Njira ya Existential-humanistic mu psychology ndi psychotherapy

Wolemba ndi SL Bratchenko, Pulofesa Wothandizira wa dipatimenti ya Psychology, Russian State Pedagogical University. Herzen, candidate of psychology. Sayansi. Nkhani yoyambirira idasindikizidwa mu Psychological Newspaper N 01 (16) 1997.

… Ndife zamoyo, choncho, kumlingo wakutiwakuti, tonsefe ndife okhulupirira kuti alipo.

J. Bugental, R. Kleiner

Njira yomwe ilipo-yaumunthu siili pakati pa zosavuta. Zovuta zimayamba ndi dzina lenilenilo. Kuti athane ndi izi, mbiri yaying'ono.

Kuwongolera komwe kulipo mu psychology kudayamba ku Europe chakumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chiwiri pakuphatikizika kwa machitidwe awiri: mbali imodzi, kunali kusakhutitsidwa kwa akatswiri azamisala ndi akatswiri ambiri omwe anali ndi malingaliro otsimikizika panthawiyo komanso kutsata cholinga, kusanthula sayansi munthu; kumbali ina, ndi chitukuko champhamvu cha filosofi ya existential, yomwe inasonyeza chidwi chachikulu mu psychology ndi psychiatry. Zotsatira zake, malingaliro atsopano adawonekera mu psychology - yomwe ilipo, yomwe imayimiridwa ndi mayina monga Karl Jaspers, Ludwig Binswanger, Medard Boss, Viktor Frankl ndi ena ambiri.

Ndikofunika kuzindikira kuti chisonkhezero cha kukhalapo kwa moyo pa psychology sichinali kokha kutulukira kwa njira yeniyeni yopezekapo - masukulu ambiri a zamaganizo anatengera malingalirowa ku digiri imodzi kapena imzake. Zolinga zomwe zilipo zimakhala zamphamvu kwambiri mu E. Fromm, F. Perls, K. Horney, SL weshtein, etc. Izi zimatilola kulankhula za banja lonse la njira zomwe zilipo komanso kusiyanitsa pakati pa psychology (mankhwala) m'njira yotakata komanso yopapatiza. . Pamapeto pake, mawonedwe akukhalapo kwa munthu amakhala ngati malo odziwika bwino komanso okhazikika. Poyambirira, chikhalidwe choyenera cha kukhalapo (mwanjira yopapatiza) chinkatchedwa kukhalapo-phenomenological kapena existential-analytical ndipo chinali chodabwitsa cha ku Ulaya. Koma pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, njira yomwe ilipo idafalikira ku United States. Komanso, pakati pa oimira ake odziwika kwambiri panali atsogoleri ena achitatu, kusintha kwaumunthu m'maganizo (omwe, makamaka, anali ozikidwa pa malingaliro a kukhalapo): Rollo MAY, James BUGENTAL ndi ena ambiri.

Mwachiwonekere, kotero, ena mwa iwo, makamaka, J. BUGENTHAL amakonda kulankhula za njira yopezekapo-yaumunthu. Zikuwoneka kuti mayanjano oterowo ndi omveka ndipo ali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu. Existentialism ndi humanism ndithu si chinthu chomwecho; ndi dzina existential-humanistic analanda osati awo sanali, komanso chikhazikitso commonality, amene ali makamaka kuzindikira ufulu wa munthu kumanga moyo wake ndi luso kutero.

Posachedwapa, gawo la chithandizo chamankhwala chaumunthu chakhalapo mu St. Petersburg Association for Training and Psychotherapy. Zingakhale zolondola kunena kuti gulu la akatswiri a zamaganizo ndi ochiritsa linalandira udindo, likugwira ntchito motere kuyambira 1992, pamene ku Moscow, mkati mwa Msonkhano Wapadziko Lonse wa Psychology yaumunthu, tinakumana ndi Deborah RAHILLY, wophunzira komanso wophunzira. wotsatira J. Bugental. Kenako Deborah ndi anzake Robert NEYDER, Padma KATEL, Lanier KLANCY ndi ena anachita mkati 1992-1995. mu St. Petersburg 3 maphunziro masemina pa EGP. Pazigawo zapakati pa zokambirana, gululo linakambirana zomwe zinachitikira, malingaliro akuluakulu ndi njira zogwirira ntchito pambaliyi. Choncho, monga gawo lofunikira (koma osati lokhalo) la chithandizo chaumunthu-ochiritsira, njirayo inasankhidwa J. Bugentala, yemwe zofunikira zake zazikulu ndi izi. (Koma choyamba, mawu ochepa okhudza vuto lathu la nthawi yayitali: tiyenera kuwatcha chiyani? Akatswiri ambiri odziwika bwino a zamaganizo m'mabuku a Chirasha amangolandira kutanthauzira kwapadera, mwachitsanzo, Abraham MASLOW, mmodzi mwa akatswiri akuluakulu a maganizo a anthu a ku Russia. Zaka za m'ma XNUMX, timadziwika kuti Abraham Maslow, ngakhale mutayang'ana muzu, ndiye kuti ndi Abram Maslov, ndipo mukayang'ana mtanthauzira mawu, ndiye Abraham Maslow, koma amapeza mayina angapo nthawi imodzi, mwachitsanzo, Ronald. LAING, aka LANG. Makamaka James BUGENTAL watsoka - amatchedwa njira zitatu kapena zingapo; Ndikuganiza kuti ndibwino kuzitchula momwe amazitchulira yekha - BUGENTAL.)

