwino ndi mzake. Kukhalapo kosiyana kotheratu kwa ntchito kapena luso lodziyimira pawokha, mitundu iwiriyi yowonetsera chitsogozo chimodzi m'mabuku ena a psychology osati kwina kulikonse.
Mogwirizana ndi izi zapawiri zamalingaliro, zomwe zikuwonetsa zapawiri yogwira-kungokhala chete kwa munthu kudziko lapansi, zomwe zili muzosowa, zapawiri, kapena, ndendende, zapawiri, monga momwe tidzawonera, gawo lazokonda pazochitika za anthu limatembenuka. kukhala: kutengeka mtima kumapangidwa mkati mwa zochita za anthu zomwe cholinga chake ndi kumukhutiritsa. zosowa; motero kudzuka muzochita za munthu, kutengeka kapena zosowa zomwe zimachitikira mu mawonekedwe a zomverera, nthawi yomweyo, zolimbikitsa kuchita.
Komabe, kugwirizana pakati pa zomverera ndi zosowa ndizovuta kwambiri. Kale mu nyama yomwe ili ndi zosowa zokhazokha, chinthu chimodzi chofanana chikhoza kukhala ndi zosiyana komanso zosiyana-zabwino ndi zoipa-matanthauzo chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zosowa zamoyo: kukhutitsidwa kwa wina kukhoza kupita ku chiwonongeko cha wina. Choncho, moyo womwewo ntchito zingachititse zonse zabwino ndi zoipa maganizo zimachitikira. Ngakhale zili choncho, maganizo ameneŵa ali mwa anthu.
Zofuna za anthu sizimachepetsedwa kukhala zofunikira zakuthupi; ali ndi utsogoleri wonse wa zosowa zosiyanasiyana, zokonda, malingaliro. Chifukwa cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zosowa, zokonda, malingaliro a munthu, zochitika zomwezo kapena chodabwitsa chokhudzana ndi zosowa zosiyanasiyana zimatha kukhala ndi tanthauzo losiyana komanso losiyana - zabwino ndi zoyipa - tanthauzo lamalingaliro. Chochitika chimodzi chomwecho chikhoza kuperekedwa ndi zosiyana - zabwino ndi zoipa - chizindikiro chamaganizo. Chifukwa chake nthawi zambiri kusagwirizana, kusiyanasiyana kwa malingaliro aumunthu, kusamvana kwawo. Chifukwa chake, nthawi zina kumasintha mu gawo lamalingaliro, pamene, pokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa umunthu, kumverera kuti izi kapena chodabwitsachi chimayambitsa, mochuluka kapena mocheperapo zimadutsa mosiyana. Chifukwa chake, malingaliro a munthu samatsimikiziridwa ndi ubale ndi zosowa zapayekha, koma zimakhazikitsidwa ndi malingaliro amunthuyo. Kutsimikiziridwa ndi chiŵerengero cha zochita zimene munthuyo akuchita ndi zosoŵa zake, malingaliro a munthu amasonyeza kapangidwe ka umunthu wake, kuwulula kaimidwe kake, malingaliro ake; zomwe zimasiya munthu wopanda chidwi ndi zomwe zimamukhudza, zomwe zimamukondweretsa ndi zomwe zimamukhumudwitsa, nthawi zambiri zimawulula momveka bwino - ndipo nthawi zina zimapereka - umunthu wake weniweni. <....>
Zomverera ndi zochita
Ngati chirichonse chikuchitika, malingana ndi ichi kapena chiyanjano ndi munthu ndipo chifukwa chake chimayambitsa izi kapena maganizo ake, akhoza kudzutsa maganizo ena mwa iye, ndiye kuti kugwirizana kwakukulu pakati pa maganizo a munthu ndi ntchito yake ndizovuta kwambiri. pafupi. Kutengeka ndi kufunikira kwamkati kumachokera ku chiŵerengero - chabwino kapena choipa - cha zotsatira za chinthu chofunikira, chomwe chiri cholinga chake, choyambirira.
Ubale uwu ndi wogwirizana: kumbali imodzi, njira ndi zotsatira za ntchito yaumunthu nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa malingaliro ena mwa munthu, komano, malingaliro a munthu, malingaliro ake amakhudza ntchito yake. Kutengeka mtima sikungotsimikizira zochitika, koma zimakhazikika nazo. Chikhalidwe cha kutengeka, awo zofunika katundu ndi dongosolo la maganizo ndondomeko zimadalira izo.
<...> Chotsatira cha zochitikazo chikhoza kukhala chogwirizana kapena chosagwirizana ndi chofunikira kwambiri cha munthu yemwe ali muzochitikazi panthawiyi. Kutengera izi, zochita za munthu zimatha kuyambitsa malingaliro abwino kapena oyipa m'mutuwu, kumverera kogwirizana ndi chisangalalo kapena kusasangalala. Maonekedwe a chimodzi mwa makhalidwe awiriwa a polar a ndondomeko iliyonse yamaganizo adzadalira kusintha kwa ubale pakati pa zochitika ndi zikhumbo zake zoyamba zomwe zimayambira pazochitika komanso panthawi ya ntchito. Malo osalowerera ndale omwe akugwiranso ntchito amathanso, pamene ntchito zina zachitika zomwe zilibe tanthauzo lodziimira; amasiya munthuyo kukhala wosalowerera m’maganizo. Popeza munthu, monga cholengedwa chodziwa, amadziikira zolinga zake malinga ndi zosowa zake, malingaliro ake, tinganenenso kuti khalidwe labwino kapena loipa la malingaliro limatsimikiziridwa ndi mgwirizano pakati pa cholinga ndi zotsatira za kukhudzidwa. zochita.
Kutengera maubwenzi omwe amakula panthawi yantchito, zida zina zamaganizidwe zimatsimikiziridwa. Munthawi yantchito, nthawi zambiri pamakhala mfundo zofunikira pomwe zotsatira zabwino kapena zoyipa pamutuwu, zotulukapo kapena zotsatira za ntchito yake zimatsimikiziridwa. Munthu, monga cholengedwa chozindikira, mochulukirapo kapena mochepera amawoneratu kuyandikira kwa mfundo zovutazi. Mukawayandikira, malingaliro amunthu - abwino kapena oyipa - amawonjezera mikangano. Mfundo yofunika ikadutsa, kumverera kwa munthu - zabwino kapena zoipa - kumachotsedwa.
Pomaliza, chochitika chilichonse chifukwa cha munthu ntchito poyerekezera ndi zolinga zake zosiyanasiyana kapena zolinga akhoza kukhala ndi «ambivalent» - zabwino ndi zoipa - tanthauzo. Zomwe zimatsutsana kwambiri, zosemphana ndi zochitika komanso zochitika zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha izi, m'pamenenso pali chipwirikiti cha chikhalidwe cha nkhaniyo. Zotsatira zomwezo ngati mkangano wosathetsedwa ukhoza kubweretsa kusintha kwakukulu kuchokera ku zabwino - makamaka zokhazikika - zamaganizo kupita ku zoipa ndi mosemphanitsa. Kumbali inayi, njirayo ikamayenda bwino, popanda mikangano, m'pamenenso mumakhala bata, m'pamenenso mumachepa mphamvu ndi chisangalalo. <....>
Zosiyanasiyana <...> zomverera zimadalira mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ubale weniweni wa moyo wamunthu womwe umawonetsedwa mwa iwo, ndi mitundu ya zochitika zomwe <...> zimachitika. <....>
Komanso, kutengeka mtima kumakhudza kwambiri zochita. Monga njira yowonetsera zosowa za munthu, malingaliro amakhala ngati zolimbikitsa zamkati zantchito. Zilakolako zamkati zimenezi, zosonyezedwa ndi malingaliro, zimatsimikiziridwa ndi unansi weniweni wa munthuyo ndi dziko lomuzungulira.
Kuti timvetsetse udindo wa zomverera muzochita, m'pofunika kusiyanitsa pakati pa kutengeka, kapena kumverera, ndi kutengeka mtima, kapena kugwira ntchito motere.
Palibe kutengeka kumodzi kwenikweni kwenikweni komwe kungathe kuchepetsedwa kukhala kwapayekha, koyera, mwachitsanzo, kutengeka kapena kukhudzidwa. Kutengeka kwenikweni kulikonse kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala kugwirizana kwa chisonkhezero ndi luntha, chokumana nacho ndi kuzindikira, popeza kuti kumaphatikizapo, ku mlingo umodzi kapena imzake, nthaŵi zodzifunira, zosonkhezera, zikhumbo, popeza kuti mwachizoloŵezi munthu wathunthu amasonyezedwa mmenemo ku mlingo umodzi kapena wina. Kutengedwa mu umphumphu weniweni, kutengeka mtima kumakhala ngati zolimbikitsa, zolinga za ntchito. Iwo amasankha njira ya ntchito ya munthu payekha, pokhala iwo eni eni ake ndi izo. Mu psychology, munthu nthawi zambiri amalankhula za umodzi wamalingaliro, kukhudzidwa, ndi luntha, akukhulupirira kuti mwa izi amagonjetsa lingaliro losamveka lomwe limagawanitsa psychology muzinthu zosiyana, kapena ntchito. Pakalipano, ndi mapangidwe otere, wofufuzayo amangotsindika kudalira kwake pamalingaliro omwe akufuna kuwagonjetsa. Ndipotu, munthu sayenera kungolankhula za umodzi wa malingaliro ndi luntha m'moyo wa munthu, koma za umodzi wa malingaliro, kapena okhudzidwa, ndi aluntha mkati mwa malingaliro okha, komanso mkati mwa luntha lokha.