Choncho, zofunikira kwambiri za njira ya J. Bugentala, yomwe iye mwini amatcha chithandizo chosintha moyo.

1. Kuseri kwa zovuta zilizonse zamaganizo m'moyo wa munthu zimakhala zozama (ndipo sizikudziwika nthawi zonse) mavuto omwe alipo a vuto la ufulu wosankha ndi udindo, kudzipatula komanso kugwirizana ndi anthu ena, kufufuza tanthauzo la moyo ndi mayankho a mafunso ndine? Kodi dziko ili ndi chiyani? etc. Mu njira ya existential-humanistic, wothandizira amasonyeza wapadera existential kumva, amene amalola kuti agwire izi zobisika mavuto existential ndi apilo kuseri kwa façade wa mavuto ananena ndi madandaulo a kasitomala. Iyi ndi mfundo ya chithandizo chosinthira moyo: wofuna chithandizo ndi wothandizira amagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti athandize wakale kumvetsetsa momwe adayankhira mafunso omwe alipo m'miyoyo yawo, ndikuwunikanso mayankho ena m'njira zomwe zimapangitsa moyo wa kasitomala kukhala wowona komanso wodalirika. kukwaniritsa.
2. Njira yopezekapo-yaumunthu imakhazikitsidwa pa kuzindikira kwa munthu mwa munthu aliyense komanso kulemekeza koyambirira kwapadera komanso kudziyimira pawokha. Zimatanthauzanso kuzindikira kwa akatswiri kuti munthu ali mu kuya kwa chikhalidwe chake ndi nkhanza zosayembekezereka ndipo sangathe kudziwika bwino, popeza iye mwini akhoza kukhala gwero la kusintha kwa umunthu wake, kuwononga zolosera za zolinga ndi zotsatira zoyembekezeredwa.
3. Cholinga cha wothandizira, wogwira ntchito mu njira yopezekapo-yaumunthu, ndi kugonjera kwa munthu, kuti, monga akunena J. Bugenthal, chowonadi chodziyimira pawokha komanso chapamtima chomwe tikukhalamo moona mtima kwambiri. Kumvera ndi zomwe timakumana nazo, zokhumba zathu, malingaliro athu, nkhawa zathu ... chilichonse chomwe chimachitika mkati mwathu ndipo chimatsimikizira zomwe timachita kunja, ndipo chofunika kwambiri - zomwe timachita kuchokera ku zomwe zimatichitikira kumeneko. The subjectivity wa kasitomala ndi malo aakulu ntchito zoyesayesa za wothandizila, ndipo subjectivity wake ndiye njira yaikulu kuthandiza kasitomala.
4. Popanda kukana kufunikira kwakukulu kwa zakale ndi zam'tsogolo, njira yopezekapo-yaumunthu imapereka gawo lotsogola loti lizigwira ntchito pakali pano ndi zomwe zimakhala zenizeni mu kumvera kwa munthu pakalipano, zomwe ndizofunikira pano ndi pano. Zili m'kati mwa moyo wachindunji, kuphatikizapo zochitika zakale kapena zam'tsogolo, kuti mavuto omwe alipo amatha kumveka ndikukwaniritsidwa bwino.
5. Njira yopezekapo-yaumunthu m'malo mwake imayika njira ina, malo omvetsetsana ndi wothandizira zomwe zikuchitika mu chithandizo, osati njira yeniyeni ndi zolemba. Mogwirizana ndi vuto lililonse, munthu akhoza kutenga (kapena osatenga) malo omwe alipo. Chifukwa chake, njira iyi imasiyanitsidwa ndi mitundu yodabwitsa komanso kuchuluka kwa ma psychotechnique omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikiza ngakhale zowoneka ngati zopanda chithandizo monga malangizo, kufunikira, malangizo, ndi zina. ntchito ndi subjectivity; Luso la ochiritsa lagona ndendende kutha kugwiritsa ntchito mokwanira zida zonse zolemera popanda kupita kukunyengerera. Zinali zopanga luso la psychotherapist lomwe Bugental adafotokoza magawo 13 akulu a ntchito yachipatala ndikupanga njira yopangira chilichonse. M'malingaliro mwanga, njira zina sizingadzitamandire pakuzama komanso kuzama koteroko popanga pulogalamu yokulitsa kuthekera kodziyimira pawokha kwa akatswiri.

Mapulani a gawo la kukhalapo kwa chithandizo chaumunthu amaphatikizapo kuphunzira kwina ndi kupititsa patsogolo kwabwino kwa chuma chonse chazongopeka ndi njira za njira yopezekapo-yaumunthu. Tikuyitanitsa aliyense amene akufuna kukhala ndi udindo wokhalapo mu psychology komanso m'moyo kuti agwirizane ndikuchita nawo ntchito ya gawoli.