Ngati ife tsopano tisiyanitse maganizo, kapena mphamvu monga choncho, mu malingaliro, ndiye kuti zidzatheka kunena kuti sizimatsimikizira nkomwe, koma zimangoyendetsa ntchito zaumunthu zomwe zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mphindi zina; zimapangitsa kuti munthu asamavutike kwambiri ndi zikhumbo zina, amapanga, titero, dongosolo la zipata, zomwe, m'maganizo, zimayikidwa kumtunda umodzi kapena wina; kusintha, kusinthasintha zonse zolandirira, zachidziwitso zonse, ndi mota, zogwira ntchito, zodziyimira pawokha, zimatsimikizira kamvekedwe, liwiro la zochitika, kulumikizana kwake kumlingo wina kapena wina. M'mawu ena, maganizo monga choncho, i. kutengeka mtima ngati mphindi kapena mbali ya kutengeka, kumatsimikizira makamaka mbali yamphamvu kapena mbali ya zochitika.
Zingakhale zolakwika (monga momwe amachitira, mwachitsanzo, K. Levin) kusamutsira malowa ku malingaliro, ku malingaliro ambiri. Udindo wa zomverera ndi maganizo si reducible kuti mphamvu, chifukwa iwo okha si reducible kuti kamodzi maganizo mphindi anatengedwa kudzipatula. Mphindi yamphamvu ndi nthawi yolowera zimalumikizana kwambiri. Kuwonjezeka kwa kutengeka ndi kuchitapo kanthu nthawi zambiri kumakhala kosasankha: mumkhalidwe wina wamaganizo, wokhudzidwa ndi kumverera kwinakwake, munthu amayamba kutengeka kwambiri ndi chilakolako chimodzi ndi chochepa kwa ena. Chifukwa chake, kusintha kwamphamvu mumayendedwe amalingaliro nthawi zambiri kumakhala kolunjika. <....>
Kufunika kosunthika kwa kukhudzidwa kwamalingaliro nthawi zambiri kumatha kuwirikiza: kutengeka kwamalingaliro kumatha kukulitsa kamvekedwe ndi mphamvu ya zochitika zamaganizidwe, kapena kumatha kuchepetsa kapena kuchedwetsa. Ena, makamaka Cannon, amene makamaka anaphunzira kudzutsidwa maganizo pa nthawi ya ukali ndi mantha, kutsindika makamaka kulimbikitsa ntchito yawo (mwadzidzidzi ntchito malinga Cannon), ena (E. Claparede, Kantor, etc.), M'malo mwake, maganizo ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi kusokonekera. khalidwe; amachokera ku kusalinganizika ndi kupanga zosokoneza.
Lililonse la mfundo ziwiri zotsutsana zimachokera ku zenizeni zenizeni, koma zonse zimachokera ku njira yonyenga yamatsenga "kaya - kapena" choncho, kuyambira ku gulu limodzi la mfundo, amakakamizika kupeputsa ena. . M'malo mwake, palibe kukayikira kuti panonso, zenizeni zimatsutsana: njira zamaganizidwe zimatha kukulitsa luso lazochita ndikuzisokoneza. Nthawi zina izi zingadalire kukula kwa ndondomekoyi: zotsatira zabwino zomwe ndondomeko yamaganizo imapereka pamlingo wokwanira kwambiri imatha kukhala yosiyana ndi kupereka zotsatira zoipa, zosokoneza ndi kuwonjezereka kwakukulu kwa kudzutsidwa kwamaganizo. Nthawi zina chimodzi mwazotsatira ziwiri zosiyana chimakhala chifukwa cha chimzake: mwa kuonjezera ntchito kumbali imodzi, kutengeka kumasokoneza kapena kusokoneza kwina; kukwiya kwambiri kukwera kwaukali mwa munthu, wokhoza kusonkhanitsa mphamvu zake kuti amenyane ndi mdani ndikukhala ndi zotsatira zopindulitsa kumbali iyi, akhoza nthawi yomweyo kusokoneza ntchito zamaganizo pofuna kuthetsa mavuto aliwonse amalingaliro.